NAME: Abdur Rehman Babar
CLASS: BEE 15D
CMS: 408056
ASSIGNMENT #1
Q1. Define FIR filter. Explain its basic structure and properties.
An FIR (Finite Impulse Response) filter is a digital filter that uses only the current and past
input values to produce an output. It does not use feedback, which makes it simple and
always stable.
Its basic form is:
y[n] = Σ bₖ x[n − k]
Key properties:
• Always stable
• No feedback used
• Can have linear phase
• Output depends only on inputs
Q2. Derive the frequency response of an FIR filter using a complex exponential
input.
Assume the input is:
x[n] = e^(jωn)
Substitute into the FIR equation:
y[n] = Σ bₖ e^(jω(n − k))
Take out e^(jωn):
y[n] = e^(jωn) Σ bₖ e^(−jωk)
So the frequency response is:
H(e^(jω)) = Σ bₖ e^(−jωk)
This shows the filter only changes amplitude and phase, not frequency.
Q3. Explain the difference between polar form and Cartesian form of
frequency response.
Cartesian form:
H(e^(jω)) = R(ω) + jI(ω)
It shows real and imaginary parts.
Polar form:
H(e^(jω)) = |H(e^(jω))| e^(j∠H(e^(jω)))
It shows magnitude and phase.
In simple words, Cartesian is more mathematical, while polar directly shows gain and
phase, which is more useful.
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Q5. Explain the response of an FIR filter to a sinusoidal input.
If the input is:
x[n] = A cos(ω₀n + φ)
The output will be:
y[n] = A' cos(ω₀n + φ')
Where: A' = A |H(e^(jω₀))|
φ' = φ + ∠H(e^(jω₀))
So, the frequency stays the same, but amplitude and phase change.
Q6. Differentiate between steady-state and transient response with an
example.
Transient response is the starting part when the filter just begins working. It does not yet
have enough past data, so the output is not fully accurate.
Steady-state response is when the filter has received enough input values and the output
becomes stable and consistent.
Example:
In a 4-point moving average filter, the first 3 outputs are transient because the filter is still
filling up.
Q7. Explain how frequency response can be obtained from impulse response.
The frequency response is obtained using the DTFT:
H(e^(jω)) = Σ h[n] e^(−jωn)
This converts the system from time domain to frequency domain and shows how different
frequencies are affected.
Q8. What is conjugate symmetry? Explain its significance in FIR filters.
For real-valued coefficients:
H(e^(jω)) = H*(e^(−jω))
This means:
• Magnitude is symmetric
• Phase behaves predictably
It ensures real input signals produce real outputs, which is important in practical systems
like audio.
Q9. Explain the concept of gain and phase shift using frequency response.
Gain tells how much a signal is increased or reduced at a certain frequency.
Phase shift tells how much the signal is delayed or shifted in time.
Together, they describe how the filter modifies the signal.
Q10. Solve a running average filter example and interpret its behavior.
Example:
y[n] = (1/3)(x[n] + x[n−1] + x[n−2])
This filter takes the average of nearby values.
Effect:
• Smooths the signal
• Removes noise
• Keeps slow changes
So it acts like a low-pass filter.
Q11. Explain why frequency response is periodic.
In digital systems:
e^(j(ω + 2π)n) = e^(jωn)
So:
H(e^(j(ω + 2π))) = H(e^(jω))
This means the frequency response repeats every 2π due to sampling.
Q12. Discuss the importance of frequency response in filter design.
Frequency response shows how a filter treats different frequencies.
It helps engineers:
• Keep useful signals
• Remove unwanted noise
• Design filters with specific goals
It is essential in audio, communication, and signal processing systems.