​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​

​Tutorial-1​
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​1.​ ​A​ ​single-phase​ ​lateral​ ​provides​ ​service​ ​to​ ​three​ ​distribution​ ​transformers​ ​as​
​shown below.​

​ he​​energy​​in​​kWh​​consumed​​by​​each​​customer​​during​​a​​month​​is​​known.​​A​
T
​load​ ​survey​ ​has​​been​​conducted​​for​​customers​​in​​this​​class,​​and​​it​​has​​been​
​found​ ​that​ ​the​ ​customer​ ​15-min​ ​maximum​ ​kW​ ​demand​ ​is​ ​given​ ​by​ ​the​
​equation:​
​kW​​demand​ ​= (0.2 + 0.008×kWh) kW​
​The kWh consumed by individual customers are tabulated below:​

​Customer​ ​1​ ​2​ ​3​ ​4​ ​5​ ​6​

​kWh​ ​1523​ ​1645​ ​1984​ ​1590​ ​1456​ ​1235​

​Customer​ ​7​ ​8​ ​9​ ​10​ ​11​ ​12​

​kWh​ ​1587​ ​1698​ ​1745​ ​2015​ ​1765​ ​2098​

​Customer​ ​13​ ​14​ ​15​ ​16​ ​17​ ​18​

​kWh​ ​1856​ ​2058​ ​2265​ ​2135​ ​1985​ ​2103​

​Determine:​
​(a)​​For​​each​​transformer​​the​​15-min​​noncoincident​​maximum​​kW​​demand​
​if​​the​​diversity​​factor​​values​​for​​three​​transformers​​are​​2.20,​​2.30,​​and​
​2.40, respectively.​
​(b)​​The​​15-minute​​maximum​​diversified​​kVA​​demand​​for​​each​​transformer​
​with a power factor of 0.9.​
​(c)​​The minimum required kVA rating for each transformer.​
​(d)​​The​ ​15-minute​ ​noncoincident​ ​maximum​ ​kW​ ​demand​ ​and​ ​15-minute​
​maximum diversified kW demand for each of the line segments.​
​ .​ ​Let​ ​a​ ​power​ ​operator​ ​wish​ ​to​ ​transfer​ ​a​ ​total​ ​of​ ​50​ ​MW​ ​of​ ​active​ ​power​ ​to​ ​a​
2
​customer​ ​placing​ ​250​ ​km​ ​distance​ ​with​ ​a​ ​power​ ​factor​ ​of​ ​0.85.​ ​If​ ​the​ ​maximum​
​allowable​ ​power​ ​loss​ ​is​ ​2.5​ ​MW​ ​and​ ​the​ ​operator​ ​wants​ ​to​ ​use​ ​copper​ ​wire​ ​for​
​power​ ​transmission​ ​having​ ​a​ ​resistivity​​of​​1.724×10​​-8​ ​ohm-m.​​Then​​determine​​the​
​required volume of the conductor for the following power transfer mediums​
​a)​ ​Mono-polar two-wire DC link​
​b)​ ​Bi-polar two-wire DC link with middle earthed​

​ .​ ​A​ ​coal-fired​ ​thermal​ ​generating​ ​plant​ ​has​ ​three​ ​generating​ ​units​ ​having​
3
​input-output characteristics and generating limits as mentioned below-​

​ alculate​ ​the​ ​total​ ​generation​ ​cost​ ​and​​incremental​​generation​​cost​​of​​the​​plant​​to​

C
​meet a total load of 400 MW.​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-2​
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​1.​ ​A​​conductor​​consists​​of​​seven​​identical​​strands​​each​​having​​a​​radius​​of​​r.​​Determine​
​the self-GMD of the conductor.​

​2.​ T​ he​ ​arrangement​ ​of​ ​conductors​ ​of​ ​a​​single-phase​​transmission​​line​​is​​shown​​below,​

​wherein​​the​​forward​​circuit​​is​​composed​​of​​three​​solid​​wires​​2.5​​mm​​in​​radius​​and​​the​
​return​ ​circuit​ ​of​ ​two​ ​wires​ ​of​​radius​​5​​mm​​placed​​symmetrically​​with​​respect​​to​​the​
​forward​​circuit.​​Find​​the​​inductance​​of​​each​​side​​of​​the​​line​​and​​that​​of​​the​​complete​
​line.​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-3​
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​1.​ D​ etermine​ ​the​ ​per​ ​phase​ ​inductance​ ​per​ ​km​ ​of​ ​a​ ​3-phase​ ​transposed​ ​transmission​
​line​ ​having​​bundled​​conductors​​per​​phase​​and​​arranged​​as​​shown​​in​​the​​figure.​​The​
​diameter of each conductor is 25 mm and carries 50% of the phase current.​

​2.​ D​ etermine​​the​​per​​phase​​inductance​​per​​km​​of​​a​​double​​circuit​​3-phase​​line​​as​​shown​
​in​​the​​figure​​below.​​The​​transmission​​line​​is​​transposed​​within​​each​​circuit​​and​​each​
​circuit remains on its own side. The diameter of each conductor is 15 mm.​

​3.​ T​ he​ ​horizontally​ ​spaced​ ​conductors​ ​of​ ​a​ ​single​ ​phase​ ​line​ ​operating​ ​at​ ​50​ ​Hz​ ​are​
​having​​outside​​diameter​​of​​1.6cm​​and​​the​​spacing​​between​​Centre's​​of​​conductors​​is​
​6m.​​The​​permittivity​​of​​free​​space​​is​​8.854*10​​-12​ ​F/m.​​Determine​​the​​capacitance​​to​
​neutral per km of each line.​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-5​
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​1.​ A​ ​​3-phase​​50​​Hz​​transmission​​line​​has​​conductors​​of​​section​​90​​mm​​2​ ​and​​an​​effective​

​diameter​ ​of​ ​1​ ​cm​ ​and​ ​is​ ​placed​ ​at​ ​the​ ​vertices​ ​of​ ​an​ ​equilateral​ ​triangle​ ​of​ ​side​ ​1​
​meter.​ ​The​ ​line​ ​is​ ​20​ ​km​ ​long​ ​and​ ​delivers​ ​a​ ​load​ ​of​​10​​MW​​at​​33​​KV​​and​​p.f.​​0.8.​
​Neglect​ ​capacitance​ ​and​ ​assume​ ​a​ ​temperature​ ​of​ ​20°C.​ ​Determine​ ​the​ ​efficiency​
​and​ ​regulation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​line.​ ​The​ ​resistance​​of​​copper​​conductor​​at​​20°C​​is​​1/58​​ohm​
​per meter length when the section is 1 mm​​2​​.​

​2.​ A​ ​​single-phase​​50​​Hz​​generator​​supplies​​an​​inductive​​load​​of​​5​​MW​​at​​a​​power​​factor​
​of​ ​0.707​ ​lagging​ ​by​ ​means​ ​of​ ​an​ ​overhead​ ​transmission​ ​line​ ​20​ ​km​ ​long.​ ​The​ ​line​
​resistance​ ​and​ ​inductance​ ​are​ ​0.0195​ ​ohm​ ​per​ ​km​ ​and​ ​0.63​ ​mH​ ​per​ ​km,​
​respectively.​ ​The​ ​voltage​ ​at​ ​the​ ​receiving​ ​end​​is​​required​​to​​be​​kept​​constant​​at​​10​
​kV. Find​
​a.​ ​The sending end voltage and voltage regulation of the line​
​b.​ ​Efficiency of the transmission line.​

​3.​ U​ sing​​the​​nominal-pi​​method,​​find​​the​​sending-end​​voltage​​and​​voltage​​regulation​​of​
​a​ ​150​ ​km,​ ​three-phase,​ ​50​ ​Hz,​ ​transmission​ ​line​ ​delivering​ ​25​ ​MVA​ ​at​ ​0.8​ ​lagging​
​power​ ​factor​ ​to​ ​a​ ​balanced​ ​load​ ​at​ ​132​ ​kV.​ ​The​ ​line​ ​conductors​ ​are​ ​spaced​
​equilaterally​ ​3​ ​m​ ​apart.​ ​The​ ​conductor​ ​resistance​​is​​0.11​​ohm/km,​​and​​its​​effective​
​diameter is 1.6 cm. Neglect the leakage.​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-6​
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​1.​ ​Using​​the​​nominal-p​​method,​​find​​the​​sending-end​​voltage​​and​​voltage​
​regulation​ ​of​ ​a​ ​250​ ​km,​ ​three-phase,​ ​50​ ​Hz,​ ​transmission​ ​line​
​delivering​ ​25​ ​MVA​ ​at​ ​0.8​ ​lagging​ ​power​ ​factor​ ​to​ ​a​ ​balanced​ ​load​ ​at​
​132​ ​kV.​ ​The​ ​line​ ​conductors​ ​are​ ​spaced​ ​equilaterally​ ​3​ ​m​ ​apart.​ ​The​
​conductor​ ​resistance​ ​is​ ​0.11​ ​ohm/km​​and​​its​​effective​​diameter​​is​​1.6​
​cm. Neglect leakance.​

​2.​ ​A​​50​​Hz​​transmission​​line​​300​​km​​long​​has​​a​​total​​series​​impedance​​of​
​40​ ​+​ ​j125​ ​ohms​ ​and​ ​a​ ​total​ ​shunt​ ​admittance​ ​of​ ​10​​–3​ ​mho.​ ​The​
​receiving-end​ ​load​ ​is​ ​50​ ​MW​ ​at​ ​220​​kV​​with​​0.8​​lagging​​power​​factor.​
​Find the sending-end voltage, current, power and power factor using​
​a.​ ​Distributed model of the long line​
​b.​ ​Equivalent pi model of the long line​
​c.​ ​Equivalent T model of the long line​

​3.​ ​A three-phase transmission system has the following line constants:​

​D=0.78∠9°, C=0.03∠1.2°​
​If​​a​​shunt​​capacitor​​of​​0.2​​uF​​is​​installed​​at​​the​​load​​side​​at​​each​​phase​
​to​ ​cater​ ​a​ ​total​ ​load​ ​of​ ​600​ ​MW.​ ​If​ ​the​ ​sending​ ​end​ ​voltage​ ​of​ ​the​
​system is 110 kV, then determine the per-phase receiving end voltage.​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-7​
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​1.​ ​A​ ​single​ ​core​ ​lead​ ​covered​ ​cable​​is​​to​​be​​designed​​for​​66​​kV​​to​​earth.​

​Its​ ​conductor​ ​radius​ ​is​ ​0.5​ ​cm​ ​and​ ​its​ ​three​ ​insulating​ ​materials​ ​A,​ ​B​
​and​ ​C​ ​have​ ​relative​ ​permittivities​ ​of​ ​4,​ ​2.5​ ​and​ ​4.0​ ​with​ ​maximum​
​permissible​ ​stresses​ ​of​ ​50,​ ​30​ ​and​ ​40​ ​kV/cm​ ​respectively.​ ​Determine​
​the​ ​minimum​ ​internal​ ​diameter​ ​of​ ​the​ ​lead​ ​sheath.​ ​Discuss​ ​the​
​arrangement of the insulating materials.​

​2.​ ​A​ ​66​ ​kV​ ​concentric​ ​cable​ ​with​ ​two​ ​inter-sheaths​ ​has​ ​a​ ​core​ ​diameter​
​1.8​​cm.​​Dielectric​​material​​3.5​​mm​​thick​​constitutes​​the​​three​​zones​​of​
​insulation.​ ​Determine​ ​the​ ​maximum​ ​stress​​in​​each​​of​​the​​three​​layers​
​if 20 kV is maintained across each of the inner two.​

​3.​ ​A​​single​​core​​cable,​​consisting​​of​​1​​cm​​diameter​​cable​​inside​​a​​2.8​​cm​
​diameter​​sheath,​​is​​20​​km​​long​​and​​operates​​at​​13​​kV​​and​​50​​Hz.​​The​
​relative​ ​permittivity​ ​of​ ​the​ ​dielectric​ ​is​ ​5.​​Calculate​​the​​capacitance​​of​
​the cable and its charging current.​

​4.​ ​Find​​the​​critical​​disruptive​​voltage​​and​​the​​critical​​voltages​​for​​local​​and​
​general​ ​corona​​on​​a​​3-phase​​overhead​​transmission​​line,​​consisting​​of​
​three​​stranded​​copper​​conductors​​spaced​​2.5​​m​​apart​​at​​the​​corners​​of​
​an​ ​equilateral​ ​triangle.​ ​Air​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​are​ ​21°C​ ​and​
​73.6​ ​cm​ ​Hg​ ​respectively.​ ​The​ ​conductor​ ​dia,​ ​irregularity​ ​factor,​ ​and​
​surface factors are 10.4 mm, 0.85, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively​
 ​Power Transmission & Distribution (EE241)​
​Tutorial-8​
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​1.​​In​ ​a​ ​transmission​ ​line,​ ​the​ ​line​ ​conductor​ ​has​ ​an​ ​effective​
​diameter​​of​​0.0195​​m,​​weighs​​258.95​​kg​​per​​304.78​​m,​​and​​has​
​an​ ​ultimate​ ​strength​ ​of​ ​8037.18​ ​kg.​ ​Calculate​ ​the​ ​height​ ​above​
​ground​ ​at​ ​which​ ​a​ ​conductor​ ​with​ ​a​ ​span​ ​of​ ​274.30​ ​m​ ​must​ ​be​
​supported​ ​so​ ​that​ ​the​ ​total​ ​tension​ ​shall​ ​not​ ​exceed​ ​half​ ​the​
​ultimate​ ​strength​ ​with​ ​a​ ​0.0127​ ​m​ ​radial​ ​coating​ ​of​ ​ice​ ​and​ ​a​
​horizontal​ ​wind​ ​pressure​ ​of​ ​39.056​ ​kg/m​​2​ ​of​ ​the​ ​projected​​area.​
​The​ ​ground​ ​clearance​ ​required​ ​is​ ​6.70,​ ​weight​ ​of​ ​1​ ​m​​3​ ​of​ ​ice​ ​=​
​953.63 kg.​

​2.​​An​​overhead​​line​​at​​a​​river​​crossing​​is​​supported​​from​​two​​towers​
​at​ ​height​ ​of​ ​45.7​ ​m​ ​and​ ​91.4​ ​m​ ​above​ ​water​ ​level,​ ​horizontal​
​distance​ ​between​ ​the​ ​towers​ ​being​ ​335.26​ ​m.​ ​If​ ​the​ ​maximum​
​tension​ ​is​ ​1.93​ ​kg​ ​and​ ​the​ ​weight​ ​per​ ​meter​ ​is​ ​0.5.​ ​Find​ ​the​
​clearance​ ​between​ ​the​ ​conductor​ ​and​ ​the​ ​water​ ​at​ ​a​ ​point​
​midway between the towers.​