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AS 2890.2:2018
AS 2890.2:2018

Parking facilities

Part 2: Off-street commercial

vehicle facilities
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AS 2890.2:2018

This Australian Standard® was prepared by CE-001, Parking Facilities. It was approved on
behalf of the Council of Standards Australia on 11 December 2018.
This Standard was published on 21 December 2018.

The following are represented on Committee CE-001:

Association of Consultants in Access Australia
Australian Automobile Association
Australian Motorcycle Council
Department of Transport and Main Roads (Qld)
Engineers Australia
Institute of Public Works Engineering Australasia
National Heavy Vehicle Regulator
Parking Australia

This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS 2890.2:2018.

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Ensure you have the latest versions of our publications and keep up-to-date about
Amendments, Rulings, Withdrawals, and new projects by visiting:
[Link]
[Link] (sales and distribution)

ISBN 978 1 76072 340 8

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AS 2890.2:2018

Parking facilities

Part 2: Off-street commercial vehicle

facilities

Originated as AS 2890.2—1989.
Previous edition 2002.
Third edition 2018.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited 2018
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any
form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the
written permission of the publisher, unless otherwise permitted under the Copyright
Act 1968 (Cth).
Published by SAI Global Pty Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited, GPO
Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia.
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AS 2890.2:2018 ii

Preface
This Standard was prepared by Standards Australia Committee CE-001, Parking Facilities, to supersede
AS 2890.2—2002.
The objective of this Standard is to set out minimum requirements and recommendations for the
provision of off-street parking, loading and manoeuvre areas for seven representative commercial
vehicles classified according to limiting dimension and minimum turning circle.
The major changes in this edition are as follows:
(a) Inclusion of additional vehicle classes, B-double, A-double and A-triple.
(b) AV class length extended to 20 m to allow for National Heavy Vehicle Regulator (NHVR)
Performance based standards (PBS) level 1 vehicles.
(c) Requirements for clearances for turntables.
(d) Guidance on pedestrian safety and access adjacent to and within service areas.
(e) Swept path turning templates deleted and replaced with a table providing vehicle swept path data
for the accurate production of swept paths using computer-aided design.
A list of all parts in the AS(/NZS) 2890 series can be found in the Standards Australia online catalogue.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in footnotes to tables are deemed to be requirements of
this Standard.
The term “informative” has been used in this Standard to define the application of the appendix to
which it applies. An “informative” appendix is only for information and guidance.

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iii AS 2890.2:2018

Contents
Preface................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ ii
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. iv
Section 1 Scope and general................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Scope..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objective............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Normative references............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.4 Terms and definitions............................................................................................................................................................................. 1
Section 2 Design vehicles.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Description and dimensions............................................................................................................................................................. 4
Section 3 Access driveways and circulation roadways............................................................................................................... 8
3.1 General................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Design principles........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.2.1 General.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.2 Occasional service............................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.2.3 Regular service...................................................................................................................................................................... 8
3.3 Circulation roadways............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
3.3.1 Width.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.3.2 Parking on a circulation roadway....................................................................................................................... 11
3.3.3 Maximum grades on circulation roadways................................................................................................ 11
3.3.4 Maximum rates of change of grade on circulation roadways..................................................... 11
3.4 Access driveways..................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.1 General....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.4.2 Provision of one-way access driveways........................................................................................................ 13
3.4.3 Layout design requirements................................................................................................................................... 13
3.4.4 Driveway grade................................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.4.5 Sight distance requirements................................................................................................................................... 16
Section 4 Service areas.............................................................................................................................................................................................18
4.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.2 Dimensions of service bays............................................................................................................................................................. 18
4.3 Service area layout................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.3.1 Design requirements..................................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3.2 Design recommendations.......................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3.3 Layout development...................................................................................................................................................... 20
Section 5 Design vehicle turning paths...................................................................................................................................................22
5.1 General.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 22
5.2 Swept path speed.................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
5.3 Reverse entry manoeuvre................................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.4 Manoeuvring clearances................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Appendix A (informative) Suggested method of checking vertical alignment for adequacy of
vehicle ground clearance..................................................................................................................................................27
Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 31
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AS 2890.2:2018 iv

Introduction
A series of design vehicles has been selected to represent the common classes of service vehicle for
which provision may need to be made in commercial vehicle parking and loading facilities. Each design
vehicle comprises a dimensional configuration which represents the characteristics of the greater
number of vehicles in that class. For example, it could be expected that a turning path for each design
vehicle would accommodate at least 99 % of the vehicles in that class.
All industrial and commercial activities have a need for access by service vehicles. Warehouse and heavy
industry should be capable of accommodating both heavy rigid and articulated vehicles as should large
retail outlets having at least a supermarket. Designers of commercial and industrial establishments
should check local authority regulations and the proprietors’ requirements for the number and mix of
vehicle types to be provided.
Turning circles quoted by vehicle manufacturers can be given either to the centre of the wheel track of
the front wheel on the outside of the turn or to the outer edge of the outside front wheel (kerb-to-kerb
turning circles), and more rarely to the maximum projection of the vehicle which is usually the front
overhang (wall-to-wall turning circles or swept paths). The swept paths given in this Standard are all
in the wall-to-wall category, and the turning circles from which design turning radii have been derived,
kerb-to-kerb.

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1 AS 2890.2:2018

Australian Standard®
Parking facilities
Part 2: Off-street commercial vehicle facilities

Section 1 Scope and general

1.1 Scope
This Standard specifies minimum requirements for the layout of off-street facilities for the loading
and unloading of commercial vehicles, including design requirements for access driveways across the
property boundary and for internal circulation roadways. It provides for a variety of standard design
vehicle sizes and configurations.
NOTE State and local government regulations, by-laws or other statutes may impose requirements and
constraints on the development of facilities which are additional to those specified in this Standard.

1.2 Objective
The objective of this Standard is to provide designers of commercial vehicle docking facilities and off-
street manoeuvring areas with a set of uniform standards and recommended designs practices.

1.3 Normative references

The following document is referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of its content constitutes
requirements of this document.
NOTE Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.

AS/NZS 2890.1, Parking facilities, Part 1: Off-street car parking

1.4 Terms and definitions

For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
1.4.1
access driveway
driveway extending from the edge of a public roadway to the property boundary to connect with the
service area or circulation roadway
1.4.2
apron
manoeuvring area in front of the loading dock excluding the service bay
1.4.3
circulation roadway
roadway which links the access driveway with the service area
1.4.4
clearance height
minimum height for which a structure should be designed to accommodate the design vehicle
Note 1 to entry: Maximum allowable vehicle heights are generally 0.2 m less than this height.

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AS 2890.2:2018 2

1.4.5
design vehicle
for each nominated class of vehicle, the dimensional configuration which represents the characteristics
which will encompass the greater number (nominally 99 %) of the vehicles in the national fleet
in that class
1.4.6
entry angle
angle through which a design vehicle turns during the forward manoeuvre before commencing the
reverse manoeuvre into the service bay
1.4.7
loading dock
specific area set aside for loading and unloading a commercial vehicle generally allowing the operation
to be carried out from a raised platform to which the vehicle is backed
Note 1 to entry: Loading and unloading can, however, take place from the side or from ground level.

1.4.8
lock-to-lock time
time it takes to steer from full lock in one direction to full lock in the opposite direction
1.4.9
major road
road carrying predominantly through traffic, generally either a two-way roadway of generally more
than 12 m between kerbs, or a divided road
1.4.10
major service area
service area regularly serviced by heavy rigid or articulated vehicles or both and having more than one
bay of which some may be designed for smaller service vehicles
1.4.11
manoeuvring area
area between the access driveway or circulation roadway and service bays in which service vehicles
manoeuvre into and out of the service bays
1.4.12
may
indicates the existence of an option
1.4.13
minor road
cul-de-sac or a road carrying predominantly local traffic
1.4.14
minor service area
service area occasionally served by heavy rigid vehicles or with provision for not more than a total of
ten medium rigid and smaller commercial vehicles
1.4.15
multi-unit combination vehicle
B-double, A-double, A-triple or equivalent vehicle combination
1.4.16
occasional service
service by a nominated design vehicle less than once per day
1.4.17
regular service
service by nominated design vehicle at least once per day

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3 AS 2890.2:2018

1.4.18
service area
area in a development set aside for the manoeuvring, parking and loading or unloading of commercial
vehicles for the delivery or removal of goods, freight or waste
1.4.19
service bay
designated space clear of the apron to accommodate a commercial vehicle parked at a loading dock
1.4.20
shall
indicates that a statement is mandatory
1.4.21
should
indicates a recommendation
1.4.22
swept circle
diameter of the circle which is traced by the outermost extremity of the body work of a vehicle turning
on full lock
1.4.23
swept path
area which is traced by the extremities of the bodywork of a vehicle while turning
1.4.24
turning circle
diameter of the circle traced by the outside edge of the outermost front wheel of a vehicle turning
on full lock
1.4.25
turning radius (design turning radius)
radius of the arc of a circle traced by the outside edge of the outermost front wheel of a vehicle turning
on a nominated constant radius (a design vehicle turning on full lock)
Note 1 to entry: The design turning radius is equivalent to half the turning circle of the design vehicle.

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AS 2890.2:2018 4

Section 2 Design vehicles

2.1 General
Commercial vehicles are grouped into seven classes on the basis of vehicle size and configuration as
specified below and with overall dimensions as specified in Table 2.1 Unless a commercial vehicle
facility is to be designed specifically for a nominated vehicle type which lies outside these descriptions
and dimensions, the facility shall be designed to accommodate the standard vehicle type or types
appropriate to the use required by the operator of the facility.
The classes of design vehicle shall be as follows:
(a) Small rigid vehicle (SRV) [see Clause 2.2(a)].
(b) Medium rigid vehicle (MRV) [see Clause 2.2(b)].
(c) Heavy rigid vehicle (HRV) [see Clause 2.2(c)].
(d) Articulated vehicle (AV) [see Clause 2.2(d)].
(e) B-double (BD) [see Clause 2.2(e)].
(f) A-double (Type 1 road train) [see Clause 2.2(f)].
(g) A-triple (Type 2 road train) [see Clause 2.2(g)].
Provision for oversize vehicles not covered by the above classes is outside the scope of this Standard.
Such provision should be subject to special design of facilities according to the type of vehicle to be
accommodated and the manoeuvres it will be required to make within the facility.
Provision for reversing manoeuvres and service bays for multiple unit articulated vehicles as
represented by classes (e), (f) and (g) above is outside the scope of this Standard. However, if a multiple
unit articulated vehicle is uncoupled or partly uncoupled and one or more parts then meet a class other
than (e), (f) or (g) specified above, design of the facility in accordance with this Standard for that class
may be appropriate.

2.2 Description and dimensions

The basic limiting dimensions of design vehicles are set out in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 — Design vehicle dimensions

Dimensions in metres
Overall Design Design turning Clearance
Vehicle class Wheel base Swept circles
length width radius height
SRV 6.40 2.30 3.80 7.1 15.3 3.5
MRVa 8.80 2.50 5.00 10.0 21.6 4.5c
HRVa 12.50 2.50 6.85 12.5 27.8 4.5c
AV b 20.00 2.50 14.70 12.5 26.6 4.5c
BDa 26.00 2.50 21.70 12.5 n/a 4.5c
A-doubleb 36.50 2.50 32.30 15.0 n/a 4.5c
A-tripleb 53.50 2.50 49.00 15.0 n/a 4.5c
a Dimensions for these vehicles conform to AP-G34-13 (see Bibliography).
b Dimensions adopted from AP-G34-13 adjusted for maximum length as prescribed in regulations and instruments
under Heavy Vehicle National Law.
c 4.8 m for animal transport vehicles, vehicle carriers and 4.6 m high vehicles.

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5 AS 2890.2:2018

The overall width of service vehicles ranges from 2.3 m for the SRV to the regulation limit of 2.5 m for
larger trucks. Collapsible mirrors may protrude up to 0.23 m beyond the extreme width of the vehicle.
The regulation limit of length is 12.5 m for rigid truck and 19.0 m for articulated vehicles or truck and
trailer combinations. Projecting loads may not protrude beyond the regulation envelope of height,
length and width.
Where the vehicle is smaller than the limits and the overhang does not exceed the envelope, projecting
loads may not exceed the extreme dimensions of the vehicle by more than 0.15 m on either side or 1.20
m to the front or rear.
The classes of design vehicle shall be as follows:
(a) Small rigid vehicle (SRV) — The SRV represents light trucks to a maximum load capacity of 4.0
t and typically having a single rear axle and either single or dual tyres. The SRV is the design
vehicle which should be adopted where the service area is to be used by small commercial vehicles
only. This class excludes van type commercial vehicles more similar to B99 vehicles as defined in
AS/NZS 2890.1.

NOTE Dimensions adopted from Design guidelines for on-site car parking and service vehicle
facilities, Brisbane City Council.
(b) Medium rigid vehicle (MRV) — The MRV represents the common service truck having a load
capacity of 8 t, and typically having a single rear axle and dual tyres. The MRV should be adopted
as the design vehicle where there is significant movement of goods but provision for more than the
occasional HRV or AV is not necessary.
(c) Heavy rigid vehicle (HRV) — The HRV represents the maximum dimensions of a single unit truck,
specialist vehicles excepted, and typically has a load capacity of 12 t. The class also includes 4-axle
twin-steer vehicles with a typical load capacity of 16 t. The HRV is the design vehicle which should
normally be provided for in major suburban delivery areas.
(d) Articulated vehicle (AV) — The AV is the largest vehicle for which under normal circumstances,
reversing manoeuvres would be undertaken and for which a service bay would need to be designed.
(e) B-double (BD) — A combination consisting of a prime mover towing 2 semitrailers, with the first
semitrailer being attached directly to the prime mover by a fifth wheel coupling and the second
semitrailer being mounted on the rear of the first semi-trailer by a fifth wheel coupling on the first
semitrailer.
(f) A-double (Type 1 road train) — A combination, other than a B-double, consisting of a prime mover
towing 2 trailers, excluding any converter dolly supporting a semitrailer.
(g) A-triple (Type 2 road train) — A combination consisting of a prime mover towing 3 trailers,
excluding any converter dolly supporting a semitrailer.

NOTE Items (b) to (g) dimensions adopted from AP-G34–13 (see Bibliography).
The configuration of each of the above design vehicles is shown in Figure 2.1 and Figure 2.2.

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AS 2890.2:2018 6

Dimensions in metres
6.4 0 8.80

2.3 0 2.50

3.80 5.0 0
1.0 5 1. 5 5 1. 5 0 2.30

(a) S m a l l r i g id ve h i c le (b) M e d i u m r i g id ve h i c l e
Clearance height 3.50 Clearance height 4. 5 0
De s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 7.1 D e s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 10.0

12. 5 0

1.3

2.50

6.85 3.4 5
2 . 20

(c) H eav y r i g i d ve h i c le
Clearance height 4. 5 0
D e s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 12. 5

20.0 0

1.3 1.3 1.3

2.50

9. 5 0 3 .70
1.4 0
0. 20
5.4 0
1.6 0

(d) Ar t i c u l ate d ve h i c le
Clearance height 4. 5 0
De s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 12. 5

Figure 2.1 — Rigid and single articulated vehicles

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7 AS 2890.2:2018

Dimensions in metres
26.0 0

8.0 5 12. 5

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

2.50

0.4 5
1.4 0 8 .0 5 9.15 2 .9 0

1.4 0 4. 5
(e) B - d o u b l e
Clearance height 4. 5 0
D e s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 12. 5

3 6. 5 0

1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

2.50

1.4 0 0.3 0 2 .9 0 1.4 0

1.4 0 5.50 9. 5 0 2.80 5.0 0 9. 5 0 2 .8 0

(f ) A- d o u b l e (t y p e 1 road train)
Clearance height 4. 5 0
D e s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 15.0

5 3 . 50
1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

2.50

1.4 0 0.4 0 2.80 1.4 0 2.80 1.4 0

1.70 5.6 0 9.0 0 2.70 5.0 0 9. 5 0 2.70 5.0 0 9. 5 0 2 .8 0

(g) A-tr i p l e (t y p e 2 road train)

Clearance height 4. 5 0
D e s i g n tur n i n g r a d i u s 15.0

Figure 2.2 — Multi-unit combination vehicles

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AS 2890.2:2018 8

Section 3 Access driveways and circulation roadways

3.1 General
This Section sets out requirements and recommendations for the minimum dimensions for one- and
two-way access driveways and circulation roadways. Access to a service area for commercial vehicles
should be provided by one-way circulation roadways connecting to separate access driveways for
entry and exit wherever the frequency of movements so requires, or alternatively as required by the
local authority.
All service area access designs prepared in accordance with this Section shall be checked for adequate
clearance for the relevant vehicles, by use of turning path parameters and the method set out
in Clause 5.2.

3.2 Design principles

3.2.1 General

The design of the access to a service area shall be dependent on a combination of —

(a) the maximum size of vehicle likely to use the facility;
(b) the frequency with which vehicles of different classification use the facility; and
(c) whether the public road from which the facility is accessed is a major or minor road (see definitions
in Clause 1.4.8 and Clause 1.4.12).
Facilities shall be designed using one or more of the design vehicles specified in Clause 2 which most
nearly conform to the vehicles actually using the site and shall include provision for specialist vehicles
where required.

3.2.2 Occasional service

Requirements for providing occasional service shall be as follows:

(a) The vehicle shall be able to stand wholly within the site.
(b) Reverse manoeuvres at the property boundary, if permitted by the relevant authority, shall be
limited to one only, either on entering or departing, and be subject to determination of both safety
and obstruction to other on-street traffic.

NOTE The AV vehicle class is the largest vehicle to be considered for reverse manoeuvres.
(c) The swept path plus clearances shall be accommodated within the access driveway or
circulation roadway.

NOTE The full width of the access driveway may be used for both entering and leaving the site.

3.2.3 Regular service

[Link] Major road access

Requirements for providing regular service from a major road shall be as follows:
(a) A service area unobstructed by other vehicles or on-site activities shall be provided.

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9 AS 2890.2:2018

(b) All manoeuvring associated with parking, loading and unloading shall be able to be confined to the
service area.
(c) Both entry and exit at the property boundary shall be in the forward direction.
(d) Circulation roadways shall be provided to connect the access driveway with the service area.
NOTE Wherever practicable, separate entry and exit access driveways should be provided.

[Link] Minor road access

Where providing regular service from a minor road, manoeuvring on-street, if permitted by the
relevant authority, shall be strictly limited to one reverse movement either onto or off the street, and be
subject to determination of both safety and obstruction to other on-street traffic.
NOTE The AV vehicle class is the largest vehicle to be considered for reverse manoeuvres.

The swept path of the maximum size design vehicle using the facility may be allowed to occupy the
entire width (less specified clearances) of a two-way access driveway when the vehicle is entering or
leaving the minor road.

3.3 Circulation roadways

3.3.1 Width

A guide to the minimum width between kerbs or edges of pavement for circulation roadways is given
in Table 3.1. Regardless of the dimensions given in Table 3.1, circulation roadways shall be designed to
accommodate the swept path of the largest design vehicle using the facility plus the specified clearances
from the vehicle body to vertical obstructions and vehicle to vehicle on two-way roadways as set out
in Clause 5.4.

Table 3.1 — Recommended minimum widths of circulation roadways kerb to kerb

Dimensions in metres
Road width, kerb to kerb
Swept path Two-way Without
Design Curve radius (inside
width of With intervisibility
vehicle edge of curve)
design vehicle Single lane intervisibility (see Note 2)
(see Note 1)
Less than 12 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
SRV 12 to 25 2.7 3.6 6.9 6.9
> 25 (including straight) 2.3 3.5 6.2 6.2
Less than 25 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
25 to 39 3.3 4.2 7.1 8.1
MRV 40 to 69 3.0 3.9 6.8 7.5
70 to 100 2.7 3.6 6.5 6.9
> 100 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5
Less than 40 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
40 to 49 3.6 4.5 7.4 8.7
50 to 69 3.3 4.2 7.1 8.1
HRV
70 to 199 3.0 3.9 6.8 7.5
200 to 400 2.7 3.6 6.5 6.9
> 400 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5

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AS 2890.2:2018 10

Table 3.1 (continued)

Road width, kerb to kerb
Swept path Two-way Without
Design Curve radius (inside
width of With intervisibility
vehicle edge of curve)
design vehicle Single lane intervisibility (see Note 2)
(see Note 1)
Less than 40 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
40 to 49 4.3 5.2 8.1 10.1
50 to 69 4.0 4.9 7.8 9.5
AV 70 to 99 3.6 4.5 7.4 8.7
100 to 199 3.2 4.1 7.0 7.9
200 to 499 2.9 3.8 6.5 7.4
500 to 800 2.6 3.5 6.5 6.7
> 800 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5
Less than 60 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
60 to 79 3.9 4.8 7.7 9.3
80 to 119 3.6 4.5 7.4 8.7
BD 120 to 159 3.3 4.2 7.1 8.1
160 to 299 3.0 3.9 6.8 7.5
300 to 450 2.8 3.7 6.6 7.1
> 450 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5
Less than 70 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
70 to 89 4.2 5.1 8.0 9.9
90 to 139 3.8 4.7 7.6 9.1
A-double 140 to 199 3.4 4.3 7.2 8.3
200 to 349 3.1 4.0 6.9 7.7
350 to 700 2.9 3.8 6.7 7.3
> 700 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5
Less than 90 — See Note 3 See Note 3 See Note 3
90 to 119 4.4 5.3 8.2 10.3
120 to 179 4.1 5.0 7.9 9.7
180 to 249 3.6 4.5 7.4 8.7
A triple
250 to 399 3.2 4.1 7.0 7.9
400 to 599 3.0 3.9 6.8 7.5
600 to 900 2.8 3.7 6.6 7.1
> 900 (including straight) 2.5 3.5 6.5 6.5

NOTE 1 Widths in this column are recommended where drivers approaching each end of a curve can see
vehicles approaching the other end. The widths are based on the nominated design vehicle passing a SRV with
clearances as specified in Clause 5.4, and assumes that at these widths drivers of two opposing large vehicles will
not attempt to occupy the curved roadway simultaneously.

NOTE 2 Widths in this column are recommended where drivers approaching each end of curve cannot see
vehicles approaching from the other end and therefore provision needs to be made for two of the nominated
design vehicles to pass one another with clearances as specified in Clause 5.4. These widths are also necessary
where an uninterrupted two way flow of nominated design vehicles is to be catered for.

NOTE 3 It is not practicable to provide generalized recommendations for small radius turns. Each case needs to
be checked individually using turning path parameters as set out in Clause 5.2.

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3.3.2 Parking on a circulation roadway

Where parallel parking is to be provided, the roadway shall be widened by the following amounts:
(a) 2.4 m for each lane of car parking.
(b) 3.0 m for each lane of truck parking.
Angle parking for cars may be permitted on a circulation roadway provided it is limited to User Class 1
(all-day) parking as specified in AS/NZS 2890.1 and there are both adequate gaps in passing traffic and
adequate sight distance to enter and leave parking spaces safely.

3.3.3 Maximum grades on circulation roadways

[Link] General

The maximum allowable grades and rates of grade change on circulation roadways including ramps
but excluding access driveways and parts of circulation roadways immediately adjacent to them (see
Clause 3.4.4), shall be as specified in either Clause [Link] or Clause [Link].

[Link] Maximum roadway and ramp grades

The maximum allowable grades for roadways and ramps shall be as specified in Table 3.2.

Table 3.2 — Maximum roadway and ramp grades

Design vehicle Roadway/ramp gradea (max)
SRV 1:6.5 (15.4 %)
MRV, HRV 1:6.5 (15.4 %)
AV 1:6.5 (15.4 %)
BD 1:8.3 (12 %)
A-double 1:10 (10 %)
A-triple 1:20 (5 %)
a The grade on a curve is measured along the inside of the
curve. If reverse manoeuvres are permitted on a ramp, the
maximum grade shall be 1:8 (12.5 %).

[Link] Vehicle performance assessment

Maximum grades in Table 3.2 are determined from the ability of a loaded design vehicle to commence
forward movement on a specified grade. Steeper grades may be suitable for site/task specific
operations, for example, if vehicles are unlikely to stop on steeper grades or if vehicles operate unladen
or lightly laden.
Site/task specific vehicle performance assessment shall be undertaken if maximum grades in Table 3.2
are exceeded.

3.3.4 Maximum rates of change of grade on circulation roadways

[Link] General

The maximum rates of change of grade on circulation roadways including ramps but excluding access
driveways and parts of circulation roadways immediately adjacent to them (see Clause 3.4.4), shall be
as specified in either Clause [Link] or Clause [Link].

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AS 2890.2:2018 12

[Link] Maximum rates of change of grades

The maximum allowable rates of change of grade shall be as specified in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 — Maximum rates of change of grades for roadways and ramps
Design vehicle Rate of change of grade (max)
SRV 1:12 (8.3 %) in 4.0 m of travel
MRV, HRV 1:16 (6.25 %) in 7.0 m of travel
AV 1:16 (6.25 %) in 10 m of travel
BD 1:16 (6.25 %) in 10 m of travel
A-double 1:16 (6.25 %) in 10 m of travel
A-triple 1:16 (6.25 %) in 10 m of travel

The rate of change of grade column in Table 3.2 shall be applied as follows:
(a) Any grade change of 1:50 (2 %) or less may take place instantaneously.
(b) Any grade change of more than 1:50 (2 %) but less than or equal to the tabulated figure shall take
place over a distance not less than the corresponding specified travel distance in the table.

[Link] Ground clearance method

The grade line of the vehicle path may be checked against the ground clearance diagrams for the
relevant vehicle types. This method shall be used where the grade line has a number of closely spaced
grade changes or transitional grade changes, or a combination of these. Clearances shall not be less
than 50 mm at any point when using this method.
NOTE A recommended method of checking a grade line against ground clearance diagrams is given at Appendix
A. Appendix A includes ground clearance diagrams of each of the design vehicles SRV, MRV, HRV and AV from
which computer-aided design (CAD) input can be prepared.

3.4 Access driveways

3.4.1 General

The access driveway connects the internal roads with the external public roadways. A key objective
of the design of driveways is to minimize the interference between vehicles manoeuvring into or out
of the site and vehicles travelling through on the public roadway. To meet this objective the following
design requirements shall apply:
(a) On a minor public road, vehicles shall be able to enter and leave the access driveway without
infringing the boundaries of the roadway. Relevant authorities may place further limits and
controls on the extent to which movement across the centre-line of the roadway is allowed.
(b) On a major public road, the design shall not force turning vehicles to cross the centre-line or
median of the public roadway to the extent that there is any interaction with the opposing
direction of travel.
NOTE 1 Wherever practicable, vehicles entering the access driveway should be able to turn entirely from the
kerbside lane. At high traffic volumes on a major public road, relevant authorities may insist that designs allow
for such turns to be made or alternatively in a particular case, they may require a deceleration or slip lane to take
a turning vehicle out of the traffic flow before the vehicle begins to turn. The latter case may arise particularly, if
the road is subject to clearway conditions.

NOTE 2 On entering a major road a vehicle will require a suitable gap from a standing start before moving into
the traffic stream (see Clause 3.4.5). Acceleration lanes are not effective in such cases.

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13 AS 2890.2:2018

3.4.2 Provision of one-way access driveways

Access driveways leading to or from a major road and serving a major service area shall be one-way, i.e.
separate entry and exit driveways shall be provided.
NOTE Where both the public roadway and the service area are minor facilities, a two-way access driveway is
usually adequate. In all other cases one-way driveways should be used where practical.

3.4.3 Layout design requirements

The following requirements shall apply to layout design:

(a) Actual driveway design will depend on the design vehicle, the desired speed of turn and the
conditions imposed on the turning manoeuvre in Clause 3.4.1. Designs based on Figure 3.1
and Figure 3.2 shall be checked by application of turning path parameters as specified in
Clause 5.1. Turning path parameters provided in this Standard are for single radius, low speed
turning manoeuvres.

NOTE Turns at higher speed are specified in Clause 5.2.

(b) Where entry and exit access driveways are separated by a raised island or median on the alignment
of a footpath, the width of the island or median shall be at least 1.5 m to provide for pedestrian
refuge, or 2 m if on a designated bicycle route.
(c) Where the circulation roadway width is different from the access driveway width, the two shall
be connected by a driveway taper not shorter than that shown in Figure 3.1 or Figure 3.2 as
appropriate.
NOTE Access driveways leading to or from major roads and serving major service areas should be designed as
intersections.

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AS 2890.2:2018 14

Dimensions in metres

M i n or road
6.5 min.

1. 5 s p l ay

12. 5 (se e N ote 2)

R 3 .0 3 .1 t y p i c al

Pro p er t y lin e
Fo ot p at h
Two -way
D r i veway ta p er

Key
W = width of circulation roadway (see Table 3.1)

NOTE 1 Figure 3.1 shows the HRV can turn left into the driveway from the left-hand side of the public road. The
design (20.0 m long) AV will take up most of the public road width when turning left into or out of the driveway,
as will the HRV when turning out.

NOTE 2 Corresponding dimensions for the MRV and SRV are 9 m and 6 m respectively. Larger vehicles may be
able to use these narrower driveways depending on the width of public road available for manoeuvring in or out.

Figure 3.1 — Minimum design for an access driveway on a minor road catering for HRVs and AVs

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15 AS 2890.2:2018

Dimensions in metres
Ty p i c al c e ntre - l i ne of 13 metre t wo -way road way (se e N ote 1)

M aj or road
L an e lin e 6.4
t y p i c al

1. 5 s p l ay

10.0 for AVs 10.0 for AVs Fo ot p at h

1. 5
R11 (se e N ote 2) min. (se e N ote 2) R 8 .6 t y p i c al
3

Pro p er t y lin e

D r i veway ta p er

3 3

1 1

W W

Key
W = width of circulation roadway (see Table 3.1)

NOTE 1 Figure 3.2 shows the HRV can turn left into the driveway entirely from the left lane and can turn out
without encroaching over the public roadway centre-line. AVs up to 17 m in length, likewise, can turn in from the
left lane and can turn out without encroaching over the centre-line. The design (20.0 m long) AV specified in this
Standard can turn into the driveway by using the second lane out from the kerb as permitted by Performance
based Standards Scheme — The Standards and Vehicle Assessment Rules (see Bibliography).

NOTE 2 The corresponding dimensions for the MRV and SRV are 7 m and 5 m respectively. Larger vehicles may be
able to use these narrower driveways depending on the width of public road available for manoeuvring in or out.

NOTE 3 The access driveway median should be either fully- or semi-mountable kerb.

Figure 3.2 — Minimum design for a major access driveway catering for HRVs and AVs

3.4.4 Driveway grade

The maximum grade on an access driveway together with the connecting circulation roadway shall be
1:20 (5 %) for a distance extending from the property line for at least 6 m or the longest wheelbase of
any vehicle likely to use the driveway, whichever is the greater.
NOTE For AVs, BDs, A-doubles and A-triples the wheelbase to be considered is that of the prime mover.

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AS 2890.2:2018 16

3.4.5 Sight distance requirements

Sight distance requirements for commercial vehicle traffic entering a public roadway from an access
driveway, shall be as follows:
(a) Sight distance to oncoming traffic on the public roadway — Sight distance requirements to enable
a commercial vehicle to find a safe gap in oncoming traffic when leaving an access driveway are
specified in Figure 3.3.

Y (se e N ote 2)
Fro n t ag e r o ad
(S e e N ote 1)
Y
Ed g e of front ag e r o ad

3 .0 m
N o sight o b s t r u c t i o n to
an approaching veh i c le D r i ver s eye
w i t h i n t h i s area (se e N ote 6)
(se e N ote 3)
Ac c e s s dri veway

Distance (Y) along frontage road (see Note 5)

Frontage road speed (see Note 4) m
km/h
5 s gap 8 s gap
40 55 89
50 69 111
60 83 133
70 97 156
80 111 178
90 125 200
100 139 222
110 153 244

NOTE 1 Centre-line or centre of roadway (undivided road), or right-hand edge of right-hand through
lane (divided road).

NOTE 2 A check to the left is not required at a divided road where the median is wide enough to shelter
a vehicle leaving the driveway.

NOTE 3 Parking on this side of the frontage road may need to be restricted on either side of the driveway
so that the sight distance required by the above table to an approaching vehicle is not obstructed.

NOTE 4 This is the posted or general speed limit unless the 85th percentile speed is significantly higher.

NOTE 5 These distances are equivalent to minimum gap sight distance (MGSD) for an exiting vehicle.
The minimum requirement is a 5 s gap. A right turn exit into a six lane road may require up to an 8 s gap,
unless the median is wide enough to shelter a vehicle leaving the driveway.

NOTE 6 When checking sight distance the height of the object (approaching vehicle) is to be taken as
1.15 m above the road surface. The driver’s eye height is to be taken as any height in the range 1.15 m to
2.5 m, to cater for both car and commercial vehicle drivers.

Figure 3.3 — Sight distance requirements at access driveway exits

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17 AS 2890.2:2018

(b) Sight distance to pedestrians — Minimum dimensions for sight distance splays required to enable a
pedestrian on the public road footpath to evade a vehicle emerging from an access driveway shall
be as shown in Figure 3.4. Wherever practicable, larger splays should be provided.
Dimensions in metres

2.0

2. 5

Figure 3.4 — Minimum dimensions for access driveway sight splays for pedestrians

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AS 2890.2:2018 18

Section 4 Service areas

4.1 General
The design of service areas shall include the following provisions:
(a) A manoeuvring area for the largest design vehicle likely to use the facility, and for any specialist
vehicles, e.g. waste disposal vehicles.
(b) Service bays, in sufficient numbers to accommodate the expected peak loading and to the specified
dimensions according to the size of vehicle using them.
(c) An appropriate number of SRV bays to accommodate maintenance and other site servicing vehicles.
(d) A manoeuvring area of specified size and shape to permit movement into and out of service bays.
(e) Design of roof and other service bay superstructure elements to ensure adequate drainage and
freedom from obstructions to manoeuvring and loading/unloading.
The design of service areas should provide separation from areas for car parking, pedestrian activity,
entrances and exits. Where separation of these areas is not possible service areas shall be designed to
mitigate conflict between pedestrian movement and vehicles.
The design of service areas for multi-unit combination vehicles should include one of the
following provisions:
(i) An area for uncoupling or partly uncoupling multi-unit combination vehicles.
(ii) Drive through loading dock(s).
(iii) An area where loading and unloading can take place from the side or from ground level.
A minor service area may be located on part of the internal roadway system at the site provided the
occasional obstruction to other traffic by manoeuvring trucks can be tolerated.
NOTE It is not within the scope of this document to specify the number of service bays which should be provided
in a service area. However, commercial vehicles smaller than the largest design vehicle being catered for, will
usually be more numerous.

4.2 Dimensions of service bays

Minimum dimensions of service bays (see definition in Clause 1.4.17) shall be as given in Table 4.1. The
table also includes the recommended height range for loading platforms. The maximum gradient for
any part of the service bay shall be 1:25 (4 %) measured in any direction including directions oblique to
the bay centre-line.
When a service bay is of minimum width a driver shall place the body of the vehicle or trailer into its
final alignment at the point of entry into the bay. As the service bay is widened, the additional width
allows the vehicle to penetrate further into the service bay before reaching its final alignment, thus
reducing the required area of apron.

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19 AS 2890.2:2018

Table 4.1 — Service bay dimensions

Bay width Bay length Vertical clearance
m m Platform height m
Vehicle class
m
min. min. min.
SRV 3.5 6.4 0.75 to 0.90 3.5
MRV 3.5 8.8 0.95 to 1.10 4.5a
HRV 3.5 12.5 1.10 to 1.40 4.5a
AV 3.5 20.0 1.10 to 1.40 4.5a
a 4.8 m for animal transport vehicles, vehicle carriers and 4.6 m high vehicles or where access
to the top of a tall vehicle, e.g. pantechnicon or load is required.

4.3 Service area layout

4.3.1 Design requirements

The following requirements apply to the design of the service area layout:
(a) The design vehicle shall be able to manoeuvre into and dock with its service bay without the
vehicle infringing the boundary of the service area.
(b) Manoeuvring into or out of a service bay with all other service bays occupied, shall be possible.
(c) Where a turntable is provided there shall be a minimum of 300 mm horizontal clearance between
the design vehicle on the turntable and any fixed obstruction.
(d) The maximum gradient within a service area (excluding service bays, see Clause 4.2) measured
in any direction at any one point, shall be 1:6.5 (15.4 %) where only forward movement is to take
place, or 1:8 (12.5 %) where reverse manoeuvres will occur.
(e) Where additional areas are required for vehicles to stand or wait other than in service bays, they
shall be provided clear of areas required for access and manoeuvring into and out of service bays.

4.3.2 Design recommendations

The following recommendations shall apply to the design of the service area layout:
(a) When a commercial vehicle is required to reverse into a service bay, the layout of the service area
should, wherever possible, be such that the driver’s side of the vehicle is on the inside of the turn
so the driver has a clear view of the service bay for which the vehicle is heading. Ideally, a shallow
turn or straight reverse into the service bay should be provided so the driver can manoeuvre using
the offside mirror.
(b) Manoeuvring areas for HRV and AV vehicles should have pavements designed to accommodate
tyre drag and scuffing, especially by vehicles with twin-powered rear axles and AVs with tri-axle
trailers. Designs which allow for a turning circle for these vehicles of at least 25 m will minimize
these effects. Likewise, designs which require turns through angles greater than 120° at minimum
radius can cause tyre, pavement or vehicle damage by scuffing, and should therefore be avoided.
(c) Where the volume of commercial vehicle traffic is high, the manoeuvring area should be increased
in size to expedite vehicle movements and to allow some standing while waiting for a vacant
service bay.
(d) A major service area should accommodate at least one HRV on a regular service basis, e.g. a waste
removal vehicle.

NOTE It will be found that in most cases, a service area designed for one HRV will be able to
accommodate a MRV and two SRVs in addition to the HRV without increasing dimensions.

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AS 2890.2:2018 20

4.3.3 Layout development

Access to and exit from each service bay should be checked independently using the parameters
appropriate to the vehicle type for which the bay has been provided. The description and use of these
parameters are given in Section 5.
NOTE Figure 4.1 shows the method by which the layout design for a service area is developed or the adequacy
of an existing site checked using turning path and reverse entry parameters.

The heavy outline in Figure 4.1(a) and (b) indicates a notional site shape that will just accommodate
the vehicle types and the entry angles and exit paths selected for these examples. Only one entry angle
option is given in these examples. A slightly larger site could provide more entry angle options and thus
reduce the demand on the skill of vehicle drivers. Likewise, a differently shaped site may necessitate
the use of different entry angles.
The examples also show the use of corner encroachment on an adjacent bay as a means of reducing the
overall size of the service area. If such encroachment cannot be tolerated the layout of the service area
should be adjusted so that it is eliminated. This usually requires expansion of the overall service area.

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21 AS 2890.2:2018

HRV tur ning pat h a s 4 5° manoeuvrin g

d efined in Ta b l e 5.1 e nve l o p e

Exit

Entr y

S m a l l ve hicle bays

Corner encroachment
S er v i c e b ays

(a) E xample of an HRV u s i n g a 4 5° entr y ang l e

AV tur ning pat h a s 9 0° manoeuvrin g

d efined in Ta b l e 5.1 e nve l o p e

Exit

Entr y

S m a l l ve h i c le
bays

Corner encroachment

S er v i c e b ays

(b) E xample of an AV u s i n g a 9 0 ° entr y ang l e

Figure 4.1 — Examples of service bay layout design for reverse entry and forward exit

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AS 2890.2:2018 22

Section 5 Design vehicle turning paths

5.1 General
Swept paths shall be used to check that the paths of vehicles travelling in the forward direction
when negotiating access driveways and circulation roadways, can be accommodated within the
proposed roadway.
Swept paths shall also be used to check the movement in and out of a loading dock to establish that a
sufficient apron width is provided for the vehicle swept path and manoeuvring clearances.
The production of suitable swept paths relies on accurate vehicle characteristics and a scale base plan.
Therefore, the swept paths for SRV, MRV, HRV and AV design vehicles shall be in accordance with the
vehicle data shown in Table 5.1.
The data shown in Table 5.1 ensures the vehicle dimensions and turning abilities are consistent with
the SRV, MRV, HRV and AV design vehicles. All parameters, including lock-to-lock times, shall be used in
accordance with Table 5.1 so to not modify the output swept path.

Table 5.1 — Vehicle swept paths data

Vehicle type SRV MRV HRV AV
Number of front axles 1 1 1 1
Front Front outer wheel width 2.33 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m
Wheels on each axle 2 2 2 2
Axles (prime Number of rear axles 1 1 1 2
mover only
for AV) Rear Rear outer wheel width 2.33 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m
Wheels on each axle 4 2 4 4
Wheelbase 3.8 m 5.0 m 5.9 m 4.7 m
Rear axle spacing — — 1.4 m 1.4 m
Steering Lock-to-lock time 4s 4s 6s 6s
Turning radius Kerb to kerb 7.1 m 10 m 12.5 m 12.5 m
Manoeuvrability measured Wall to wall 7.1 m 10 m 12.5 m 12.5 m
(prime mover
only for AV) Maximum wheel angle (physical) 0 0 0 0
Maximum steering angle (virtual) 0 0 0 0
Coupling offset — — — —
Prime mover has a front coupling Maximum articulation — — — —
angle
Coupling offset — — — 0.3 m
Prime mover has a rear coupling Maximum articulation — — — 72°
angle
Length 6.4 m 8.8 m 12.5 m 8.2 m
Width 2.33 m 2.5 m 2.5 m 2.5 m
Body (prime Rear overhang 1.55 m 2.3 m 4.2 m 1.9 m
mover only
for AV) Wing mirrors — — — —
Cab Length — — — 4.2 m
Chassis Width — — — 0.9 m

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23 AS 2890.2:2018

Table 5.1 (continued)

Vehicle type SRV MRV HRV AV
No. of front axles 0
No. of rear axles 3
Rear outer wheel width 2.5 m
Trailer 1 axles
Wheels on each axle 4
Wheel-base 8.1 m
Rear axle spacing 1.4 m
Coupling offset −8.1 m
Trailer 1 has a front coupling Maximum articulation 72°
angle
Coupling offset -
Trailer 1 has a rear coupling Maximum articulation -
angle
Length 8.2 m
Trailer 1 body Width 2.5 m
Rear overhang 1.9 m
Maximum height 3.5 m 4.5 m 4.3 m 4.3 m
Side elevation
Minimum ground clearance 0.398 m 0.150 m 0.417 m 0.565 m

5.2 Swept path speed

The design speed of a swept path in a manoeuvring area and service bays shall be no less than 5 km/h
The design speed of a swept path in internal circulation roadways and access driveways shall be in
accordance with Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 — Design turning speed vs turn radius values

Turn radius Typical turn speed
m km/h
12.5 5 to 10
15 10 to 15
20 15 to 20
30 20 to 30

5.3 Reverse entry manoeuvre

The basic reverse entry manoeuvre into a service bay is described below for the HRV and AV respectively.
NOTE See Figure 5.1 and Figure 5.2 for typical examples.

Manoeuvres for SRVs and MRVs follow a pattern similar to the HRV but on a smaller scale.
The four critical positions in each manoeuvre are described as follows:
(a) The HRV manoeuvre (see Figure 5.1) shall be as follows:
(i) Vehicle arrives on the apron in a direction at right angles to the service bay. At Position 1 the
driver applies full steering lock.
(ii) Vehicle then moves forward through the entry angle θ (45° in the figure) to Position 2.

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AS 2890.2:2018 24

(iii) Driver then applies the opposite full lock and reverses until the vehicle is parallel to and
aligned with the service bay (Position 3).
NOTE This position defines the minimum apron dimensions suitable for a single dock service
bay, where blocking the entry path by the manoeuvring vehicle is acceptable.
(iv) Reverse to Position 4 where the vehicle is clear of the entry path and fully within the
service bay.
(b) The AV manoeuvre (see Figure 5.2) shall be as follows:
(i) Vehicle arrives on the apron in a direction at right angles to the loading dock and stops in
Position 1. The driver applies right-hand lock.
(ii) Vehicle reverses until prime-mover reaches Position 2.
(iii) Driver then applies the opposite lock and reverses until the entire prime-mover and semi-
trailer combination is parallel to and aligned with the service bay, Position 3.
(iv) Reverse to Position 4 where the whole combination is clear of the entry path and fully within
the service bay.
The minimum width of the dock shall be 3.5 m. When only the minimum dimensions are provided,
the body of a rigid vehicle or the trailer of an AV shall be in the final alignment, parallel to the service
bay centre-line, at the point of entry into the service bay. The final movement to reverse the rear tray
against the dock shall be made with the trailer moving in a straight line into the dock. This may require
greater lateral clearance than specified above to accommodate the steering corrections needed to
reverse the trailer in a straight line.
In practice there will be a tendency for a driver to steer a path which is a compromise between limiting
manoeuvres. The driver may make more than one manoeuvre before being satisfied that the trailer is
properly aligned for the final reverse manoeuvre into the service bay.

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25 AS 2890.2:2018

Po s i t i on 2

Entr y ang l e
= 4 5°

Po s i t i o n 3

E x i t pat h s h o u l d b e
c h e cke d u s i n g c o m p u ter
s of t ware a s d e s c r i b ed
in Section 5

Entr y pat h Po s i t i on 1

Po s i t i o n 4

NOTE See Clause 5.3(a) for an explanation of this manoeuvre.

Figure 5.1 — Typical manoeuvre into a service bay by a rigid vehicle

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AS 2890.2:2018 26

Po s i t i o n 3

E x i t pat h

Po s i t i o n 1

Entr y pat h

Po s i t i on 4

Po s i t i o n 2

NOTE See Clause 5.3(b) for an explanation of this manoeuvre.

Figure 5.2 — Typical manoeuvre into a service bay by an articulated vehicle

5.4 Manoeuvring clearances

A manoeuvring clearance measured from the outer edges (front, rear and both sides) of the vehicle
body shall be indicated on swept path outputs. The following manoeuvring clearances shall be applied:
(a) Low speed manoeuvres (e.g. when entering or leaving a service bay or parking bay) — 300 mm on
both sides of the vehicle.
(b) Higher speed manoeuvres in the forward direction (e.g. negotiating access driveways and
circulation roadways) — an additional 300 mm on the outside of the curve over the curved portion
of the template.
(c) Two vehicles passing one another — 300 mm on both sides of both vehicles plus a further 300 mm.
NOTE It is useful to indicate the manoeuvring clearance as a dotted line, or a different colour or line weight to
that of the vehicle body.

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27 AS 2890.2:2018

Appendix A
(informative)

Suggested method of checking vertical alignment for adequacy of

vehicle ground clearance

A.1 Scope
This Appendix provides a suggested procedure for checking the vertical alignment in a commercial
vehicle manoeuvre area or access driveway for adequacy of vehicle ground clearance.

A.2 Principle
A longitudinal section of the vehicle path is drawn to a suitable scale and a diagram representing the
underside of each design vehicle is applied to the longitudinal section to establish whether there will
be adequate clearance between the underside of the vehicle and the pavement. This can be undertaken
using vehicle tracking software that has the ability to check ground clearance.

A.3 Design vehicle ground clearance diagrams

Ground clearance diagrams representative of the design vehicles specified in this Standard are given in
Figure A.1. These diagrams are based on ADR 43 for clearances between axles but with the minimum
clearance increased from 100 mm to 150 mm as being more indicative of minimum clearances on
existing commercial vehicles. As there are no national standards for approach and departure angles,
those shown on the diagrams are estimates only and may not be suitable for buses. For use, the provided
diagrams should be redrawn accurately to the same scale as the vehicle path longitudinal section. The
AV CAD model needs to be drawn in two parts with the articulation of these parts not exceeding the
angles described in Figure A.1.
Both vehicle path longitudinal section and vehicle ground clearance diagrams should be prepared at
natural scale as the use of exaggerated vertical scales for checking AV clearance would be found to be
complex and open to error.
Dimensions in metres

© Standards Australia Limited 2018

 6.4 0 8.80
1.0 5 3.80 1. 5 5 1. 5 0 5.0 0 2 .3 0
1.0 0 1.0 0

0.0 2 10 ° 0.0 5 10 °
AS 2890.2:2018

0.15 0.15

(a) S m a l l r i g id ve h i c l e (b) M e d i u m r i g id ve h i c le

12. 5 0

© Standards Australia Limited 2018

2 .4 0 5.9 0 1.4 0 2 .8 0
1.0 0

0.0 9 10 °
0.15

(c) H eav y r i g i d ve h i c l e

20.0 0
28

1.6 0 4.75 1.3 0 7.3 5 1.3 0 1.3 0 2 .4 0

1.0 0

1.0 5 A

0.0 4 0.11
0.15
Po int of Limits on angle A:
ar t i c u l at i o n M a x imum — 97 °
M i n i m um — 8 4°
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(d) Ar t i c u l ate d ve h i c l e

Figure A.1 — Design vehicle ground clearance diagrams

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29 AS 2890.2:2018

A.4 Procedure
The following procedure, should be undertaken using CAD software:
(a) Prepare a longitudinal section along the vehicle path. On sharp curves or elsewhere where the
slope of the crossfall along the vehicle path varies noticeably, it is advisable to check longitudinal
sections of the paths of the vehicle wheels as well as the centre-line.

NOTE For presentation use, a scale should not be smaller than 1:50.
(b) Prepare the relevant CAD model as recommended in Clause A.3 and apply it to the longitudinal
section as shown in Figure A.2 by moving it progressively along the profile and checking for points
where the clearance becomes inadequate. The point of contact with the longitudinal section of an
axle group should be the mid-point of the group.
(c) When using the AV CAD model, it should be allowed to articulate freely so that both parts of the
CAD model make full contact with the longitudinal section. The angle of articulation in the vertical
plane should be constantly monitored to ensure that it does not exceed 6° in a sag situation or 7° in
a summit situation.

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AS 2890.2:2018 30

Ve hicle u n d e r s i d e p r o f i le

L o n g i t u d i n a l s ec t i o n
(gr a d e lin e) plot te d fro m
to p o g r a p h i c al drawin g
or field sur vey

C o n t a c t p o i nt s

(a) Ty p i c al a p p l i c at i o n of r i g i d ve hicle diagra m

Pr ime mover Pro f i l e s p i n n ed Tr a i l e r u n d e r s i de

u n d e r s i de to g ether at p o i nt of profil e
profil e ar t i c u l at i o n

Grade line

(b) Ty p i c al a p p l i c at i o n of ar t i c u l ate d ve hicle diagra m

NOTE These figures show an exaggerated vertical scale in order to clearly demonstrate the method. In practice,
both the longitudinal section and the vehicle template should be drawn to natural scale.

Figure A.2 — Method of applying ground clearance template to longitudinal section

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31 AS 2890.2:2018

Bibliography

ADR 43, Vehicle Standard (Australian Design Rule 43/04 — Vehicle configuration and Dimensions) 2006
AP-G34-13, Austroads design vehicles and turning path templates
Heavy Vehicle National Law Act 2012 (Queensland)
National Transport Commission, Performance based Standards Scheme — The Standards and Vehicle
Assessment Rules 2008

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