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Republic of Iraq Gilgamesh University: Engineering College Computer Engineering Department

This document is a lecture prepared by Dr. Hikmat Maad for a course on Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits II at Gilgamesh University, focusing on complex numbers and their representations in rectangular and polar forms. It includes examples of sketching complex numbers, converting between forms, and performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Additionally, it introduces the concept of phasors in the context of electric circuits.

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2 views11 pages

Republic of Iraq Gilgamesh University: Engineering College Computer Engineering Department

This document is a lecture prepared by Dr. Hikmat Maad for a course on Fundamentals of Electrical Circuits II at Gilgamesh University, focusing on complex numbers and their representations in rectangular and polar forms. It includes examples of sketching complex numbers, converting between forms, and performing mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Additionally, it introduces the concept of phasors in the context of electric circuits.

Uploaded by

sadiqnaeem0000
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Republic of Iraq

Gilgamesh University
Engineering College
Computer Engineering Department
First Class

Fundamental of Electrical Circuits II

Prepared By:
[Link] Maad
[Link]@[Link]

2025 – 2026

Fourth Lecture

1
COMPLEX NUMBERS
A complex number represents a point in a two-dimensional plane located with
reference to two distinct axes. This point can also determine a radius vector drawn
from the origin to the point. The horizontal axis is called the real axis, while the
vertical axis is called the imaginary axis.
Two forms are used to represent a complex number: rectangular and polar.

1) RECTANGULAR FORM
The format for the rectangular form is

EXAMPLE: Sketch the following complex numbers in the complex plane:


a) C = 3 + j 4
b) C = 0 - j 6
c) C = -10 -j20

Solutions:
a)

2
b)

c)

2) POLAR FORM
The format for the polar form is

3
EXAMPLE: Sketch the following complex numbers in the complex plane:
a) C = 5  30°
b) C = 7  -120°
c) C = -4.2  60°

Solutions:
a)

b)

c)
4
CONVERSION BETWEEN FORMS

1) Rectangular to Polar

2) Polar to Rectangular

5
EXAMPLE: Convert the following from rectangular to polar form:
C=3+j4

Solutions:

EXAMPLE: Convert the following from polar to rectangular form:


C = 10  45°

6
Solutions:

MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS WITH COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex numbers lend themselves readily to the basic mathematical operations of


addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. A few basic rules and definitions
must be understood before considering these operations.

1) Addition

EXAMPLE:

Solutions:
a)

b)

2) Subtraction

7
EXAMPLE:

Solutions:
a)

b)

3) Multiplication

EXAMPLE:

Solutions:

4) Division

8
EXAMPLE:

Solutions:

PHASORS
The radius vector, having a constant magnitude (length) with one end fixed at the
origin, is called a phasor when applied to electric circuits.

9
Vm
e = Vm sin(t +  )  e=  = 0.707Vm 
2

EXAMPLE: Convert the following from the time to the phasor domain:

EXAMPLE: Write the sinusoidal expression for the following phasors if the
frequency is 60 Hz:

EXAMPLE: Find the input voltage of the circuit

10
Solutions:

11

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