Day - 1

1. Unix Operating System Structure:

The UNIX operating system is structured in a layered architecture, comprising several key
components that work together to provide a robust and efficient computing environment.
Below is a description of its structure:

1. Hardware Layer

This includes the physical components of the system:

1. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

2. Memory (RAM, Cache, Storage, etc.)
3. I/O Devices (Keyboard, Mouse, Hard Drive, Network, etc.)

The hardware executes machine-level instructions provided by the operating system.

2. Kernel (Core of UNIX OS)

The kernel is the heart of UNIX, responsible for managing system resources and
communication between hardware and software. It operates in the background and provides
essential services such as:

1. Process Management – Handles process creation, scheduling, and termination.

 2. Memory Management – Allocates and manages system memory.
3. File System Management – Controls access to files and directories.
4. Device Management – Manages hardware devices via drivers.
5. Inter-Process Communication (IPC) – Allows processes to communicate and share
data.
6. System Calls Interface – Provides a bridge between user applications and the kernel.

3. Shell (Command Interpreter)

The shell acts as an interface between users and the kernel. It allows users to execute
commands, run scripts, and interact with the system. Popular UNIX shells include:

1. Bourne Shell (sh)

2. Bash (Bourne Again Shell)
3. C Shell (csh)
4. Korn Shell (ksh)
5. Z Shell (zsh)

4. File System (Hierarchical Structure)

UNIX organizes files in a hierarchical structure:

1. Root Directory (/) – The topmost directory in UNIX.

2. System Directories (/bin, /etc, /usr, /lib, etc.) – Contains system utilities, configuration
files, and shared libraries.
3. Home Directories (/home/username/) – Personal space for each user.

The file system follows a tree-like structure, where everything in UNIX (including hardware
devices) is represented as a file.

5. User Space (Applications & Utilities)

This layer consists of user applications and system utilities that interact with the kernel via
system calls. Examples include:

1. Text Editors – vim, pluma

2. Compilers – gcc, javac
3. Networking Tools – ping, ftp
4. System Utilities – ls, cp, mv, grep, ps, top

Users interact with UNIX through these applications, either via a graphical user interface
(GUI) or the command-line interface (CLI).
B. Writing Shell Scripts:
Basics of Shell Scripting: Learn the syntax and basic commands of shell scripting (e.g.,
#!/bin/bash, echo, sh).

Executing Scripts: Understand how to run a shell script using sh script_name.sh or

./script_name.sh.

Basic Commands:
ls: List. Lists files and directories in the current directory.

ls -l: List files with details

cd: Change Directory. Navigates to a different directory.

mkdir: Make Directory. Creates a new directory.

rmdir: Remove Directory. Deletes an empty directory.

touch: Creates a new empty file.

[touch [Link] – Create an empty file]

cp: Copy. Copies files or directories.

[cp file1 file2 – Copy file1 to file2]

mv: Move. Moves or renames files or directories.

[mv file1 file2 – Rename or move a file]

rm: Remove. Deletes files.

cat: Concatenate. Displays the content of a file.

[cat [Link] – Display file contents]

less: Views file content one page at a time.

head: Displays the first few lines of a file.

tail: Displays the last few lines of a file.

[head -n 5 [Link] – Show first 5 lines

tail -n 5 [Link] – Show last 5 lines]

chmod: Change Mode. Changes the file permissions.

[chmod 755 [Link] – Set file permissions (rwxr-xr-x)]

wc: Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.

[wc -l [Link] – Count the number of lines in a file]

date: Display the current date and time.

echo: echo "Hello World" – Print text to the terminal

clear – Clear the terminal screen

sleep: sleep 5 – Pause execution for 5 seconds

grep: grep "word" [Link] – Search for a word in a file

[read name – Take user input

echo "Your name is $name" – Display user input]

whoami: Display current user

man: Manual. Shows the manual for a command.

[man command_name]

C. Conditional Statements:
Conditional statements in shell scripts allow you to make decisions based on certain
conditions. Here are some examples of how to use conditional statements in shell scripts.

Logical Operators

Logical operators such as && (AND) and || (OR) can be used within conditions.

Using if Statements: Learn how to use if, elif, and else for conditional execution in shell
scripts.

If-Else Statement

The basic syntax for an if-else statement is:

if [ condition ]

then

# commands to execute if condition is true

else

# commands to execute if condition is false

fi
If-Elif-Else Statement

The if-elif-else statement allows you to check multiple conditions.

if [ condition1 ]

then

# commands to execute if condition1 is true

elif [ condition2 ]

then

# commands to execute if condition2 is true

else

# commands to execute if none of the conditions are true

fi

Case Statement

The case statement is used for pattern matching.

case $variable in

pattern1)

# Commands to execute if variable matches pattern1

;;

pattern2)

# Commands to execute if variable matches pattern2

;;

pattern3 | pattern4)

# Commands to execute if variable matches pattern3 or pattern4

;;

*)

# Default case (optional)

;;
  Check if a number is even or odd

#!/bin/bash

# Read the number from the user

echo "Enter a number:"

read number

# Check if the number is even or odd

if [ $((number % 2)) -eq 0 ]; then

echo "The number $number is even."

else

echo "The number $number is odd."

fi

 Compare three numbers and find the largest

#!/bin/bash

# Read three numbers from the user

echo "Enter the first number:"

read num1

echo "Enter the second number:"

read num2

echo "Enter the third number:"

read num3

# Compare the numbers and find the largest

if [ "$num1" -ge "$num2" ] && [ "$num1" -ge "$num3" ]; then

largest=$num1

elif [ "$num2" -ge "$num1" ] && [ "$num2" -ge "$num3" ]; then

largest=$num2

else
 largest=$num3

fi

# Print the largest number

echo "The largest number is: $largest"

Practice:

 Write a shell script code to check a year is leap year or not

 Check if a number is within a range.

 Determine the grade based on marks

 Display the day of the week( Using switch case)

 Perform basic arithmetic operations (Using Switch case)

 Check a year is leap year or not

 Determine if a number is positive, negative, or zero:

Basic calculator(BC command):

echo "scale=<decimal_places>; <expression>" | bc

where scale=n → Defines how many decimal places should be displayed.

<expression> → The mathematical expression to evaluate.

Example:

Adding two float number

num1=5.75

num2=2.25

sum=$(echo "scale=3; $num1 + $num2" | bc)

echo "Sum: $sum"