METAMATERIAL-INFUSED PATCH

ANTENNAS FOR WIDEBAND RADAR

CROSS SECTION
 CONTENTS

[Link] TOPIC PAGE NO

1
ABSTRACT

2
INTRODUCTION

3
DESIGN METHODLOGY

4
RESULTS

5
CONCLUSION

6
REFERENCE
 ABSTRACT

This paper presents Two-port multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna

for a 5G application and UWB application presented in this paper. The
presented made of 2 monopole elements with an overall size of 26 X 26 X 1.6
mm2 to reduce the effect of one antenna element to another element, an
optimized study has been considered. To reduce isolation between the ports of
the designed MIMO, a stub has been put into the ground plane. The presented
MIMO for 5G wireless application has been carried out using HFSS software.
The S11 value of deigned MIMO antenna obtained at 26 GHz resonance
frequency and bandwidth of 4.3 GHz (from 24.0 GHz to 28.3 GHz) and
isolation is below -27dB. The MIMO performance of the presented MIMO
antenna gives good results such as impedance bandwidth, radiation pattern,
isolation, and gain. The presented MIMO antenna shows a high-quality
applicant for 5G mm-wave application. The proposed antenna is constructed
from four microstrip circular patch elements fed by a 50-Ω microstrip line.
Two metamaterial cell elements, in the form of a rectangular concentric double
split ring resonator (SRR), are placed at the upper plane of the substrates for
bandwidth improvement and isolation enhancement. The ultra-wideband
frequency response is achieved using a defective ground plane. Surface current
flow between the antenna’s four elements is limited to ensure maximum
isolation. The four-port MIMO system is designed with orthogonal antenna
elements orientation on an FR4 substrate with a loss tangent of 0.02 and an
overall size of 26mm × 26mm × 1.6 mm.
 INTRODUCTION

The need and requirement for data throughput without interference are in high demand
nowadays. With multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) technology, a radio link can have a
greater capacity by employing multiple transmit and receive antennas to achieve multipath
propagations. MIMO system increases communication channel capacity, network reliability,
and data speed in a wide range of wireless networks by harnessing the full capabilities of
wireless communication systems. Antenna deployment close to each other is necessary to
meet the characteristics mentioned above. According to the federal communication
commission (FCC), ultra-wideband applications use frequencies between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz.
The need and requirement for data throughput without interference are in high demand
nowadays. With multiple-input-multiple output (MIMO) technology, a radio link can have a
greater capacity by employing multiple transmit and receive antennas to achieve multipath
propagations. MIMO system increases communication channel capacity, network reliability,
and data speed in a wide range of wireless networks by harnessing the full capabilities of
wireless communication systems. Antenna deployment close to each other is necessary to
meet the characteristics mentioned above. According to the federal communication
commission (FCC), ultra-wideband applications use frequencies between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz.
This paper presents a compact, crossed-polarized, ultra-wideband (UWB) four-ports
multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) printed antenna. The proposed antenna is
constructed from four microstrip circular patch elements fed by a 50-Ω microstrip line. Two
metamaterial cell elements, in the form of a rectangular concentric double split ring
resonator (SRR), are placed at the upper plane of the substrates for bandwidth improvement
and isolation enhancement. The ultra-wideband frequency response is achieved using a
defective ground plane. Surface current flow between the antenna's four elements is limited
to ensure maximum isolation. The four-port MIMO system is designed with orthogonal
antenna elements orientation on an FR4 substrate with a loss tangent of 0.02 and an overall
size of 30 mm × 30 mm × 1.6 mm. Such orientation resulted in less than −17dB port-to-port
isolation and an impedance bandwidth of 148% (3.1–12 GHz). The proposed UWB-MIMO
antenna achieved a maximum realized gain of 6.2dBi with an efficiency of 87%. The
measured and simulated results are in good agreement over the operating frequency band
(3.1–12 GHz). The results also provide overall good diversity performance with the
TARC < −10 dB, ECC < 0.001, DG > 9.9, MEG < −3 dB and CCL <0.1. The proposed
antenna is well-suited for applications in WLAN, WIMAX and GPRs [1]. A highly isolated
MIMO antenna is proposed for Ultra-wide band (UWB) applications. The proposed MIMO
antenna structure consists of two rectangular shaped monopole antennas placed alongside
each other on the same substrate. The structure of the identical radiators shaped as simple
four open loop cutting at the end of the patch. The proposed antenna is designed to operate
at the UWB frequency range from 2.5 GHz to 13.5 GHz. Moreover, a single band notched
feature has the spectrum range from 5 GHz to 6 GHz for IEEE802.11 (WLAN) and it is
realized by loading an open loop slot in the radiator to minimize the interference. The
reflection and transmission coefficient values are below than −10 dB and −25 dB
respectively within the UWB frequency range. Furthermore, by embedding a simple
rectangular stub between two monopole patch antenna elements, reduce mutual coupling
and thus its control the utilization of bandwidth and radiation. Radiation can also be reduced
by using roger semiconductor materials. As well as, designed MIMO-UWB antenna has a
good impedance matching between measured and simulation results which enhance the
isolation to achieve a high signal strength.[2] This paper designed and fabricated a UWB-
MIMO antenna based on novel inverted comma-shaped antenna and a CPW-feeder
structure. The proposed single monopole antenna is designed by combing an elliptical
geometry with merging several circular shapes. The novel structure provides a
wide impedance bandwidth from 2.469 to 14.203 GHz. The dimensions of the designed unit
cell are 21 mm × 16 mm (0.172λL×0.131λL) and the overall size of dual symmetric antennas
is 21 × 34 × 1 mm3. This compact antenna is then used to design 2 × 2 Multiple Input
Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas. The proposed low-profile MIMO antenna contains two
similar geometries placed with a T-shaped decoupling structure. Measurement results show
multiple diversity metrics of the MIMO antenna such as low-value mutual coupling
characteristics, better channel capacity losses of less than 0.29 bits/s/Hz,
envelope correlation coefficient smaller than 0.004 by far-field radiation, total
active reflection coefficient below − 10 dB, diversity gain of less than 9.98 dB and
acceptable mean effective gain (MEG ≤ 0.5, MEG ratio = 1). The proposed antenna offers a
maximum peak gain value of 6.18 dB at operating frequency of 13.4 GHz[3].A four-
port MIMO antenna array with wideband and high isolation characteristics for
imminent wireless systems functioning in 5G New Radio (NR) sub-6 GHz n77/n78/n79 and
5 GHz WLAN bands is proposed. Each array antenna element is a microstrip-line
fed monopole type. The novelty of the antenna lies in loading an “EL” slot into the radiating
element along with two identical stubs coupled to the partial ground in order to improve
the impedance matching and radiation characteristics across the bands of interest. To further
attain high port isolation without affecting the compactness and radiation performance of
each antenna element, the technique of introducing an innovative un-protruded multi-slot
(UPMS) isolating element (of low-profile 2 × 19 mm2) between two closely spaced antenna
elements (with an edge-to-edge distance of approx. 0.03λ at 4.6 GHz) is also presented.
Besides demonstrating a small footprint of 30 × 40 × 1.6 mm3, the proposed four-
port MIMO antenna array has also shown wide 10-dB impedance bandwidth of 58.56%
(3.20–5.85 GHz), high isolation of more than 17.5 dB, and good gain and efficiency of
around 3.5 dB and 85%, respectively, across the bands of interest. Finally, the MIMO
performance metrics of the proposed antenna are also analyzed.[4]A flexible 4-port 4-
element interconnected MIMO antenna is proposed for Sub-6 GHz 5G and X-band
applications. The 4-element structure attains a low profile of 0.612λ 2 (at 3.34 GHz) through
careful placement of antenna elements. The elementary antenna top side is formed of an
inverted E and inverted L-shaped conductive structure attached to both sides of the central
feed line. Two hollow tilted square-shaped assemblies are added horizontally with the
inverted L for performance enhancement. The bottom plane consists of a truncated ground
with a vertical stub on the side for achieving wideband performance.
The MIMO configuration along with polarization diversity is attained by positioning the
elementary antenna symmetrically in a sequential rotational manner. The interconnection
between ground planes is ensured by placing an I-shaped strip which is further modified by
adding a slotted rectangular stub on the central vertical line for better isolation. The flexible
antenna demonstrated minimum efficiency and maximum gain of 70% and 4 dB,
respectively in addition to accomplishing a bandwidth of (40%) 3.34–5.01 GHz and (3.31%)
8.9–9.2 GHz while satisfying the MIMO diversity performance in terms of
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.17. Finally, the antenna performance in terms of
S-parameters and MIMO diversity parameters are tested by bending the antenna along the X
and Y axis that demonstrated decent performance thus making the MIMO antenna worthy
for its use in Sub-6 GHz 5G and X Band Applications with tight space requirements[5].A
compact planar triple-band multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with
two monopole elements is presented. Each element includes a defective complementary
open-loop resonator (COLR), two slots on both sides of the feedline, two stepped stubs and
a monopole ground plane. This structure operates in the frequency bands of 2.22–2.54 GHz,
3.14–3.9 GHz and 5.3–5.7 GHz for Wi-Fi, WiMAX and WLAN applications, respectively.
The antenna is not based on a common ground plane, so antenna is low cost and compact.
High measured isolation is achieved which is better than 34 dB in all operating bands
without using additional decoupling structure. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to
investigate the behaviour of the antenna. The envelope correlation coefficient of antenna is
less than 0.001 and diversity gain is about 10. The proposed MIMO antenna is fabricated
and there is a good agreement between the experimental measurements with the simulation
results [6]. A defected ground structure‐based rectangular monopole antenna along with 2 ×
2 and 4 × 4 multiple‐input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are presented. The proposed
monopole antenna consists of a defected ground structure with two slits and a notch placed
at optimum positions to increase the impedance bandwidth. Besides, the radiator is loaded
with a U‐shape stub to improve the impedance matching of the antenna. The measured
impedance bandwidth of the proposed monopole antenna is from 3.18 to 11.5 GHz. Time
domain experiment is carried on to investigate the dispersion characteristics of the proposed
antenna. Measurement results reveal that the proposed antenna can retain the transmitted
pulse shape, ensuring dispersion‐free communication. Far‐field measurements confirm
omnidirectional radiation patterns over the operating bandwidth. Moreover, MIMO
performance of the proposed 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 antenna arrays are evaluated based on
isolation, envelop correlation coefficient, diversity gain, and channel capacity loss. The
proposed single monopole and MIMO versions of this antenna can be used in portable
UWB communication devices [7]. An aperture-coupled two-port modified Pythagorean tree
fractal antenna is modelled and experimentally examined for ultra-wideband applications
with triple-band-stop functionality. The proposed array is configured on two
37.5 × 81.5 mm2 FR-4 substrates where the upper substrate incorporates two
modified Pythagorean tree fractal radiators and the lower substrate consists a feed network.
The notable feature of the proposed Pythagorean tree fractal is the elimination of the base
square (0th iteration level) which lowers the total fractal height by 12.11 mm. The
multiband response generated by the fractal geometry is extended to a wide operational
band by converting the apertures etched from the ground into the hexagonal spiral geometry.
The proposed array offers 96.8% fractional bandwidth (3.7–10.64 GHz) with an optimum
port-to-port isolation (S21 ≤ −16.1 dB) characteristics. Further, to reject the
interfering narrow bands namely downlink C-band satellite communication, WLAN and
uplink X-band satellite communication, each feedline is defected with two L-shaped slits, a
U-shaped slot and split-ring resonators respectively. Various diversity metrics are
investigated which are found to lie within their standard limits. The fabricated prototype
(with and without band-notches) is tested and compared with simulated results which show
a good similitude, thereby ensuring the feasibility of the proposed array for ultra-wideband
and interference rejection operation in a real-world scenario [8]. In this paper, a novel
compact four-element ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
antenna with triple band-notched characteristics is proposed. The proposed antenna is
composed of four slot antenna elements with a common rhombic slot, each feeding by a
microstrip-fed line to greatly reduce the overall size of the antenna. It has a compact size of
34 mm ×34 mm ×1.6 mm. The high isolation and polarization diversity are achieved by
placing the four microstrip-fed lines perpendiculars to each other, while a parasitic strip is
employed as a decoupling structure between adjacent microstrip-fed lines to further improve
isolation. Moreover, the proposed antenna can achieve triple band-notched characteristics by
embedding L-shaped and C-shaped slots on each radiator and loading electromagnetic band
gap (EBG) structures next to micro-strip feeders respectively. As a result, the proposed
antenna obtains three notched bands of 3.3-3.9 GHz, 5-6 GHz, and 7.4-8.5 GHz, which are
in good agreement with the interference bands of WiMAX (3.3-3.7 GHz), WLAN (5.15-
5.875 GHz) and X-band (7.3-8.5 GHz), respectively. The antenna prototype has been
fabricated and measured. The results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of
2.5-12 GHz (except for the three notched bands). Besides, the isolation among the elements,
envelope correlation coefficient, radiation characteristics, efficiency, realized gain, and total
active reflection coefficient are also investigated. The experimental results indicate that the
proposed antenna can be a good candidate for UWB-MIMO wireless communication
applications [9]. This paper presents a compact low-profile elliptical planner antenna for
UWB applications. The antenna is fabricated using Rogers 5880 LZ substrate, conducting
patch, and conducting ground plane. The antenna size is 41.95mm×21.2 mm×1.27mm. The
operating bandwidth of the designed antenna is from 2.5-10.5 GHz, which make the antenna
useful for UWB applications. The length of the ground plane is selected to be 10 mm as
predicted in the simulation results. HFSs simulation software is used to obtain the antenna
return loss S 11 and antenna gain pattern. To validate the proposed antenna design concept, a
prototype is fabricated and measured. Experimental results obtained show excellent
agreement with the simulation results from HFSS, and both achieved the desired bandwidth
[10]. A novel variable band gap centre frequency and dual band gap stacked electromagnetic
band gap (VBS-EBG) structure for multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna
system used for the fifth-generation (5G) technology is presented in this paper. Proposed
VBS-EBG is mathematically analysed using transmission line model. Variation in band gap
centre frequency of VBS-EBG is simulated using eigenmode solution of high frequency
structure simulator (HFSS) for different air gap and experimentally validated. It is observed
from simulated and experimental results that proposed VBS-EBG gives more than 29.2 %
and 39.13 % broader variation in first band gap and second band gap centre frequency
respectively, compared to reported variable band gap centre frequency EBG structures.
Application of the proposed EBG structure to reduce the mutual coupling of MIMO antenna
system is carried out. 16.16 dB and 6.05 dB reduction in mutual coupling is observed at first
and second resonance respectively of MIMO antenna with proposed EBG structure [11]. A
circularly polarized (CP) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with wideband
operation and high isolation characteristics is presented. The proposed antenna is first
designed with two diagonal slotted square patches and then, four parasitic elements are
utilized to significantly improve the antenna performances. Notably, besides enhancing the
operating bandwidth and the gain radiation, the parasitic elements also contribute to reduce
the mutual coupling between the MIMO elements. The measurements demonstrate that the
proposed two-element MIMO antenna with edge-to-edge spacing of 0.09λo and profile of
0.05λo at the centre operating frequency has operating bandwidth of 12.8% (5.1–5.8 GHz)
and high isolation of better than 22dB. The antenna also achieves high gain of better than
7.5 dB and good diversity performances. Compared to other CP MIMO antennas reported in
literature, our design possesses several exclusive features including wideband operation,
high gain, very small edge-to-edge element spacing as well as low-profile configuration
[12]. This paper presents a full wave simulation and characteristic mode-based design of a
multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna at 5.8 GHz for wireless local area network
applications. The driven analysis comprises two antennas that are placed orthogonal to each
other. A metamaterial unit structure in the form of a rectangular loop resonator is placed
around the antenna element to reduce the electromagnetic interference and to increase the
isolation between the two monopoles. A characteristic mode technique is employed to find
out the dominant mode of the proposed antenna without a feeding port. It was revealed that
mode 1 was the dominant mode among the three modes used. The MIMO antenna is
constructed and measured using a vector network analyser. A good isolation of less than 25
dB was attained with a wide impedance bandwidth of 65.5% [13]. A compact dual-port
ultra-wideband multiple-input multiple-output (UWB-MIMO) antenna with quadruple
rejection bands is presented. The oversize of the proposed antenna is 39mm×30mm×0.8mm,
which consists of two identical antenna elements with microstrip-fed and a common ground
plane. A rectangular strip with the size of 10mm×22mm and two concave grooves are
introduced in common ground plane to broaden the impedance bandwidth and enhance the
isolation. The band-notched at 5.2–5.51 GHz and 6.1–6.53 GHz can be obtained by etching
two various U-shaped slots on radiating patches. Moreover, by adding two different sizes of
U-shaped parasitic strips on both sides of each feed lines, band suppression characteristics at
7.37–7.8 GHz and 9.15–9.7 GHz are achieved. Simulated results indicate that each centre
frequency of band-notched can be tuned by changing the size of its structure without
affecting other notches. Besides, the equivalent circuit model of the designed antenna is
analysed. The proposed antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results show that
the designed antenna has a wide bandwidth ranging from 3.0–11.0 GHz with four rejection
bands, low mutual coupling is less than −20 dB, stable radiation patterns, and
envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) is less than 0.02 [14]. Quadruple notch band dual-
port ultra-wideband (UWB) MIMO antenna is reported in this article. The
proposed MIMO antenna is designed from a single port UWB antenna, which consists of an
arrow-head shaped radiator loaded with two open-ended inverted L-shaped slots (Slot #1
and Slot #2) and one U-shaped slot (Slot #3) followed by a pair of mushroom type EBG
structures. The inverted L-and U-shaped slots are liable for generating triple notch band
behaviour at 3.3 GHz, 4.03 GHz, and 5.4 GHz, respectively. Besides this, the antenna
produces an extra notch band function at 6.0 GHz using a pair of mushroom type EBG
structures. In addition to this, the antenna covers wideband ranging from 3.0 to 10.7 GHz
which suitably meets the requirement of ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The design is
modelled over FR4 Epoxy material and having an overall size of 43 × 34.9 × 1.6 mm3.
However, a rectangular decoupling strip is introduced below the substrate layer for reducing
mutual coupling between them. Therefore the suggested antenna is having efficient notch
controlling capabilities and its performance characteristics are evaluated and analysed in
terms of rejecting frequencies, Current concentrations, ECC, Diversity Gain, and radiation
patterns[15].
 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

The general configuration of the wideband metamaterial patch antenna is formed

by two major parts: traditional wideband patch antenna and CLMS. First, the design of
traditional wideband patch antenna is carried out [15]. A radiation patch is located at the
central position and fed by a coaxial cable. A polytef dielectric slab with ε = 2.65 is used
as the substrate. The geometrical parameters are optimised as follows: Pa = 81 mm, La
= 9.0 mm, Wa = 7.8 mm, Lf = 0.7 mm, t = 3.0 mm. Once the wideband patch antenna is
designed, the metamaterial patch antenna could be constructed by loading the CLMS.
With regard to metamaterial loading method in [19, 20], the CLMS is applied to the
patch antenna directly. In this paper, for coinciding with the antenna dimension, the
CLMS with 3 × 3 AMCs tiles is selected and the total dimension is 81 mm × 81 mm × 3
mm. The centre AMC tile of the metamaterial surface is removed to place the radiation
patch.

Fig 1: antenna patch design

TABULAR FORM:
NAME VALUE
Lm 180
Lp 9.0
L1 5.6
W1 0.8
L2 2.4
W2 0.8
L3 0.3
W3 0.7
L4 4.1
W4 4.1
s 3.0

Table 1: Dimensions of antenna design

RESULTS
 RETURN LOSS:
The return loss of an antenna is a measure of how much power is reflected back from
the antenna due to impedance mismatches. It is expressed in decibels (dB) and is often
denoted by the parameter “S11” in antenna design.

Fig 2: Return loss

[Link] PATTERN:

The radiation pattern or antenna pattern is the graphical representation of the

radiation properties of the antenna as a function space. That is, the antenna’s pattern
describes how the antenna radiation energy out into space. These two-field vector are
perpendicular to each other and they are also perpendicular direction of propagation.
The radiation pattern is divided into two planes, those are

• E-plane: The plane containing the electric field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation. The electric field or E-plane determines the polarization or orientation of the
radio wave.
• H-plane: The plane containing the magnetic field vector and the direction of maximum
radiation.
 Fig 3: Radiation pattern

[Link] GAIN:

Antenna pattern gain defines the degree to which an antenna concentrates radiated
power in a given direction, or absorbs incident power from that direction, compared
with a reference antenna.

Fig 3: Antenna gain

 [Link] INTENSITY:

The attribute of a magnetic, electric, gravitational, or other field of force that at any
points is measured by the force which the field exerts upon a unit pole, unit charge, or
unit mass placed at the that point. The field intensity is divided into two fields, those are

• Electric field
• Magnetic field

Fig 4: Field Intensity

[Link] DENSITY:

A vector whose magnitude is the electric current per cross-section area at a given point

in space, its direction begins that of the motion of the positive charges at this point
 Fig 5: Current density

6. S-PARAMETER:

The "s-parameter" refers to the scattering parameters, which are used to describe the
behaviour of linear electrical networks in the frequency domain.

Fig 6: S parameter

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a metamaterial-based patch antenna with wideband RCS

reduction and gain enhancement using improved metamaterial loading method is
proposed. As the low RCS CLMS applied to the wideband patch antenna using
metamaterial loading method in existing reference, the deteriorations of boresight gain
and radiation patterns are obtained. In order to solve the issues, an improved
metamaterial loading method is proposed by rotating the units which locates at radiation
side of the patch. The simulated and measured results show that, compared with these of
primary antenna, the RCS is reduced from 7.0 to 19.0 GHz and gain is enhanced in the
whole operation band which is covered by the RCS reduction frequency band. The
validity of the improved metamaterial loading method is verified and this improved
metamaterial loading method could also be applied to other wideband antennas
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