1- 12

Engineening Physics Interferono

when lhe monochroma
10. Obtain the equation of path difference between he reflected rays minimum a)
light is incident on the uniform thickess film. Give the conditions for
maximum.
May-11, Marks 7
IMarking scheme : Diagram 1Mark, Derivation of geometrical path difference - 3 Marka
Condition for brightness 1 Mark,
Net pd. incuding pd. dueto reflection - 1 Mark,
ondition for darkness - 1 Mark.]
floating on water. When
Example 1.2.1 Aparallel beam of sodium light strikes a film of oil
seen. Determine the
tiewed at an angle of 30° from the normal, eighth dark band is
thicknes of the film. Refractive index of oil is 1.46, A= 5890 A°. May-04
Solution : For n'h dark band,
2 ut coS r = n
Here, = 8

2 = 5890 A ° = 5890x 10-ß Cm

u = 1.46

i = 30°
sini
sin r
sin 30
= 1.46
sin r

T = 20.072°

n 8x5890x 10-8
t =
2u cos r 2x1.46 cos 20.072

t= 1.718 x10 cm

4
VExample 1.2.2 A soap film of refractive index and thickness 1.5 × 10- cm is illuminatel
by white light incident at an angle of 45°. The light reflected by it is examined by
spectroscope in which is found a dark band corresponding to a wavelength of 5 x 10 ct
Dec.-05, May-12
Calculate the order of interference band.
Solution : For n'M dark band,
2ut coS r n
4
Here, 3

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Engineering Physics 1- 13 Interference

1 = 1.5 x10-4 cm
A= 5x 10 cm
i = 45
sini
sin r
sin 45 4
Sin r 3

= 32.028°
2 ut cos
11 =

4
2xX1.5x10- x cos 32.028
5x10-5
= 6.78

Order of interference is a positive integer. The value of n obtained is closer to 7 than

6. Hence order of interferernce is
n =7

Example 1.2.3 A parallel beam of monochromatic light of wavelength A= 5890 A° is incident

on a thin film of u =1.5 such that the angle of refraction is 60. Find the minimum
thickness of the film so that it appears dark. For normal incidence, what is the thicknes
required ? May-08, Dec.-10
Solution: For dark band,
2 ut cosr = n 2
Here, u = 1.5

= 60°

2 = 5890 A = 5890 x10-8 cm

For minimum thickness, n = 1

n
t =
2u cos r
1x5890× 10-8
2×1.5X COs 60

t=3.93 x10-5 cm

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Engineering Physics 1 - 14

For normal incidence, r =0

Interference
1×5890x 10-8
t =
2X1.5X cOs 0

t = 1.96 x10 cm

Example 1.2.4 An oil drop of volune 0.2 c.c. is dropped on the surface of a tank of water of
area 1 sq. meter. The film spreads uniformly over the surface and white light which is
incident normally is observed through a spectrometer. The spectrum is seen to contain first
dark band whose centre has wavelength 5.5 x 10 cm in air. Find the refractive index of
oil. May-08
Solution : The volume of oil V = 0.2 cm3
Area A = 1 m?=10 cm?
V 0.2
The thickness of oil film t =
A 10+
= 2%10-5 Cm

For normal incidence, r=0

cos 0 = 1

n = 1

1 = 5.5 × 10 cm

For n th dark band,

2 ut cos r
n2 1x5.5X 10-5
2t coS r 2x2x10-5 x1
u = 1.375

Exampe 1.2.5 A thin film of oil of refractive index 1.2 is spread over water of refractive
index 1.3. The thickness of oil film is 2x10 m. Calculate the wavelength from visíble
Yegion that will be absent from reflected light when viewed such that the angle of refraction
in the film is 60°.
Solution : As the refractive ndex of ol film is less than that of water. there will be
phase change of z for both the reflected rays in air.

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knowledge
 Engineenno Physcs 1- 15 Interference

path ditterene between them is

A = 2ut cosr
For destructive interference,
2ut coS = (2n-1)%: n=1, 2, 3, ...
Here. u = 1.2, t= 2x 10-7 m
T = 60°
4 ut cos r
2 =
2n-1

=
4x1.2X 2x10- cos 60
2n-1
4800x10-10
2n-1
For n = 1, 2. = 4800 ×1010 m= 4800 A°
4800 x 10-10
n = 2, 2 = m = 1600 Ao
3
4800× 10-10
n= 3, m = 960 A°
5

2 = 4800 A°

1.3 Interference in Wedge Shaped Film

Dec.-03,04,08,08(old),09, May-06,07,12
Engineeing Physics 1-18

B=
2 u sin a
Interferenc
For small angle of the wedge, sin a a
B = (13
2ua
For air film, s = 1. Then,

Bair 2a (1.39

As the equation for fringe width is independent of the order 'n, all the fringes will
of equalwidth. The equation for fringe width can also be derived using dark fringes.
University Question

1. Awedge shaped film is illuminated with monochromatic light. Obtain an expression for
number of dark bands per unit length. Dec.-04, Marks 6
[Marking scheme : Diagram -1 Mark, derivation - 5 Marks.]
Example 1.3.1 Fringes of equal thickness are observed in a thin glass wedge of refractive
index 1.52. The fringe spacing is 1mm and the wavelength of light is 5893 A°. Calculate
the angle of wedge in seconds of an arc. Dec.-03, May-07
Solution:The fringe spacing (i.e. the fringe width) is given by,
B =
2pa
Here, 2 = 5893 A°= 5893 x10-cm
u = 1.52
B = 1mm = 0.1 cm
5893 x10 -8
=

2 (1.52) (0.1)
= 1.9385 × 10 radians
180 180
radian degrees = X 3600 seconds of arc

180
a = 1.9385 × 10 -4 x x 3600 seconds

= 39.98 seconds of an arc

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Engineering Physics 1- 19 Interference

Example 1.3.2 A wedge shaped air film having an angle of 40 seconds is illuminated by
monochromatic light and fringes are observed vertically through a microscope. The distance
measured betveen consecutive bright fringes is 0.12 cm. Calculate the wavelength of light
used.
May-06,12
Solution : The distance between consecutive bright fringes is the fringe width given by
ß =
2ua
For air fillm, u = 1

B = 0.12 cm

a = 40 seconds = 40X T
radians
3600× 180
À= 2uaß
40
=

21)| 3600 x 180) (0.12) cm

= 4.654 × 10-5 Cm

= 4654x10-8 Cm

2 =4654 A °

Example 1.3.3 Interference fringes are produced by monochromatic light falling normally on a
wedge shaped film of cellophone whose refractive index is 14. The angle of wedge is 20
seconds of an arc and the distance between successive bright fringes is 0.25 cm. Calculate
the wavelength of light. Dec.-08 (old)
Solution : Fringe width is given by

2ua
Here B = 0.25 cm
u = 1.4

a = 20 seconds of an arc
20
3600 degree
20
X radian
3600 180

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Engineering Physics 1-20

32400
radian
Interference
A= 2uaß
= 2X1.4 x x0.25
32400

= 6.7874 × 10 cm

7 = 6787.4 A°

Example 1.3.4 A beam of monochromatic light of wavelength 5.82 x 10 mfalls normally on

a glass wedge of wedge angle of 20 seconds of an arc. If the refractive index of gass is 1.5.
find the number of interference fringes per cm of the wedge length. Dec.-08
Solution: The fringe width is given by
B =
2ua
Here 2 = 5.82 x10m= 5.82 x10-5 Cm
u = 1.5

a = 20 seconds of an arc
20
3600 deg
20
X radian
3600 180

radian
32400

5.82x 10-5
B =
2x1.5x
32400)
B = 0.2 cm
1
Number of fringes per cm =
B
1
0.2
= 5

There are 5 interference fringes per cm.

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 Engineenng PhysCS 1-21 Interference

Example 1.3.3 Too planc roctangular eces of glass are in contact at one edge and are
srated at the other end 10 cm avy by a wire to form awedge shaped film. When the
sm oas illuminated by liçht of wavelength 6000 A", 10 fringes were observed per cm.
Determinc the diameter of the wire.
Solution : The fringe width is given by

2ua

Here = 6000 A° = 6x10-5 Cm

u = 1 (for air film)

As there are 10fringes/cm,
1
B = 10
cm = 0.1 cm

a =
2uB
6x10-5
2x1x0.1

a = 3x 10 radian
From Fig. 1.3.3

tan a a =
10
10cm
d
= 3x10-4
10
Fig. 1.3.3
d = 3×10 cm

d =0.03 mm

Example 1.3.6 Tuo optically plane glass strips of length 10 cm are placed one over the other.
A thinfoil of thickness 0.010 mm is introduced between the plates at one end to form an
ar film. if the light used has wavelength 5900 A, find the separation between consecutive
bright fringes. Dec.-09, Marks 4

Solution : From Fig. 1.3.4,

0.01 x 10-1
tan a U =
10

a = 10 radian
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Engineering Physics 1-22
Interfereng

The separation between consecutive bright

fringes is the fringe width given by,
Foil 0.01 mm
B = 2ua
-10cm
For air film, u = 1 Fig. 1.3.4
1 = 5900 A° = 5900 x 10-10 m
5900x 10-10
B = = 2.95 x 10 m
2(1) (10-4)
B= 2.95 mm

4 A Notone DingeCvnaeinmant
Eng1n
the diameters of bright rings are proportional
o Prov that in Newton's Rings by reflected light Dec.-09, Marks 6
numbers.
to the square root of the odd natural
in
|Marking scheme : pd for wvdee shaped film 1 Mark, Approximations - 1 Mark, p.d.
terms of diameter 3 Marks, Final cxpression - 1 Mark.]
diameters of dark rings are proportional
1) Prov that for Nrwton's rings in reflected light, the
natural umbers.
Dec-10, May-11, Marks 6
to the square rool of
|Marking scheme : Proof - 6 Marks.)
Newton's rings can be obtained in the
11. Explain with diagram and necessary theory how
laboratorv? Why in Nevton's rings center is alvays dark for reflected system?
Dec.-11, Marks 7

|Marking scheme : Diagram (Fig. 1.4.1) - 2 Marks, Explanation - 3 Marks, Explanation for
dark center 2 Marks.
glass
Example 14.1 Newton's rings are formed with monochromatic light source between flat
will
plate and a convex lens vieved normally. What will be the order of dark ring which
Dec.-04
hare double the diameter of that 20" dark ring ?
dark
Solution: Let the diameter of n" dark ring be double the diameter of that of 20th
ring. Then,
D, = 2D20
D; = 4D20
As D; = 4Rn2
4Rn = 4x4R× 202

n = 80

Example 1.4.2 In a Newton's rings experiment, the diameter of the 5 ring was 0.336 cm
and that of 15th ring was 0.59 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the plano convex lens,
f the wavelength of light used is 5890 A°. Dec.-04

Solution : The radius of curvature is given by,

R =
D,-D,
ntp
4p2
Here, n = 5 and n + p=15
p = 10

D,, = D; = 0.336 cm

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Engineering Physics 1-30

= Ds = 0.59 cm
Interferenca
A=5890 A" = 5890 x 10 cm

0.592-0.3362
R=
4 X10x 5890x10

R = 99.83 cm

Example 1.4.3 In Newton's rings experiment the diameters of nth and (n +8)h bright rings
are 4.2 mm and 7 mm respectively. Radius of curvature of the lower surface of lens is
2.00 m. Determine the wavelength of light. Dec.-06
Solution: Dn = 4.2 mm = 0.42 cm

Dntp p =8
D,,+s =7 mmn = 0.7 cm

R = 2 m = 200 cm

Dn-D?
4Rp
0.72 -0.422
4x 200×8
= 4.9x 10- cm

2 = 4900 A°

Example 14.4 Newton's rings are formed by light

lens and a plane glass plate with a liquid betweenrejtected normally from a plano convex
mm and that of (n+10)" ring is 4.51 mm. Calculate
them. The diameter of nth
the ring is 2.18
given that the radius of curvature of the lens is 90 cm and refractive index of the liquid,
of wavelength light is 5893 A°
Solution : D, =2.18 mm = 0.218 cm May-07
Di+p = D+ J0 = 4.51 mm = 0.451 cm
A = 5893 A"= 5893>x 10-8 Cm
R= 90 cm
p = 10

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 Engineening Physics 1- 31 Interference

4p àR
D,, -D
4x 10x5893 x10-8 x90
0.4512 -0.2182
u= 1.361

Example 1.4.s The diameter of 5th dark ring in Newton's rings experiment as found to be
0.42 cm. Determine the diameter of the 10th dark ring.
Solution: For n h dark ring,
D; = 4Rni
. for 5th dark ring,
D = 4Rx 5A
As Ds = 0.42 cm,
0.422 = 20 R .. (1)
For 10th dark ring,
DËo = 4RX 102

Do = 40 R 2
Substituting from equation (1),
0.422
Dio = 40x 20

D10 = 0.594 cm

Example 1A6 In Newton's rings experiment, it was found that the nh dark ring due to
wavelength 6000 A° coincided with (n +1y" dark ring due to wavelength 5000 A°. If
radius of curvature of the plano convex lens used is 2m, find the diameter of nth dark
ring of wavelength 5000 A°.
Solution : The diameter of nth dark ring is given by,
D, = v4Rnh
For 2 = 6000 A o

D = 4Rnx6000

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Engineering Physics 1-32

For (n +1)th ring of 5000 A°,

Interference
D
1+1 = 4R (n+1) x5000

As the two rings coincide,

D; = D2,n+1
4R nx 6000 = 4R (n +1) x5000
6 n = 5 (n + 1)
6 n = 5 n + 5
n = 5

Dn = V4Rn n= V4x 2%5x 6000× 10-8 Cm

D, = 0.049 cm

Example 1.4.7 The diameter of a bright ring in Newton's rings experiment was observed to
decrease from 2.3 cm to 2.0 cm when air was replaced by a liquid in the
gap between
curved surface of plano convex lens and glass plate. Determine the refractive index of the
liquid.
Solution :
D?
liquid
Here, Dair = 2.3 cm
= 2.0 cm
Dliquid
2.32
2.02

u = 1.3225

Example 1.4.8 If the n" dark ring due to wavelength A1 coincides with
(n +1)h dark
due to wavelength d2 in Newton's rings experiment, prove that the ring
radius of the nth dark
ring due to aj is R\

Solution : For wavelength 1

D = 4Rndj
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 FngineeingPhyeics 1-33 Interforernce

and for wavelength À),

D - 4R (n +1), ... (2)

As the two rings coincide,

4R nÀ1 = 4R(n +1) a,

n Å1 = (n+1)A2
nå = nÀ, +À2
n(å1-z) = dz
n =

Substituting in equation (1),

D, 4RA 2

D, = a1-^2
As Dn

Example 1.4.9 Show that the area between adjacent bright rings in Newton's rings
experiment is A=nAR which is constant.
Solution: The area between n and (n+1)m bright rings is,

A =

For bright rings,

D = 2 (2n-1)2R
D2n+1 = 2(2 (n+1)-1]2 R
= 2 [2n + 2-1]2 R
D2n+1 = 2 (2n +1)2 R

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Engineering PhysKS 1-34

A=
4 |2(2n + )àR- 2(2 n-1)À R] interferere
4 x 2ÀR |(2n +1)- (2n-1))

2 À
RX 2

A=a ÀR

As this equation does not depend on 'n', it is constant.

Example 14.10 In Nevton's ring experiment the diameter of 4" and 12" dark rings
0.400 cn and 0.700 cm respectively. Deduce the diameter of 20 ring.
Solution : The diameter of n dark ring is given by,
D, = J4Rn

For fourth dark ring, D4 = 0.4 cm

0.4 = 4RX 4A
VRA = 0.1
For 20th ring,
D20 J4RX 202

= V80 × /RI
/80 x 0.1
DT0 = 0.894 cm

Note : The same result can be obtained by calculating /Ri from the diameter of the
12th dark ring
Example 14.11 In Newton's rings experiment, the diameter of 15" dark ring was found to be
0.590 cm and that of 5" dark ring was 0.336 cn. If the radius of curvature of plano
convex lens is 100 cm, calculate the wavelength of light used. May-12

Solution :
D+y -D,
4Rp
n = 5 ; n + p = 15
p= 10

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Engineening Physics 1-35 Interference

Dnn = 0.590 cm; D, = 0.336 cm

R= 100 cm
0.590 -0.3362
2= = 5.880 × 10 cm
4x100>X 10

2 = 5880 A°
EngineeringPhysics
1-38
Interfer EngineeringPh

University Questions 3. Neuwt

viewe
antireflection coating.
thin film as May-04,05,06,07,08, Dec.-07,,08, of the
1. Explain the use of Marks
Mark, Thickness - 1 Mark. Path difference - 1Mar 4. A
Diagram - 1
[Marking scheme :
Explanation - 1Mark.) fl
interference of light in a transparent thin coin
diagram showing maximum and mininum
2. Draw aneat labelled the conditions for d intensity the
thickness. Write down only
uniform
Explain the use of thin film as antireflection coating. 5. Mo
light in reflected system. May-12, Marks

index 1.5 is to be coated with a transparent material sep

Example 1.7.1 A glass of refractive any
so that the reflection of light of wavelength 6000 A° is eliminated h
refractioe index 1.2 6. A
interference. What is the required thickness of the coating ? COU

Solution : The wavelength ' in a medium of refractive index u is given by, des
oth
2' = where A= wavelength in air. thi

6000 7. If
2' = 5000 A o
1.2
W

The thickness of coating to eliminate reflection is,

8 A
t =
4 Fi

5000 lig
A
4

= 1250 A°

t=1.25 x 10-5 cm

Q.1
Exercise

1. Light falls normally on asoap film of

thickness 5x10-5
wavelength in the visible region will be reflected cm and Q.2
2. Light of wavelength 5890 A" is incident on a thin
most strongly ? refractive index 1.33. Which
film
of refraction in the plate is 60°. Calculate the smallest of glass of = 1.5 lAns,: 5320 A
it dark by reflection.
thickness of the such that the angl
plate which will mak Q.3

TECNIC LAns.:3.92 X110-5 ca

Engineeng Physics 1-39 Interference

: Neuton's rings formed vith sodium light betveen a flat glass plate and a
convex lens are
HCd normallu. What will be the order of the dark ring which will have double the
diameter
of that of the 40" dark ring ?
[Ans. :160]
4 A Nevton s rings Trangement is uscd with a
source emitting tun wavelengths
i.=6X 10 cm and A, = 4.5 x 10 cn. I| is found that the t" dark ring due to hj
oncides with (n+T" dark ring due to A). If the radius of the curved surface is 90 cm, find
thc damcter of " dark ring for .
[Ans.:0.2545 cm]
5 Monochromatic light emitted by abroad source of light of wavelength 6000 A° falls normally
on two glass plates which enclose a wedge shaped film. The plates touch at one end
and are
seDarated at a point 15 cm away by awire 0.05 mm in diameter. Find the distance between
any two fringes. [Ans. : 0.9 mm]
6. A plane wave of monochromatic light falls nornally on a uniformly thin film of oil
which
covers a glass plate. The wavelength of the source can be varied continuously. Complete
destructive interference of reflected light is observed for 5000 A° and 7000 A° and for no
other wavelength in between. If refractive index of oil is 1.3 and that of glass is 1.5, find the
thickness of the oil film. [Ans. :6700 A]
7. IfD, is the diameter of the n" dark ring in Newton's rings experiment with air
film and D,
with a liquid of refractive index 4 prove that Dn = .
D,
8 Awedge shaped air film is illuminated by light of wavelength 5890 A° incident normally.
Find the thickness of the film at a point where the tenth bright fringe is situated in reflected
light. Assume angle of wedge to be very small. [Ans. :5.5955 x 10 cm]

Objective Questions & Answers

for Online Examination
Q.1 Interferernce is constructive if path difference is
n.
(271-1);
C (2n-1)
d 27n7
Q.2
Interferernce is constructive if phase difference is
a (2m-1)I
b 2mt
C ma
d (2m-1)7
Q.3
Interference is due to superposition of waves.
a
two b| three
four |d| any number of

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University Question

1. Awedge shaped film is illuminated with monochromatic light. Obtain an expression for
number of dark bands per unit length. Dec.-04, Marks 6
[Marking scheme : Diagram - 1Mark, derivation -5 Marks.]
Engineening Physics 1- 40

Q.4 To observe a good interference, which of the following are

a Coherent waves
required >
Ibl Monochromatic waves
Interte
c Waves of same amplitude All the above
Q.5 When light traveling in air gets reflected from water surface, there is
a phase change of x b phase change of z/2
c phase change of n/4 d no phase change
Q.6 For a film of uniform thickness t and refractive index u
larger refractive index on both sides, the path surrounded by a
in mediu
difference reflected ligh
a 2 ut cosr b| 2ptcosrt
|c 2t sinr, |d 2ut sinr

Q.7 For a film of uniform thickness t and refractive index u

surrounded by air on
and a medium of larger refractive index below it, the path
light when viewed from the top is
difference in refle
a 2 ut cosr
|b| 2ut cosr±7
c 2ut sinr*, d 2u t sinr

Q.8 For a film of uniform thickness t and refractive index åsurrounded by air on
sides, the condition for constructive interference in reflected light is
a 2ut cosr = b 2utcosr = (21+1)
c| 2ut sinr =(2n+1) d 2ut sinr =nd

Q.9 For a film of uniform thickness t and refractive index u surrounded by air on b
sides, the condition for constructive interference in transmitted light is
2 ut cosr = n 2ut cosr = (2n±1)
2utsinr =(2n+1), d 2ut sinr =n

Q.10 An excessively thin film illuminated by white light appears in reflect

light
a uniformly bright coloured
C dark none of the above

Q.11 A very thick film of uniform thickness illuminated by white light appears
in reflected light.
a coloured |b| dark
c with alternate bright and dark d white
fringes
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Engineening Physics 1-41 Interference

Q.12 IWhich type of light source is required to observe coloured fringes in thin films of
uniform thickness ?
a point source b| extended source producing plane
wavefront
monochromatic source d extended source which does not
produce plane wavefront
a.13 Awedge shaped film is formed by placing two glass plates in
and by keeping a thin wire at the other end. When illuminated with contact at one end
light, will be seen. monochromatic
a straight fringes of equal width b
circular fringes
straight fringes of unequal width d coloured fringes
Q.14 If the angle of a wedge shaped film is increased, the fringe
width
a increases b decreases
remains same first increases and then decreases.

Q.15 The center of Newton's rings in reflected light is

bright b dark
dependent on wavelength d dependent on radius of curvature of
plano-convex lens
Q.16 In Newton's rings experiment, division of amplitude takes place at
a plane surface of lens b top surface of glass plate
C bottom surface of glass plate d curved surface of lens.
Q.17 Diameters of bright rings in Newton's rings experiment are proportional to
natural numbers b odd natural numbers
square root of natural numbers d square root of odd natural numbers
Q.18 Diameters of dark rings in Newton's rings experiment are proportional to
a natural numbers b odd natural numbers
square root of natural numbers d square root of odd natural numbers
Q.19 Diameters of bright rings in Newton's rings experiment in reflected light are given
by
a D, = J(2n-1) 21 R b| D, (2n-1) 2lR
D, = 4Rnd d D, = 4Rnd
Q.20 Diameters of dark rings in Newton's rings experiment in reflected light are given by
a
D, = (2n-1)2A R b D, =(2n-1) 2AR
c D, = 4Rnd D,, = 4Rnd

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Engineering Physics 1- 42

Q.21 Antireflection coatings reduce intensity of reflected light by

Interfer
absorption bb scattering
constructive interference d destructive interference
Q22 In antireflection coatings, if A' is the mean wavelength of light in the film, s
thickness of the film is
a |b 2 1'

4 2

Arswers

QNO. Answer [Link]. Answer [Link]. Answer [Link]. Answer [Link]. Answer [Link]. Answe

2. 3. 4. 5. a 6. b

b 9. a 10. C 11. d 12

13. 14. b 15. b 16. d 17. 18. C

19. 20. 21. d 22. C