REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
EXTERNAL GENITAL ORGANS
• Also called pudentum or vulva
• Includes;
• Mons pubis
• labia majora
• labia minora
• Clitoris
• vestibule of vagina
• bulbs of vestibule
• greater vestibular glands
OVARIES
• Ovaries are the female gonads
• SITUATION:
• Each ovary lies in the ovarian fossa on lateral pelvic wall.
• The ovarian fossa is bounded anteriorly by umbilical artery and posteriorly
by ureter and internal iliac artery
• EXTERNAL FEATURES:
• Each ovary has
• 2 poles- upper or tubal pole, lower or uterine pole
• 2 borders- anterior and posterior
• 2 surfaces – lateral and medial
• RELATIONS:
• Peritoneal relations:
• Ovary is almost entirely covered with peritoneum except on the
anterior border
• The ovary is connected to the posterior layer of broad ligament by as
short fold of peritoneum called mesovarium. This part transmits
vessels and nerves to and from the ovary
• The lateral part of broad ligament of uterus, extending from
infundibulum of uterine tube and upper pole of ovary, to the external
iliac vessels form a distinct fold known as suspensory ligament of
ovary
• Visceral relations:
• 1. upper pole: broader than lower pole. Related to uterine rube and
external iliac vein. The ovarian fimbria and suspensory ligament of
ovary is attached to upper pole of ovary
• [Link] pole: narrower than upper pole. Related to pelvic [Link] is
connected to uterus by ligament of ovary
• [Link] border: it is straight and related to uterine tube and
umbilical [Link] is attached to back of broad ligament of uterus
• 4. posterior border: it is convex and related to uterine tube and
uterus.
• [Link] surface: related to ovarian fossa
• 6. medial surface: it is largely covered by uterine tube.
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
• Supplied by ovarian artery- arises from abdominal aorta
• Venous drainage : the veins emerging from the ovary form a pampiniform
plexus around the artery. The plexus condenses to form a single ovarian
vein
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
• The lymphatics from ovary drain into lateral aortic and preaortic nodes
• NERVE SUPPLY:
• Sympathetic nerves from T10,T11 segments
• Parasympathetic nerves from S2-S4 segments
• FUNCTIONS:
• 1. production ot oocytes: during reproductive life of about 30 years, the
ovaries produce alternately one ovum per month
• [Link] of hormones: oestrogen is secreted by follicular and
paraluteal cells, progesterone is secreted by luteal cells.
UTERINE TUBE/ FALLOPIAN TUBE
• They are tortuous ducts which convey oocyte from ovary to uterus
• SITUATION:
• Situated in the free upper margin of broad ligament of uterus
• DIMENSIONS:
• Each tube is about 10cm long.
• SUBDIVISIONS:
• [Link] lateral end of uterine tube is shaped like a funnel called
[Link] bears a number of finger like processes called fimbriae
• [Link] part of uterine tube medial to the infundibulum is called ampulla. It
arches over the upper pole of ovary.
• it is about 4 mm in diameter. This is the site of fertilisation.
• 3. the ampulla is followed by isthmus. It is narrow, rounded and cord like.
• 4. the uterine or intramural part of tube is about 1 cm long, lies within the
wall of uterus. It opens into uterine cavity at superior angle
• Mesosalpinx: the part of broad ligament between the attachment of
mesovarium and uterin tube is called mesosalpinx.
• BLOOD SUPPLY:
• Uterine artery supplied the medial 2/3rd and ovarian artery supplies lateral
1/3rd of fallopian tube.
• The veins run parallel to arteries and drain into pampiniform plexus if ovary
and into uterine veins.
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
• Lymph from the uterine tube drain into lateral aortic and preaortic nodes
• NERVE SUPPLY:
• Sympathetic nerves from T10 to L2 segments
• Parasympathetic nerves from S2 to S4 segments
UTERUS
• It is the child bearing organ in females, situated in the pelvis between
bladder and rectum.
• It is the organ which protects and provides nutrition to fertilised ovum
enabling it to grow into fully formed foetus.
• SIZE AND SHAPE:
• It is pyriform in shape.
• It is about 7.5 cm long, 5 cm broad,2.4 cm thick
• It is divisible into upper expanded part called body and lower cylindrical
part called cervix.
• The junction of these two part is marked by circular construction called
isthmus.
• the part of uterus above opening of fallopian tubes is called fundus
• NORMAL POSITION AND ANGULATION:
• Normally the long axis of uterus forms an angle of 90 degrees with
long axis of vagina.
• The forward tilting of uterus relative to vagina in called anteversion
• The backward tilting of uterus relative to vagina is called retroversion
• The uterus is also slightly flexed at the level of internal os of cervix.
This is referred as anteflexion. This angle is 125 degrees
• Superiorly uterus communicates on each side with fallopian tubes
and inferiorly with vagina.
• PARTS OF UTERUS:
• 1. fundus: formed by free upper end of uterus. Fertilisation
takesplace in the fundus.
• [Link] with 2 lateral borders and 2 surfaces- anterior /vesical ,
posterior/intestinal
• Anterior surface: it is flat and related to urinary bladder.
• Posterior surface: it is convex and related to coils of ileum and
sigmoid colon.
• Lateral border: is rounded and convex. Provide attachment to broad
ligament of uterus
• CERVIX OF UTERUS:
• It is the lower cylindrical part of uterus.
• The lower part of cervix project into vagina, which divides it into
supravaginal and vaginal part.
• The cervical canal opens into vagina through an opening called
external os.
• The cervical canal communicates with uterus above through internal
os.
• The canal is flattened in shape, so it has anterior and posterior walls.
• LIGAMENTS OF UTERUS:
• [Link] ligaments: these are peritoneal folds which do not
provide any support to uterus
• Include, anterior ligament (uterovesical fold), posterior ligament
(rectovaginal fold),the right and left broad ligaments
• [Link] ligaments:
• Include round ligaments of uterus, transverse cervical ligaments,
uterosacral ligaments
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
• Uterus is supplied chiefly by 2 uterine arteries and partly by ovarian
arteries.
• Veins form a plexus and drain into uterine, ovarian and vaginal vein
into internal iliac veins.
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
• Lymphatics from upper part of uterus drain into aortic nodes and
superficial inguinal nodes.
• Lymphatic from lower part drain into external iliac, internal iliac and
sacral nodes.
• NERVE SUPPLY:
• Supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves through
inferior hypogastric and ovarian plexus.
• SUPPORTS OF UTERUS:
• The uterus is a mobile organ which undergoes extensive changes in size
and shape during the reproductive period of life.
• It is supported and prevented from sagging down by supports.
• [Link] supports:
• A)Muscular or active supports:
• Pelvic diaphragm, perineal body, distal urethral sphincter mechanism
• B) fibro muscular or mechanical supports:
• Uterine axis, pubocervical ligaments, transverse cervical
ligaments,uterosacral ligaments, round ligaments of uterus.
• [Link] supports:
• Broad ligaments, vesicouterine pouch, rectovaginal or rectouterine pouch.
VAGINA
• It is a fibromuscular canal forming the female copulatory organ.
• Extend from the vulva to uterus, and is situated behind the bladder
and urethra, in front of rectum and anal canal
• SIZE AND SHAPE:
• The anterior wall of vagina is 8 cm long and posterior wall is 10cm
long
• The diameter of vagina gradually increases from below upwards
• In the virgin, the lower end of vagina is partially closed by a thin fold
of mucus membrane called hymen.
• FORNICES OF VAGINA:
• Vagina has 4 fornices.
• Anterior fornix- lies in front of cervix
• Posterior fornix- lies behind cervix
• 2 Lateral fornix- lie on the each side of cervix
• ARTERIAL SUPPLY:
• The main artery supplying it is the vaginal branch of internal iliac
artery
• Also supplied by cervicovaginal branch of uterine artery , middle
rectal and internal pudental artery
• Venous drainage: by vaginal venous plexus , which drain into internal
iliac veins through vaginal veins.
• LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:
• The upper 1/3rd drain into external iliac nodes
• Middle 1/3rd drain into internal iliac nodes
• Lower 1/3rd drain into medial group of superficial inguinal nodes
• NERVE SUPPLY:
• The lower 1/3rd is supplied by pudental nerve
• The upper 2/3rd is supplied by sympathetic segments L1,L2 and
parasympathetic segments S2 –S4.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS