Linear Algebra

How to calculate subject grades

1 Midterm exam 30%: 18 multiple choice questions - 50 minutes
2 Major assignment 30%: 20% teamwork and 10% assignment on [Link]
3 Final Exam 40%: 22 multiple choice questions (70 minutes).

Attention:
Incorrectly selected multiple-choice questions will result in a deduction of 1/5 of
the point for that question; unanswered questions will not result in a deduction.
A score of 0 in any component or absence from the exam will result in failing.
Final exam scores ≤ 2 will result in failure.
Translated from Dr. Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp’s lecture Chapter 1 12th January 2026 1 / 30
The content of the course includes the following
chapters
1) Complex numbers
2) Matrix – Determinant – System of Equations
3) Vector Space
4) Euclidean Space
5) Linear Mapping
6) Eigenvalue – Eigenvector

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Reference Materials
Textbook: Đại số tuyến tính - Đặng Văn Vinh
Đỗ Công Khanh. Đại số tuyến tính. NXB Đại học quốc gia
Lay, David C., Steven R. Lay, and Judi J. McDonald. Linear Algebra and its
applications 5th edition. Pearson 2016.
Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications - Howard Anton
Matrix analysis and applied linear algebra- Carl D Meyer

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 Chapter 1. Complex Numbers

Lecturer Đặng Thị Kim Nhung

Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Applied Mathematics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, 268 Ly
Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City.

E-mail: nhungdtk@[Link]

12th January 2026

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Content

1 Basic concepts of complex numbers

2 Polar form

3 Exercises

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

1 Basic concepts of complex numbers

2 Polar form

3 Exercises

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Basic concepts of the algebraic form of complex numbers

Imaginary unit: i 2 = −1
Complex number: z = a + bi với a, b ∈ R
Real part: Re(z) = a
Imaginary part: Im(z) = b
Pure imaginary number: a = 0 (z = bi)
Conjugate: z = a − bi
√
Modulus: |z| = a2 + b 2

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Basic concepts of complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

Imaginary b = 4

R
Real a = 3
Basic concepts of complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

5
=
Imaginary b = 4

|z |
φ
R
Real a = 3
 Basic concepts of complex numbers

i
z = 3 + 4i

5
=
Imaginary b = 4

|z |
φ
R
Real a = 3

−z z

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Complex number operations

Addition: (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
Subtraction: (a + bi) − (c + di) = (a − c) + (b − d)i
Multiplication: (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i
a + bi (a + bi)(c − di)
Division: =
c + di c2 + d2
Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers are similar to real
numbers, with some important considerations.
1
i 2 = −1, i 3 = = −i, i 4 = 1 . . .
i

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Properties of the modulus and related operations

|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |
|z k | = |z|k , ∀k ∈ Z , z ̸= 0
z1 |z1 |
= (với z2 ̸= 0)
z2 |z2 |
|z1 + z2 | ≤ |z1 | + |z2 | (Triangle inequality)
|z| = |z|
zz = |z|2 = |z|2

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 1: Find the real part, imaginary part, modulus,

and the conjugate of the following complex numbers.
a. z = (1 + i)(2 − i).
b. z = (2 − i)2 .
1+i
c. z=
3 − 4i
1 − 2i
d. z= + (2 − 3i)2
3i − 1

Translated from Dr. Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp’s lecture Chapter 1 12th January 2026 11 / 30
 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 2
(1 − 2i)i 2025
Let z =
3i − 1
a. Find the modulus of z
b. Simplify z, then find its conjugate, real part, and imaginary part.

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 2
(1 − 2i)i 2025
Let z =
3i − 1
a. Find the modulus of z
b. Simplify z, then find its conjugate, real part, and imaginary part.
Solution:
i 2025 = i 4×506+1 = i
(1 − 2i)i i +2
z= =
3i − 1 3i − 1
(i + 2)(−3i − 1)
Multiply the numerator and denominator by the conjugate. : z =
(3i − 1)(−3i − 1)

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 2 (cont.)
Calculate:
(i + 2)(−3i − 1) 1
z = = [(2 + i)(−1 − 3i)]
9+1 10
1 2 1
= (−2 − 6i − i − 3i ) = (1 − 7i)
10 10
1 7
= − i
10 10
s 
2  2 √ √
1 7 50 2
a. |z| = + = =
10 10 10 2
1 7 1 7
b. z = + i, Re(z) = , Im(z) = −
10 10 10 10

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a so that z is a real number.
b. Find a so that z is a purely imaginary number.

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a so that z is a real number.
b. Find a so that z is a purely imaginary number.
Solution:
(1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i) = (1 + 4i + (2i)2 )(a + 2i) = (1 + 4i − 4)(a + 2i) = (−3 + 4i)(a + 2i)

= (−3)(a + 2i) + (4i)(a + 2i) = −3a − 6i + 4ai + 8i 2 = −3a − 6i + 4ai

= (−3a − 8) + (4a − 6)i.

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 3
Let z = (1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i), a ∈ R
a. Find a so that z is a real number.
b. Find a so that z is a purely imaginary number.
Solution:
(1 + 2i)2 (a + 2i) = (1 + 4i + (2i)2 )(a + 2i) = (1 + 4i − 4)(a + 2i) = (−3 + 4i)(a + 2i)

= (−3)(a + 2i) + (4i)(a + 2i) = −3a − 6i + 4ai + 8i 2 = −3a − 6i + 4ai

= (−3a − 8) + (4a − 6)i.
3
a. z is a real number if 4a − 6 = 0 ⇐⇒ a =
2
8
b. z is a purely imaginary number if −3a − 8 = 0 ⇐⇒ a = −
3
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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 4. Find z so that

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i b. z 2 = 5 − 12i c. z 2 = 7 − 24i

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 4. Find z so that

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i b. z 2 = 5 − 12i c. z 2 = 7 − 24i
Solution
a. Suppose z = x + yi
(
2 2 2 2 x 2 − y 2 = 3,
z = (x + yi) = x − y + 2xyi. ⇒
2xy = −4 ⇒ xy = −2.
4
From xy = −2 ⇒ y = − x2 . Substitute x 2 − = 3 ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0.
x2

x = 2, y = −1 ⇒ z = 2 − i
(x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0 2
⇒ x =4⇒
x = −2, y = 1 ⇒ z = −2 + i

Translated from Dr. Nguyễn Hữu Hiệp’s lecture Chapter 1 12th January 2026 15 / 30
 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 4. Find z so that

a. z 2 = 3 − 4i b. z 2 = 5 − 12i c. z 2 = 7 − 24i
Solution
a. Suppose z = x + yi
(
2 2 2 2 x 2 − y 2 = 3,
z = (x + yi) = x − y + 2xyi. ⇒
2xy = −4 ⇒ xy = −2.
4
From xy = −2 ⇒ y = − x2 . Substitute x 2 − = 3 ⇒ x 4 − 3x 2 − 4 = 0.
x2

x = 2, y = −1 ⇒ z = 2 − i
(x 2 − 4)(x 2 + 1) = 0 2
⇒ x =4⇒
x = −2, y = 1 ⇒ z = −2 + i
b. z = ±(3 − 2i).
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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 5:Solve the equation

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0
c. z 2 + (1 − 2i)z + (3 + 4i) = 0

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 5:Solve the equation

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0
c. z 2 + (1 − 2i)z + (3 + 4i) = 0
a. ∆ = (−4)2 − 4 · 1 · 13 = 16 − 52 = −36 = (6i)2 .
4 ± 6i
It follows that z = = 2 ± 3i. Hence z = 2 + 3i or z = 2 − 3i.
2

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 Basic concepts of complex numbers

Example 5:Solve the equation

a. z 2 − 4z + 13 = 0
b. z 2 + (1 − i)z − 5i = 0
c. z 2 + (1 − 2i)z + (3 + 4i) = 0
a. ∆ = (−4)2 − 4 · 1 · 13 = 16 − 52 = −36 = (6i)2 .
4 ± 6i
It follows that z = = 2 ± 3i. Hence z = 2 + 3i or z = 2 − 3i.
2
b. ∆ = (1 − i)2 − 4 · 1 · (−5i) = 18i = (3 + 3i)2 .
−(1 − i) ± (3 + 3i)
It follows that z = . Therefore z = 1 + 2i or z = −2 − i.
2
√ √
−1 + 2i + 5(1 − 2i) −1 + 2i − 5(1 − 2i)
c. z1 = or z2 = .
2 2

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 Polar form

1 Basic concepts of complex numbers

2 Polar form

3 Exercises

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 Polar form

Polar form of a complex number

Geometric form
Polar form: z = r (cos φ + i sin φ)
Exponential form: Set e iφ = cos φ + i sin φ

z = re iφ

Argument: arg (z) - the angle between the vector representing z and the positive
real axis.
Với r = |z|, φ = arg (z)
Principal argument: Arg (z) ∈ (−π, π] hoặc Arg (z) ∈ [0, 2π).
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 Polar form

Geometric representation of a complex number

Im(z) z = r (cos φ + i sin φ).
(
x = r cos φ,
z = x + yi
y y = r sin φ
p
r = x2 + y2
r y
tan φ = where
( x
φ acute angle, if x > 0,
x φ=
Re(z) obtuse angle, if x < 0

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 Polar form

Some properties of argument

Multiplication: z1 z2 = r1 r2 e i(φ1 +φ2 )
z1 r1
Division: = e i(φ1 −φ2 )
z2 r2
Exponentiation: z n = r n e inφ , ∀n ∈ Z , z ̸= 0. ( Moivre fomular)

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 Polar form

Example 4: Find modulus and Principal Argument of

the following complex numbers
√
a. z = 1 − i 3
−1 − i 2025
b. z = √ i
i 12 − 2
√
(i − 3)7 π
c. z = 3
, given arg (w ) = and |w | = 4
w 7

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 Polar form

Example 4: Find modulus and Principal Argument of

the following complex numbers
√
a. z = 1 − i 3
−1 − i 2025
b. z = √ i
i 12 − 2
√
(i − 3)7 π
c. z = 3
, given arg (w ) = and |w | = 4
w 7
Solve a: q √
|z| = 12 + ( 3)2 = 2
√
tan φ = − 3, φ in the fourth quadrant.
π 5π
Arg (z) = − or
3 3

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 Polar form

Example 4 (cont.)
√ √
| − 1 − i| 2025 2 2025 2
Solve b: |z| = √ |i| = ·1 = .
|i 12 − 2| 4 4
We have i 2025 = i 4·506+1 = i 1 = i.
√
arg (z) = Arg (−1 − i) − Arg (i 12 − 2) + Arg (i) + k2π
5π 2π pi 13π 13π
= − + + k2π = + k2π ⇒ Arg (z) =
4 3 2 12 12

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 Polar form

Example 4 (cont.)
√ √
| − 1 − i| 2025 2 2025 2
Solve b: |z| = √ |i| = ·1 = .
|i 12 − 2| 4 4
We have i 2025 = i 4·506+1 = i 1 = i.
√
arg (z) = Arg (−1 − i) − Arg (i 12 − 2) + Arg (i) + k2π
5π 2π pi 13π 13π
= − + + k2π = + k2π ⇒ Arg (z) =
4 3 2 12 12
√ 7
|i − 3| 27
Solve c:|z| = = = 2.
|w |3 43
√ 5π π
arg (z) = 7 · arg (i − 3) − 3 · Arg (w ) + k2π = 7 · − 3 · + k2π
6 7
227π 25π 25π
= + k2π = 6π − + k2π ⇒ boxedArg (z) = −
42 42 42
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 Exercises

Example 5. Simplify
a. z = (2 + 3i)(1 − 4i). Answer: 14 − 5i
b. z = (3 − 2i)2 . Answer: 5 − 12i

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 Exercises

Example 6.
(2 − i)i 101
Let z =
2+i √
5
a. Find modulus of z. Answer: √ = 1
5
b. Simplify z, find conjugate, real and imaginary part.
4 3 4 3
Answer: z = + i, z = − i.
5 5 5 5

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 Exercises

Example 7.
Let z = (2 + i)2 (a − 3i), a ∈ R.
a. Find a so that z is a real number. Answer: a = −1
b. Find a so that z is a purely imaginary number. Answer: a = 3

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 Exercises

Example 8
a. z 2 = 7 − 24i. Answer: z = ±(4 − 3i)
b. z 2 = −15 + 8i. Answer: z = ±(1 + 4i)

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 Exercises

Example 9.
a. z 2 − 2z + 5 = 0. Answer: z = 1 ± 2i
b. z 2 + (2 − 3i)z − 1 − 3i = 0. Answer: −1 + i

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 Exercises

Example 10. Find modulus and Arg of the complex

numbers
√ 2π
a. z = −2 + 2 3 i. Answer: |z| = 4, Arg (z) =
3
√ π
b. z = 1 + i 3. Answer: |z| = 2, Arg (z) =
3
√ π
c. z = (1 + 2i)(3 − i) Answer: |z| = 5 2, Arg (z) =
√ 4
(−1+i)7 2 5π
d. z = √
(2−i 12)3
· i 1957 . Answer: |z| = , Arg (z) =
8 4

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 Exercises

Example 11. Find z so that

a. (1 + 2i)z + (3 − 4i)z = 14 − 2i Answer: z = 2 − i.
−33 − 31i
b. (2 + i)z + (1 − 3i)z = 5 + 7i Answer: z = .
5
c. (3 − 2i)z + (4 + i)z = 20 Answer: z = 2 + i.
d. (1 − 4i)z + (2 + 3i)z = 7 − 5i Answer: z = 1 − i.

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 Exercises

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION

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