Wireless Protocols for IoT Part I:

Bluetooth and Bluetooth Smart

Raj Jain
Professor of CSE
Washington University in Saint Louis
Saint Louis, MO 63130
Jain@[Link]
Audio/Video recordings of this class lecture are available on-line at:
[Link]
Washington University in St. Louis [Link] ©2016 Raj Jain
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 Overview
1. Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
2. IEEE 802.15 Projects
3. Bluetooth: Packet Format, Energy Management
4. Bluetooth Protocol Stack, Application Profiles
5. Bluetooth LE: Protocol Stack, PHY, MAC
6. Bluetooth and WiFi Coexistence
Note: This is 1st in a series of lectures on WPANs. ZigBee and
other networks are discussed in subsequent lectures.

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Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)
 10m or less
Wide Area Network (WAN)
802.16e 802.20 802.21 802.22 2G, 2.5G, 3G
Nomadic Mobile Handoff WRAN Cellular

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

802.16/WiMAX Fixed Wireless MAN

Local Area Network (LAN)

802.11 Wi-Fi

Personal Area Network (PAN)

802.15.1 802.15.4 802.15.6
Bluetooth ZigBee Body Area Networks

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WPAN: Design Challenges
 Battery powered: Maximize battery life.
A few hours to a few years on a coin cell.
 Dynamic topologies: Short duration connections and then
device is turned off or goes to sleep
 No infrastructure
 Avoid Interference due to larger powered LAN devices
 Simple and Extreme Interoperability: Billions of devices.
More variety than LAN or MAN
 Low-cost: A few dollars

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 IEEE 802.15 Projects
 IEEE 802.15.1-2005: Bluetooth 1.2
 IEEE 802.15.2-2003: Coexistence Recommended Practice
 IEEE 802.15.3-2003: High Rate (55 Mbps) Multimedia WPAN
 IEEE 802.15.3a: Ultra-Wide Band Phy - disbanded
 IEEE 802.15.3b-2005: MAC Interoperability
 IEEE 802.15.3c-2009: High Rate (>1Gbps) mm Wave PHY
 IEEE 802.15.3d: 100 Gbps point-to-point Phy
 IEEE 802.15.3e: High-Rate close proximity point-to-point MAC
and PHY
 IEEE 802.15.4-2011: Low Rate (250kbps) WPAN - ZigBee
 IEEE 802.15.4e-2012: MAC Enhancements

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IEEE 802.15 Projects (Cont)
 IEEE 802.15.4f-2012: PHY for Active RFID
 IEEE 802.15.4g-2012: PHY for Smart Utility Networks
 IEEE 802.15.4h: 802.15.4 Corrigendum 1
 IEEE 802.15.4i: 802.15.4 Roll-up to include 15.4a, c & d
 IEEE 802.15.4j-2013: Medical Body Area Network 2.36-2.4
GHz
 IEEE 802.15.4k-2013: Low Energy Critical Infrastructure
Monitoring PHY
 IEEE 802.15.4m-2014: TV White Spaces PHY
 IEEE P802.15.4n: China Medical Band PHY
 IEEE P802.15.4p-2014: Positive Train Control (Rail
Communications & Control) PHY
 IEEE P802.15.4q: Ultra Low Power PHY
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IEEE 802.15 Projects (Cont)
 IEEE 802.15.4r: Common Ranging (Distance Measurement)
Protocol
 IEEE 802.15.4s: System resource usage
 IEEE 802.15.4t: High rate PHY
 IEEE 802.15.4u: 865-867 MHz band in India
 IEEE 802.15.5-2009: Mesh Networking. Full/partial meshes.
Range Extension
 IEEE 802.15.6-2012: Body Area Networking. Medical and
entertainment. Low power
 IEEE 802.15.7-2011: Visible Light Communications
 IEEE 802.15.7r1: Optical wireless (infrared, ultraviolet, visible
light)
 IEEE P802.15.8: Peer Aware Communications
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IEEE 802.15 Projects (Cont)
 IEEE P802.15.9: Key Management Protocol
 IEEE P802.15.10: Layer 2 (Mesh) Routing
 IEEE 802.15 SG12: Consolidated Link Layer Control study
group
 IEEE 802.15 IG6T: Consolidate Link Layer Control interest
group
 IEEE 802.15 IGdep: Enhanced Dependability interest group
 IEEE 802.15 IGguide: Guide for 15.4 use interest group
 IEEE 802.15 IGhrrc: High Rate Rail Communications interest
group
 IEEE 802.15 ITTHz: Terahertz interest group
 IEEE 802.15 SCwng: Wireless Next-Generation standing
committee
 IEEE 802.15 SCmaint: Maintenance standing committee
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 Li-Fi
 Optical wireless using light
 Localized  Secure
 High SNR  Dense reuse
 No electromagnetic interference  Good for EMI
sensitive environments, e.g., planes

Ref: N. Serafimovski, “What is Li-Fi?,” Jan 2015, [Link]

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 Bluetooth
 Started with Ericsson's Bluetooth Project in 1994 for radio-
communication between cell phones over short distances
 Named after Danish king Herald Blatand
(AD 940-981) who was fond of blueberries
 Intel, IBM, Nokia, Toshiba, and Ericsson formed Bluetooth
SIG in May 1998
 Version 1.0A of the specification came out in late 1999.
 IEEE 802.15.1 approved in early 2002 is based on Bluetooth
Later versions handled by Bluetooth SIG directly
 Key Features:
 Lower Power: 10 mA in standby, 50 mA while transmitting
 Cheap: $5 per device
 Small: 9 mm2 single chips
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 Bluetooth Versions
 Bluetooth 1.1: IEEE 802.15.1-2002
 Bluetooth 1.2: IEEE 802.15.1-2005. Completed Nov 2003. Extended
SCO, Higher variable rate retransmission for SCO + Adaptive
frequency hopping (avoid frequencies with interference).
 Bluetooth 2.0 + Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) (Nov 2004): 3 Mbps
using DPSK. For video applications. Reduced power due to reduced
duty cycle
 Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR (July 2007): Secure Simple Pairing to speed up
pairing
 Bluetooth 3.0+ High Speed (HS) (April 2009): 24 Mbps using WiFi
PHY + Bluetooth PHY for lower rates
 Bluetooth 4.0 (June 2010): Low energy. Smaller devices requiring
longer battery life (several years). New incompatible PHY. Bluetooth
Smart or BLE
 Bluetooth 4.1: 4.0 + Core Specification Amendments (CSA) 1, 2, 3, 4
 Bluetooth 4.2 (Dec 2014): Larger packets, security/privacy, IPv6
profile
Ref: ITL, “Security of Bluetooth Systems and Devices,” [Link]
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 Bluetooth: Details
 Frequency Range: 2402 - 2480 MHz
(total 79 MHz band) 23 MHz in some countries, e.g., Spain
 Data Rate: 1 Mbps using 1 MHz (Nominal) 720 kbps (User)
 Radio Frequency hopping: 1600 times/s  625 ms/hop
 Security: Challenge/Response Authentication. 128b Encryption
 TX Output Power:
 Class 1: 20 dBm Max. (0.1W) – 100m
 Class 2: 4 dBm (2.5 mW)
 Class 3: 0 dBm (1mW) – 10m
Frequency

Network 1
Network 2
Time
Ref: [Link] [Link] [Link]
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 Piconet
 Piconet is formed by a master and many slaves
 Up to 7 active slaves.
Slaves can only transmit when requested by master
 Up to 255 Parked slaves
 Active slaves are polled by master for transmission
 Each station gets a 8-bit parked address
 255 parked slaves/piconet
 The parked station can join in 2ms.
 Other stations can join in more time.
 Scatter net: A device can participate in
multiple Pico nets  Timeshare and must
synchronize to the master of the current piconet.
Routing protocol not defined.
Ref: P. Bhagwat, “Bluetooth Technology for short range wireless Apps,” IEEE Internet Computing, May-June 2001, pp. 96-103,
[Link] (Must read)
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 Frequency Hopping Sequences
Frequency 1
Frequency 2
Frequency 3
 625 ms slots using a 312.5 ms clock
 Time-division duplex (TDD)
 Downstream and upstream alternate
 Master starts in even numbered slots only.
 Slaves start in odd numbered slots only
 Slaves can transmit in one slot right after receiving a packet
from master
 Packets = 1 slot, 3 slot, or 5 slots long
 The frequency hop is skipped during a packet.

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 Bluetooth Packet Format
Access Baseband/Link Data
Code Control Header Payload
72b 54b 0-2745b
 Packets can be up to five slots long. 5 slots =3125 bits.
 Access codes:
 Channel access code identifies the piconet
 Device access code for paging requests and response
 Inquiry access code to discover units
 Header: member address (3b), type code (4b), flow control,
ack/nack (1b), sequence number, and header error check (8b)
18b Header is encoded using 1/3 rate FEC resulting in 54b
 Synchronous traffic has periodic reserved slots.
 Other slots can be allocated for asynchronous traffic
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 Bluetooth Operational States
Standby
Disconnected

Connecting Inquiry Page

Transmit Connected
Active

Low Power Park Sniff Hold

 Standby: Initial state

 Inquiry: Master sends an inquiry packet. Slaves scan for
inquiries and respond with their address and clock after a
random delay (CSMA/CA)

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Bluetooth Operational States (Cont)
 Page: Master in page state invites devices to join the piconet.
Page message is sent in 3 consecutive slots (3 frequencies).
Slave enters page response state and sends page response
including its device access code.
 Master informs slave about its clock and address so that slave
can participate in piconet. Slave computes the clock offset.
 Connected: A short 3-bit logical address is assigned
 Transmit: Standby

Inquiry Page

Transmit Connected

Park Sniff Hold

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Energy Management in Bluetooth
Three inactive states:
1. Hold: No Asynchronous Connection List (ACL). Synchronous
Connection Oriented (SCO) continues.
Node can do something else: scan, page, inquire
2. Sniff: Low-power mode. Slave listens after fixed sniff intervals.
3. Park: Very Low-power mode. Gives up its 3-bit active member
address and gets an 8-bit parked member address. Wake up
periodically and listen to beacons. Master broadcasts a train of
beacons periodically

Sniff Park

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 Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Application
Applications (Profiles)
BNEP TCS RFCOMM SDP Host
Controller
Middleware Audio L2CAP Interface
Link Manager
Transport Baseband
RF
 RF: Frequency hopping Gaussian 1010 1010
Frequency Shift Keying

Freq.

Freq.
(GFSK) modulation
 Baseband: Frequency hop Time Time
selection, connection, MAC FSK GFSK
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 Baseband Layer
 Each device has a 48-bit IEEE MAC address
 3 parts:
 Lower address part (LAP) – 24 bits

 Upper address part (UAP) – 8 bits

 Non-significant address part (NAP) - 16 bits

 UAP+NAP = Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI)

from IEEE
 LAP is used in identifying the piconet and other operations
 Clock runs at 3200 cycles/sec or 312.5 ms (twice the hop rate)

Upper Address Part Non-sig. Address Part Lower Address Part

8b 16b 24b
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 Bluetooth Protocol Stack (Cont)
 Link Manager: Negotiate parameters, Set up connections
 Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol (L2CAP):
 Protocol multiplexing
 Segmentation and reassembly
 Controls peak bandwidth, latency, and delay variation
 Host Controller Interface: Chip independent interface to
Bluetooth chip. Allows same software to run on all chips.
 RFCOMM Layer: Presents a virtual serial port
 Sets up a connection to another RFCOMM
Applications (Profiles)
 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP): BNEP TCS RFCOMM SDP Host
Devices can discover the services Audio
L2CAP
Controller
Interface

offered and their parameters Link Manager

Baseband
RF
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 Bluetooth Protocol Stack (Cont)
 Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol (BNEP): To
transport Ethernet/IP packets over Bluetooth
 IrDA Interoperability protocols: Allow existing IrDA
applications to work w/o changes. IrDA object Exchange
(IrOBEX) and Infrared Mobile Communication (IrMC) for
synchronization
 Audio is carried over 64 kbps over SCO links over baseband
 Telephony control specification binary (TCS-BIN): Call
control including group management (multiple extensions, call
forwarding, and group calls) Applications (Profiles)
BNEP TCS RFCOMM SDP Host
 Application Profiles: Set of Audio Controller
Interface
L2CAP
algorithms, options, and parameters. Link Manager
Baseband
RF

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Application Profile Examples
 Headset Profile
 Global Navigation Satellite System Profile
 Hands-Free Profile
 Phone Book Access Profile
 SIM Access Profile
 Synchronization Profile
 Video Distribution Profile
 Blood Pressure Profile
 Cycling Power Profile
 Find Me Profile
 Heart Rate Profile
 Basic Printing Profile
 Dial-Up Networking Profile
 File Transfer Profile
Ref: Bluetooth SIGn, “Adopted Bluetooth Profiles, Services, Protocols and Transports,”
[Link]
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 Bluetooth and WiFi Coexistence
 Bluetooth frequency hops in 1 MHz carriers over 2402 - 2480
MHz (79 MHz total)
 WiFi uses OFDM with 52 subcarriers in 20 MHz channels in
2402-2480 MHz (3 non-overlapping channels)
 Most computers have both Bluetooth and WiFi
 Collaborative Strategies: Two networks on the same device
 Non-Collaborative Strategies: No common device

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 Collaborative Coexistence Strategies
 Both networks on the same equipment
(Laptop or IPhone):
1. Time Division: Bluetooth skips slots
when WiFi is busy, WiFi reserves time
for Bluetooth between Beacons
WiFi
2. Packet Traffic Arbitration: Packets are BT
prioritized and queued on a common
queue for transmission
3. Notch Filter: WiFi OFDM does not use
subcarriers to which Bluetooth hops

Notch

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Non-Collaborative Coexistence Strategies
 Measure noise level and error rate:
Random bit errors Þ Noise
1. Adaptive Packet Selection: Bluetooth uses coding (FEC
and Modulation) depending upon interference. Use FEC
only if noise. No FEC if interference.
2. Master Delay Policy: Bluetooth keeps track of error rates
on various frequencies. Refrains from transmission on
frequencies where interference is high
3. Adaptive frequency hoping: Hop over only good
frequencies
4. Adaptive Notch Filter on WiFi

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 State
 Sensors periodically announce their “state”

30°F 55 km/hr 23 KwH

 Small data transfers

 Event triggered or polled.
 Gateway devices, e.g., cell phones, can transfer this
data to Internet.
 Sensors do not need to speak IP.

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 Bluetooth Smart
 Low Energy: 1% to 50% of Bluetooth classic
 For short broadcast: Your body temperature, Heart rate,
Wearables, sensors, automotive, industrial.
Not for voice/video, file transfers, …
 Small messages: 1Mbps data rate but throughput not critical.
 Battery life: In years from coin cells
 Simple: Star topology. No scatter nets, mesh, …
 Lower cost than Bluetooth classic
 New protocol design based on Nokia’s WiBree technology
Shares the same 2.4GHz radio as Bluetooth
 Dual mode chips
 All new smart phones (iPhone, Android, …) have dual-mode
chips
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 Bluetooth Smart PHY
 2.4 GHz. 150 m open field 1010 1010

Freq.

Freq.
 Star topology
 1 Mbps Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying Time Time
Better range than Bluetooth classic FSK GFSK
 Adaptive Frequency hopping. 40 Channels
with 2 MHz spacing.
 3 channels reserved for advertizing and 37 channels for data
 Advertising channels specially selected to avoid interference
with WiFi channels

37 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 39
Freq.
Ref: J. Decuir, “Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy,’2010, [Link]
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 Bluetooth Smart MAC
 Two Device Types: “Peripherals” simpler than “central”
 Two PDU Types: Advertising, Data
 Non-Connectable Advertising: Broadcast data in clear
 Discoverable Advertising: Central may request more
information. Peripheral can send data without connection
 General Advertising: Broadcast presense wanting to connect.
Central may request a short connection.
 Directed Advertising: Transmit signed data to a previously
connected master
Channel 37 Channel 38 Channel 39 Channel 37..39 Channel 37..39 Channel 37..39
Peripheral
Adv_Ind Adv_Ind Adv_Ind Scan_Resp
Scan_Req Conn_Req
Central
Ref: J. Decuir, “Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy,’2010, [Link]
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Bluetooth Smart MAC (Cont)
 After connecting, master tells slave about hopping sequence
and wake up cycle
 All subsequent data transfers in 37 data channels
 Both devices can sleep between transactions
 Data can be encrypted.
 ~3 ms per transaction, 15 mW Power = 10 mA using 1.5V
Þ 30mAs/transaction
Þ 21.6 M transactions using 180 mAh battery
Þ 41.1 years with 1 transaction/minute
Advertising Channel Data Channels
Peripheral Slave
Adv_Ind Data LL End

Central Connect_Req Master Ack Ack Ack

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 Bluetooth Smart Protocol Stack

Applications Apps
Generic Access Profile
Generic Attribute Profile
Host
Attribute Protocol Security Manager
Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol
Host Controller Interface
Link Layer Direct Test Mode Controller
Physical Layer
Ref: J. Decuir, “Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy,’2010, [Link]
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Generic Attribute (GATT) Profile
 Defines data formats and interfaces with the Attribute Protocol
 Type-Length-Value (TLV) encoding is used
 Each attribute has a 16-bit Universally Unique ID (UUID)
standardized by Bluetooth SIG
 128-bit UUID if assigned by a manufacturer
 Allows any client to find a server, read/write data
Allows servers to talk to generic gateways
 Allows security up to AES-128
 Each to encode in XML
 Makes profile (application) development easier

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 Bluetooth Gateway Devices
 A gateway device helps connect a Bluetooth device to
the Internet. Smart phone, Tablets, PC, …
 A generic app can forward the data to the URL sent by
the device

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 Bluetooth Smart Applications
 Proximity: In car, In room 303, In the mall
 Locator: Keys, watches, Animals
 Health devices: Heart rate monitor, physical activities
monitors, thermometer
 Sensors: Temperature, Battery Status, tire pressure
 Remote control: Open/close locks, turn on lights

Ref: E. Vlugt, “Bluetooth Low Energy, Beacons and Retail,” Verifone White paper, 2013, 12 pp.,
[Link]
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 Beacons
 Advertizing based on proximity
 Peripherals (your phone) broadcasts its presence if Bluetooth is
turned on
 Primary aim of these broadcasts is to allow device discovery
 Advertising packets consist of a header and max 27B of
payload with multiple TLV-encoded data items
 May include signal strength Þ Distance
 iOS7 iPhones can send/received iBeacons
 Can be used for customized
advertising, indoor location, geofencing
 PayPal uses this to identify you.
You can pay using a PIN and your phone.

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 Summary

1. Bluetooth basic rate uses frequency hoping over 79 1-MHz

channels with 1, 3, 5 slots packets.
2. Three inactive states: hold, sniff, park. Has a fixed set of
applications called "Profiles"
3. Bluetooth and WiFi co-exist by time-sharing or adaptive
frequency notching
4. Bluetooth Smart is designed for short broadcasts by sensors.
40 2-MHz channels with 3 channels reserved for advertising.
One or two-message exchanges
5. Generic attribute profile allows new applications using UUID
for data types
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 Homework 11
 Submit answer to the following Problem:
Assume that in one slot in Bluetooth 256 bits of
payload could be transmitted. How many slots are
needed if the payload size is (a) 512 bits, (b) 728 bits,
and (c) 1024 bits. Assume that the non-payload
portions do not change.

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 Reading List: Bluetooth
 Kevin Townsend, Carles Cufí, Akiba, Robert Davidson, "Getting Started
with Bluetooth Low Energy," O'Reilly Media, Inc., May 2014, 180 pp.,
ISBN:978-1-4919-4951-1 (Safari Book), Chapter 2.
 J. Decuir, “Bluetooth 4.0: Low Energy,” 2010, 62 pp.,
[Link]
 E. Vlugt, “Bluetooth Low Energy, Beacons and Retail,” Verifone White
paper, 2013, 12 pp., [Link]
[Link]
 P. Bhagwat, "Bluetooth Technology for short range wireless Apps," IEEE
Internet Computing, May-June 2001, pp. 96-103,
[Link]
 Logitech, “Bluetooth FAQ,”
[Link]

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 References
 Bluetooth SIG, [Link]
 Bluetooth SIG, “BLUETOOTH 4.1 Features and Technical Description,”
2013,
[Link]
us/Documents/Bluetooth%204.1%20Technical%[Link]
 Bluetooth SIG, "Adopted Bluetooth Profiles, Services, Protocols and
Transports," [Link]
specifications
 [Link]
 ITL, "Security of Bluetooth Systems and Devices,"
[Link]
 E. Ferro and F. Potorti, ""Bluetooth and Wi-Fi wireless protocols: a survey
and a comparison", Volume: 12 Issue: 1, Pages: 12-26, IEEE Wireless
Communications, 2005,
[Link]
04569&isnumber=30466

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 References (Cont)
 P. McDermott-Wells, "What is Bluetooth?", Volume 23, Issue
5, Page(s):33 - 35, IEEE Potentials, 2005,
[Link]
umber=1368913&isnumber=29958
 K.V.S.S.S.S. Sairam, N. Gunasekaran, and S.R. Redd,
"Bluetooth in wireless communication" Volume 40, Issue 6,
Page(s):90 - 96, IEEE Communications Magazine, June 2002,
[Link]
umber=1007414&isnumber=21727
 B. Chatschik, "An overview of the Bluetooth wireless technology", Volume 39,
Issue 12, Page(s):86 - 94, IEEE Communications Magazine, 2001,
[Link]
umber=20896

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 Acronyms
 ACL Asynchronous Connection List
 AES-128 Advanced Encryption Standard w 128 bit keys
 BLE Bluetooth Low Energy
 BNEP Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol
 CAP Connection Access Profile
 CSA Core Specification Amendment
 dBm Deci-bel milli-watt
 DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
 EDR Enhanced Data Rate,
 EU European Union
 FEC Forward Error Correction
 FSK Frequency Shift Keying
 GATT Generic Attribute
 GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
 GHz Giga Hertz
 GPS Global Positioning System
 HS High Speed,
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 ID Identifier
 IEEE Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
 IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
 IG Interest Group
 iOS Apple's idevices Operating System
 IP Internet Protocol
 IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6
 IrDA Infrared Data Association
 IrMC Infrared Mobile Communications
 IrOBEX Infrared Object Exchange
 LAN Local Area Network
 LAP Lower address part
 LE Low Energy
 LTE Long Term Evolution
 MAC Media Access Control
 MAN Metropolitan Area Network
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 MB Mega Byte
 MHz Mega Hertz
 mW milli Watt
 NAP Non-significant address part
 OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
 OUI Organizationally Unique Identifier
 PAL Protocol Adaptation Layer
 PAN Personal Area Network
 PC Personal Computer
 PDU Protocol Data Unity
 PHY Physical Layer
 PIN Personal Identification Number
 RF Radio Frequency
 RFCOMM Radio Frequency Communication
 RFID Radio Frequency Identifier
 SC Standing Committee
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 SCO Synchronous Connection Oriented
 SDP Service Discovery Protocol
 SG Study Group
 SIG Special Interest Group
 SIM Subscriber Identity Module
 TCS Telephony Control Specification
 TDD Time-division duplex
 TLV Type-Length-Value
 TV Television
 TX Transmit
 UAP Upper address part
 UCD Unicast Connectionless Data
 URL Uniform Resource Locator
 USB Universal Serial Bus
 UUID Universally Unique Identifier
 uW Micro-Watt
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 Acronyms (Cont)
 WAN Wide Area Network
 WBS Wide Band Speed
 WiFi Wireless Fidelity
 WiMax Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
 WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks
 WRAN Wireless Regional Area Network
 XML Extensible Markup Language

Washington University in St. Louis [Link] ©2016 Raj Jain

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 Related Modules
Internet of Things,
[Link]
Wireless Protocols for IoT Part II: IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN,
[Link]

Wireless Protocols for IoT Part III: ZigBee,

[Link]
Low Power WAN Protocols for IoT,
[Link]
Audio/Video Recordings and Podcasts of
Professor Raj Jain's Lectures,
[Link]
Washington University in St. Louis [Link] ©2016 Raj Jain
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