EEA2601/01/2026

EEA2601 Practical Guide

Electrical Engineering

PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENT

Open Rubric
Dear Student

This tutorial letter contains the practical experiments to be completed for the module EEA2601. Please
note the following:

1. If you have attend on campus a kit will be provided for you to conduct practical, if
homebased is conducted you purchase your own components
2. Do the experiments and compile the report in your results on the applicable pages.
3. Attach the page of a signed preparation at the back of your report and submit it as your
Assignment for this subject.
4. It is optional for you to use the workbench software, NI MultiSim in order to confirm your
practical results and submit both practical results and simulated results.
5. Please note that an ECSA registered professional mentor is preferable. If you cannot find
an ECSA registered professional mentor, any professional person may be your mentor.
This person must supervise your experiments in order to verify that you have submitted
your own work.
6. Attached the declaration of own work which is signed by you and your mentor with in
your report.
7. Please make copies of your results before submitting it.

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 EEA2601

Laboratory Requirements.

The aim of laboratories is to reinforce theory. Practical circuits can be built to confirm the content of the
prescribed text book.

In order to do the laboratories the student will require the equipment and components listed below:

 Breadboard
 DC Power supply.

 Various components like resistors, inductors and capacitors as stipulated on the

experiment.

 Oscilloscope

 Function generator

 NI Software package

Workbench Software

NI Circuit Design Suite 14.1

The National Instruments (NI) Circuit Design Suite is a suite of EDA (Electrical Design Automation) tools
that assists you in carrying out the major steps in the circuit design flow.

Multisim is the schematic capture and simulation program designed for schematic entry, simulation, and
feeding to downstage steps, such as PCB layout. Multisim also includes mixed analog/digital simulation
capability.

The Multisim MCU Module adds microcontroller co-simulation.

Ultiboard, fed from Multisim, is used to design printed circuit boards, perform certain basic mechanical
CAD operations, and prepare them for manufacturing. Ultiboard also provides automated parts
placement and layout.

Use the simulation software to virtually build and run your experiments. In instances where you don’t
have the necessary equipment, e.g. oscilloscope, the software will be very useful.

Installing NI Circuit Design Suite 14.1

This section describes the system requirements and installation procedures for NI Circuit Design Suite.

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 • POLICY AND RULES FOR THE LABORATORY
• No food, no beverages are allowed in the lab
• Keep the bags, cloths OFF the benches with equipment on them.
• Be on time! Being late is annoying to you group members and if the experiment has
progressed, you may not be credited for that specific experiment.
• No experiment will be carried out without a signed preparation. A student is expected to have
done necessary theoretical calculations and have read the laboratory manual before coming to
the practical session.

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VOLTAGE RULES:

If you are working with energised circuits make sure the person next to you can hear you. If you intend
to work on a project using power sources over 220 Vmax, you must get permission from the Laboratory
technician before any work begins.

PREVENT ACCIDENTS: FOLLOW THIS ADVICE

• Never hurry. Work deliberately and carefully.

• Connect to the power source LAST.

• If you are working with a lab kit that has internal power supplies, turn the main power
switch OFF before you begin work on the circuits. Wait a few seconds for power
supply capacitors to discharge. These steps will also help prevent damage to circuits.

• If you are working with a circuit that will be connected to an external power supply,
turn the power switch of the external supply OFF before you begin work on the circuit.

• Check circuit power supply voltages for proper value and for type (DC, AC, frequency)
before energizing the circuit.

• Do not run wires over moving or rotating equipment, or on the floor, or string them
across walkways from bench-to-bench.

• Remove conductive watch bands or chains, finger rings, wrist watches, etc., and do
not use metallic pencils, metal or metal edge rulers, etc. when working with exposed
circuits.

• When breaking an inductive circuit open the switch with your left hand and turn your face
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 away to avoid danger from any arc which may occur across the switch terminals.

• When using large electrolytic capacitors be sure to wait long enough (approximately
five time constants) for the capacitors to discharge before working on the circuit.
Safety Precautions

Introduction

Close attention should be given to all aspects of safety throughout training, and the highest possible
standards insisted upon. There is a special need to emphasize the fundamental safety rules of behavior,
dress and practice when the trainee enters the workshop. Instructors have a particular responsibility to
set a good example and to check without delay any departure from safe working practices by trainees.
Individual responsibilities in respect of the safety of all persons in the vicinity of the working area must
be clearly understood by everyone. It is essential to develop safe working habits.

General safety

What to do

o Think before you act.

o Ask if in any doubt.
o Help to keep gangways clear.
o Keep your bench and working area tidy.
o Find out the position and type of fire appliances available.
o Report all accidents to your supervisor.

What not to do

o Do not run.
o Do not play practical jokes.
o Do not touch any equipment or try out machines unless authorized to do so.
o Do not leave rubbish lying about.
o Do not walk under suspended loads.
o Do not attempt to give first aid unless you are competent to do so.
o Do not throw things.

Further points to consider

o Wear your overalls buttoned up.

o Roll up your overall sleeves above the elbows or button up the cuffs.
o Keep hair short or wear a cap.
o Obey all safety rules and signs.
o Report any accident, however slight.
o Have all injuries properly treated, however minor.
o Do not wear torn overalls.
o Do not wear rings or a watch when working.
o Do not take chances.

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Safety and Electricity

Electric shock

Care must be taken when working with electricity, in order to reduce the risk of electric shock. An
electric shock is when an electric current passes through the body; what happens to the body depends
on the size of the current. One milliamp is the largest safe current. Two to five milliamps feels very
unpleasant to most people. A current of ten milliamps causes muscular spasms which make it difficult to
move. One hundred milliamps passing through the heart will kill within a second. Currents larger than
this will kill instantly. The size of the current depends on the voltage and also the resistance of the body.
The resistance decreases if the body is wet.

How to avoid electric shock

The following procedure should be adopted when working with electricity to minimize the risk of an
electric shock:

o Always use low voltages (less than 50 V).

o Use currents less than five milliamps.
o Hands should always be dry.
o Work area should be kept dry and clean.
o Both hands should never be touching the equipment at the same time.

Treating electric shock

1 Switch off the supply. If this is not possible then pull the victim away using an insulator such as a
piece of dry wood, a piece of rope or clothing. Do not use your hands.
2 Send for help. Preferably this should be someone qualified in First Aid.
3 Check the heart and breathing. If there is no sign of breathing or heartbeat then apply artificial
respiration and if you are properly trained apply chest compression if this is considered necessary.
4 Burns should be treated immediately with cold water and then covered with a clean, dry cotton
cloth until help arrives.
5 The person may be in a state of shock and therefore it is important that the person remain either
sitting or lying down and be kept warm. An unconscious person should be placed on their side and not
be given food or drink as there is a risk of choking.
6 Fill in an accident report form. If you are not in a position to do this then a report should be given
to someone who is in a position to fill in the form.

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 

Components required:

Various resistors supplied in the kit (1 Ω, 2,2 Ω, 3,3 Ω, 3,9 Ω, 4,7 Ω, 5,6 Ω , 6,8 Ω, 8,2 Ω, 10 Ω, 12 Ω,15 Ω,
22 Ω, 33 Ω , 39 Ω, 47 Ω, 56 Ω , 68 Ω , 100 Ω , 220 Ω, 330 Ω, 390 Ω, 470 Ω, 560 Ω ,680 Ω, 820 Ω, 1k Ω, 1,2
k Ω , 2,2 kΩ, 3,3 kΩ,3,9 kΩ, 4,7 kΩ ,5,6 kΩ, 6,8kΩ, 8,2 kΩ ,10 kΩ, 120 kΩ ,150 kΩ, 220 kΩ ,330 kΩ & 470
kΩ resistors)

Capacitor: 2.2 μF

Inductor: 97 mH

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Experiment 1

Objective:
To analyse a purely resistive AC circuit and determine the variation on total voltage and current

Name:

Student No.:

Date:

Electronic Bread Board

Function generator 50 – 1kHz
Two channel oscilloscope leads
Two Power supply lead.

1. Preparation:

1.1.1 Calculate in complex form the total impedance Z total from figure 1, and (0.5)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

1.1.2 Sketch the expected output voltage and current waveforms (fully labelled) showing the effect of a
purely resistive network. (1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Circuit diagram


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2. Circuit Diagram

R1 R2

220Ω 1.2 kΩ
Channel 1

Channel 2

+
Figure 1

Method:

 Connect the circuit as shown in the sketch (Figure 1).

 Apply a 50 Hz sine wave across the resistance and compare the readings as shown.

1.2.1 Compare the two output sine waves, the one representing the total current and the other
representing the total voltage. (3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(3)
Figure 1.2
Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………….

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From the practical waveforms obtained, find:

1.2.3 Determine the phase difference in degrees between the voltage and current .
(0.5)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …….

1.2.4 The peak-to-peak value of the current waveform

(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………….. …

1.2.5 The peak value of the current waveform

(1)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1.2.6 The peak value of the voltage waveform

(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …….

1.2.7 The effective or rms value of the current waveform

(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …….
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1.2.8 The effective or rms value of the voltage waveform
(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. …….

1.2.9 How the voltage varies with current

(1)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

1.2.10 The total period.

(1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ……..

Conclusion

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………… [2 marks]

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Experiment 02

Objective:

To investigate the effect of capacitive & Inductive load in an AC circuit using a software simulation and
hardware.

Apparatus:

1. Electricity and Electronic Bread Board EEC 470

2. Function generator 50 – 1kHz
3. Two channel oscilloscope and Power Supply leads
4. National Instruments MultiSim software

Preparation: [10 marks]

2.1. From circuit 1, calculate in complex form Z total and draw waveforms showing the effect of a capacitor on
voltage and current.
(2.5)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Figure 2.1

2.2. From circuit 2, calculate Z total in complex form and draw vividly waveforms showing the effect of an
Inductor on voltage and current.
(2.5)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Figure 2.2

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Circuit Diagrams

R C

220 Ω 2.2uF

Channel 1

Channel 2

Circuit 1

R L

97
68 Ω
mH
Channel 1

Channel 2

+
Circuit 2

Repeat the two experiments by replacing the components with the ones on the table below & sketch
the output waveforms

R L C
1 68Ω 150mH 2.2µF
2 200Ω 150mH 2.2𝛍F
3 390Ω 150mH 2.2𝛍F
(6)

Prerequisite Assignment:
We have found out that the relationship between the current, voltage and capacitance in a system is:
I=[Link]/dt & between induced emf, current and inductance is: E= -Ldi/dt.
We will now examine what happens when a sinusoidal alternating voltage is applied to a capacitor and
an Inductor.

Method:
Connect the circuit as shown in Circuit 1 and 2 respectively (one circuit at a time).
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Set the generator to apply a sine wave of 250Hz, to the circuit.

Set the oscilloscope as follows:
Y1 channel 1V/cm
Y2 channel 500mV/cm
Time-base to 1ms/cm
Zero both the traces and then observe the two waveforms on the oscilloscope

Results [16marks]:

Carefully draw the two waveforms, showing their relative positions with respect to each other.

2.1 Output for Circuit 1 fully labelled [2 marks]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Figure 2.3
Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………….

2.2 With reference to the waveforms drawn above, determine the phase difference in degrees between
the voltage and current from circuit 1. (Use the two waveforms obtained to measure the phase shift
practically. (1)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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2.3 Output for Circuit 2 should be fully labelled [2marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Figure 2.4
Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………….

2.4 With reference to the waveforms drawn above, determine the phase difference in degrees between
the Voltage and current from circuit 2. Use the two waveforms obtained to measure the phase shift
practically. (1)
.…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.5 Lab Report Questions: (From capacitive circuit’s results):

2.5.1 Where are the voltage waveforms positive maximum turning points?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………(0.5)

2.5.2 Where does the voltage waveform intercept the x axis?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
………………………………………………………….(0.5)

2.5.3 Where on the voltege waveform is the negative maximum turning points?

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………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..………………..........................................
.........................................................................................(0.5)

2.5.4 Remembering that the time increases towards the right, which of the two waveforms reaches its
positive maximum first?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….. (0.5)

2.6 Lab Report Questions: (From Inductive circuit’s results):

2.6.1 Where are the current waveforms positive maximum turning points?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………….. (0.5)

2.6.2 Where does the current waveform intercept the x axis?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………… (0.5)

2.6.3 Where are the current waveform negative maximum turning points?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………… (0.5)

2.6.4 Does the voltage waveform correspond to the rate of change of current?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………… (0.5)

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2.6.5 Which waveform is leading?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………… (0.5)

2.7 Conclusion (1.5)

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Experiment 03

Objective:

To investigate and do analysis on what happens before, during and after resonance in a series RLC
circuit.

Apparatus:

1. Electronic Bread Board

2. Function generator 50 – 1kHz
3. Two channel oscilloscope Leads
4. Two Power Supply Lead
5. National Instruments Software (MultiSim Ver 13/ labview)

Circuit Diagram

R C L

100 Ω 2,2uF 97mH

Channel 1

Channel 2

Figure 1

3. Preparation :

3.1 From figure 1, calculate in complex form the total impedance Z total at a frequency of 200 Hz
and draw expected output waveforms, (3)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......................... …. ..
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3.2 Calculate the resonant frequency.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….. (1)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.3 Draw waveforms representing voltage and current at resonance. (1)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Figure 3.2

3.4 Calculate in complex form the total impedance Z total at 440 Hz from figure 1 and draw expect output
waveform (3)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Method:

 Connect up the circuit as shown in Figure 1

 Set the function generator to apply a sine wave of 200Hz, across the
circuit.
 Set the oscilloscope as follows:
 Y1 channel (current) to 1V/cm
 Y2 channel (voltage) to 500mV/cm
 Time base to 1ms/cm
 Zero both traces, and then observe the two waveforms on the oscilloscope
3.2 Results:

3.2.1 Draw the waveforms obtained after setting frequency to 200Hz, showing their relative positions
with respect to each other. (2)

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………….

3.2.2 Determine the phase difference in degrees between the voltage and current at 200
Hz. (Use the two waveforms obtained to measure the phase shift ( ) practically.(1)

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.3 Vary the frequency on the Function Generator panel from 200Hz upwards in small steps until the
resonant frequency is reached.

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3.3.1 Draw the waveforms obtained at resonant frequency settings. [ 2 marks ]

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=.………………………….

3.3.2 Determine the phase shift in degrees between the voltage and current at resonant frequency.
(Use the two waveforms obtained above to measure the phase shift practically. (1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3.4 Adjust the frequency on the Function Generator panel from resonant frequency upwards to 450 Hz

3.4.1 Draw the waveforms obtained after setting frequency to 450 Hz, showing their relative positions
with respect to each other. (2)

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Vertical sensitivity=……………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………….

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3.4.2 Determine the phase shift in degrees between the voltage and current at 450 Hz. (Use
the two waveforms obtained above to measure the phase shift practically.) (1)

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….

From the waveforms obtained:

3.5 How far in degrees and radians are the two waveforms apart at 200
Hz?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (0.5)

3.6 How far in degrees are the two waveforms apart at resonant frequency?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (0.5)

3.7 What is the total period at 200 Hz?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. (0.5)

3.8 What is the total period at resonant frequency?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… (0.5)

3.9 Give 4 applications of the resonant frequency circuits.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………(2)

3.10 Conclusion

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..(1.5)

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Experiment 4

Objective:

To investigate what happens to an inductive circuit when a capacitor is added for the
purpose of power factor correction.

Apparatus:

1. National Instruments Software package (MultiSim)

2. Electronic Bread Board
3. Basic Electricity Kit EEC 471
4. Function generator 50 – 1kHz
5. Three channel oscilloscope leads

Circuit Diagram

R1 L

150 Ω 97mH
C

2.2µF
22 Ω
R2
Channel1

Channel2 .
+
Figure 1

4.1 Preparation [13 marks]:

From Figure 1, find:

4.1.1 The total impedance (Z total) in complex form, the power factor and, draw the
waveforms (Without the capacitor). (3 marks)

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Figure 4.1

4.1.2 The total impedance (Z total) in complex form, the power factor and , draw the
waveforms (With the capacitor) (3.5 marks)

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Method

 Connect up the circuit as shown in Figure 1

 Set the function generator to apply a sine wave of 250Hz, across the circuit.
 Set the oscilloscope as follows:
 Y1 channel (current) to 1V/cm
 Y2 channel (voltage) to 500mV/cm
 Time-base to 1ms/cm
 Zero both traces, and then observe the two waveforms on the oscilloscope

4.2 Results

4.2.1 Draw the waveforms obtained without a capacitor. (Showing their relative positions with
respect to each other.)

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(3)

Vertical sensitivity=…………………………………

Horizontal sensitivity=,………………………………

4.2.2 Determine the phase shift in degrees between the voltage and current waveforms. (Use
the two waveforms obtained above to measure the phase shift practically). (1)
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4.2.3 Draw the waveforms obtained with a capacitor. (Showing their relative positions with
respect to each other.(3)
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Vertical sensitivity=………………………………..

Horizontal sensitivity=..…………………………….

4.2.4 Determine the phase shift in degrees between the voltage and current waveforms. (Use
the two waveforms obtained above to measure the phase shift ( ) practically.

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……………….
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………………. (1)

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4.3 Explain the reason for the use of second resistor (R2).

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…………………………………… (1)

4.4 Elaborate on the use of the capacitor in parallel to the load.

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………………………………… (1)

4.5 As an Electrical Engineering II student elaborate on your results, considering method used
and prove where it is applicable.

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……………………. (2.5)

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