Topic Detailed Key Points Example
Definition (Easy
+ NCERT
Based)
Geomorphic Geomorphic Earth surface Mountains,
Processes processes wo constantly plains formation
natural change hoti hai
processes hain
jo Earth ki
surface ko
shape dete hain,
modify karte
hain aur
landforms ko
create ya
destroy karte
hain. Ye
processes
internal aur
external forces
ke through
kaam karti hain.
Endogenic Endogenic Internal energy, Mountains,
Forces forces Earth ke constructive volcano
interior se aati
hain aur ye land
ko uplift karti
hain, fold karti
ko uplift karti
hain, fold karti
hain ya break
karti hain. Ye
constructive
forces hoti hain
jo naye
landforms
banati hain.
Exogenic Forces Exogenic forces External forces, River erosion
Earth surface destructive
par kaam karti
hain aur
landforms ko
ghis kar smooth
banati hain. Ye
forces mainly
sun aur gravity
se energy leti
hain.
Diastrophism Diastrophism Slow movement, Himalayas
Earth crust ki crust formation
large scale deformation
movement hai jo
internal forces ki
wajah se hoti hai
aur land ko
uplift, fold ya
fault karti hai. Ye
uplift, fold ya
fault karti hai. Ye
slow process
hoti hai aur
mountains,
plateaus banati
hai.
Orogenic Orogenic Mountain Himalayas
Movement movement building
horizontal
forces ki wajah
se hoti hai jisme
folding aur
faulting hoti hai
aur mountains
bante hain.
Epeirogenic Epeirogenic Vertical Plateau uplift
Movement movement movement
vertical
movement hoti
hai jo large land
areas ko uplift
ya sink karti hai.
Ye slow aur
wide area me
hoti hai.
Denudation Denudation Land lowering Mountains
Earth surface ka process ghisna
wearing down
hai jisme
weathering,
erosion aur
mass movement
milkar land ko
gradually lower
karte hain.
Weathering Weathering Rock break, no Rock crack
rocks ka movement
breakdown hai
jo same place
par hota hai
without
movement. Ye
physical,
chemical aur
biological
processes ke
through hota
hai.
Physical Physical No chemical Desert rocks
Weathering weathering me change
rock mechanical
forces se toot-ti
hai bina
forces se toot-ti
hai bina
chemical
change ke.
Temperature
change, frost
action iske
examples hain.
Chemical Chemical Chemical Limestone
Weathering weathering me reaction caves
rock chemical
reactions se
dissolve ya
change ho jaati
hai. Rainwater
aur oxidation
iske main
causes hain.
Biological Living Living Roots crack
Weathering organisms jaise organisms rocks
plants, animals
aur humans
rocks ko break
karte hain to
biological
weathering hoti
hai.
Mass Movement Mass movement Gravity main Landslide
gravity ki wajah factor
se soil ya rock
ka slope se
niche slide
karna hai. Ye
slow ya fast ho
sakta hai.
Soil Creep Soil creep slow Very slow Tilted trees
mass movement movement
hai jisme soil
gradually slope
se niche move
karti hai.
Landslide Landslide rapid Sudden Himalayas
mass movement movement
hai jisme large
land mass
sudden slide
karta hai.
Erosion Erosion rock ka Movement River valley
breakdown aur involved
transportation
hai jo rivers,
wind, glaciers
aur waves ke
through hota
hai.
through hota
hai.
Transportation Transportation Sediment River carrying
erosion ke baad movement soil
sediments ka ek
jagah se dusri
jagah move
hona hai.
Deposition Deposition wo Sediment settle Plains formation
process hai
jisme
transported
sediments
energy kam
hone par settle
ho jaate hain aur
naye landforms
banate hain.
Gradation Gradation Earth Surface Plains
surface ko smoothing
smooth banane
ki process hai
jisme high areas
ghiste hain aur
low areas fill ho
jaate hain.
Degradation Degradation me Land lowering Mountain
land erosion ke
Land lowering Mountain
land erosion ke erosion
through lower
hota hai aur
height kam ho
jaati hai.
Aggradation Aggradation Land building Flood plains
deposition ki
process hai
jisme sediments
accumulate
hote hain aur
land height
badhti hai.
Geomorphic Natural agents
Agents jo landforms
modify karte
hain jaise river,
wind, glacier,
waves.