UNIT – 3

Classification of Visualization Systems

1) Static vs Interactive
 Static → No interaction (image only)
Ex: Bar chart, Pie chart
 Interactive → User can zoom, filter
Ex: Dashboard

2) Chart Types
 Basic Charts → Bar, Line, Pie, Scatter
 Advanced Charts → Heatmap, Treemap, Network graph

3) Multidimensional Data
 2D → X, Y
 3D → X, Y, Z
 n-D → Many variables (PCA, t-SNE)

4) Statistical vs Geospatial
 Statistical → Charts, graphs
 Geospatial → Maps (GIS)

5) Time Series
 Data changes over time
Ex: Stock price, Temperature

6) Big Data Visualization

 Handles large data
 Uses scalable systems

7) Machine Learning-Based
 Auto chart selection
 Pattern detection

8) Textual & Network

  Textual → Word cloud, sentiment
 Network → Social networks

9) Custom vs Off-the-Shelf
 Custom → Coding required
 Tools → Tableau, Power BI, [Link]

10) Real-Time & Streaming

 Real-time → Live data
 Streaming → Continuous data

11) Domain-Specific
 Healthcare
 Finance
 Scientific

12) Cloud vs On-Premises

 Cloud → Online
 On-Premises → Local system

🔽 SECOND PART

13) Based on Data Type

 Numerical → Line, Bar
 Categorical → Pie
 Text → Word cloud

14) Based on Purpose

 Exploratory → Analyze
 Explanatory → Present

15) Based on Interaction

 Static
 Dynamic
 Animated
16) Based on Platform
 Desktop → Tableau, Power BI
 Web → [Link], Plotly

Interaction & Visualization Techniques - Misleading

1) Lack of Context
 No background information
 Users misunderstand data

👉 Ex: Showing marks without subject names

2) Misleading Scale
 Axis manipulation
 Small change looks big

👉 Ex: Truncated Y-axis

3) Cherry Picking
 Showing only selected data
 Creates bias

👉 Ex: Showing only best results

4) Overemphasis on Outliers
 Focusing only extreme values
 Ignores overall data

5) Misleading Animation
 Animation distracts
 Focus lost

6) Biased Interactivity
 Limited filters/options
 Forces specific conclusion

7) Incomplete Data
  Not full dataset shown
 Wrong interpretation

8) Poor Labeling
 Missing labels/tooltips
 Confusing visualization

9) Overplotting
 Too many points
 Hard to understand

10) Misleading Encoding

 Wrong colors/sizes
 Misinterpretation

11) Scale & Transformation Issues

 Log scale / data changes
 Different meaning

12) Correlation ≠ Causation

 Just relation, not cause

13) Data Quality Issues

 Incomplete / incorrect data
 Misleading results

1. Misleading Scale
Graph 1 (Normal)
10 | *
5 | *
0 |________

Graph 2 (Cut Axis)

8 | *
7 | *

👉
“Same data — but looks different ”
2. Cherry Picking
:
“If I show only toppers marks…
Class looks excellent or not?”

3. Correlation ≠ Causation
👉 Example:
“More ice cream sales → more accidents”

Ask:
👉 “Ice cream causes accidents?” ❌

Explain:
👉 “Both happen due to summer”

4. Overplotting
👉 Draw dots:

●●●●●●●●●
●●●●●●●●●

👉 Say:
“Too many points — nothing clear”

5. Poor Labeling
👉

Graph without title ❌

Visualization of 1D, 2D and Multi-Dimensional Data

1) One-Dimensional (1D)
👉 Single variable
Techniques:

 Dot Plot
 Histogram
 Box Plot
 Line Chart (Time series)
 Bar Chart
 Density Plot
 Pie Chart

👉 Shows:

 Distribution
 Frequency
 Trends

2) Two-Dimensional (2D)
👉 Two variables (X, Y)

Techniques:

 Scatter Plot
 Line Chart
 Bar Chart
 Heatmap
 Bubble Chart
 Area Chart

👉 Shows:

 Relationship
 Comparison
 Trends

3) Multi-Dimensional (nD)
👉 More than 2 variables

Techniques:

 Parallel Coordinates
 3D Scatter Plot
 Treemap
 PCA / t-SNE
 Radar Chart
 Heatmap
👉 Shows:

 Complex relationships
 Patterns in large data

FINAL
👉 Choose visualization based on:

 Data type
 Number of variables
 Purpose

1D
👉
“Only ONE value”

Example:
👉 Marks of students

Explain:

 Histogram → distribution
 Box plot → summary
 Line → trend

2D
👉
“Two values → relation”

Example:
👉 Study hours vs Marks

👉 Draw:

Marks ↑
*
*
*
____________
Study Hours →

👉 “More study → more marks”

Multi-D :
“More than 2 variables → complex data”
Example:
👉 Student:

 Marks
 Attendance
 Age
 Skills

👉
“We need special techniques”

1D Histogram
█
█ █
█ █ █
__________

2D Scatter
*
*
*
*
___________

Multi-D Parallel Coordinates (Simple)

| | | |
| / \ / |
| / X |
|/ / \ |

“More dimensions = more complexity = need advanced visualization”

👉 “Visualization depends on number of variables”

Text and Text Documents in Data Visualization :

1) Titles & Labels
 Title → What data shows
 Axis labels → X, Y meaning

2) Annotations
 Extra notes on data
  Highlight important points

3) Legends
 Explain colors/symbols
 Used in multi-data charts

4) Tooltips
 Hover information
 Shows extra details

5) Captions & Description

 Explain visualization
 Provide context

6) Data Storytelling
 Text explains data story
 Helps understanding

7) Filtering & Search

 Text input for filtering
 Example: Search box

8) Document Integration
 Attach PDF/Reports
 Extra information

9) Navigation / TOC
 Menu for dashboards
 Easy access

10) Metadata & Source

 Data source
 Units, details

11) User Instructions

 How to use visualization
12) Accessibility
 Text for all users
 Example: Alt text

FINAL LINE
👉 Text provides:

 Context
 Clarity
 Meaning

1. Title & Label (Best Example)

👉

Graph without title ❌

Graph with title ✅
"Student Marks"

👉
“Without title → confusion
With title → clear”

2. Legend
👉

🔴 Boys
🔵 Girls

👉
“Colors need explanation”

3. Tooltip
👉 Say:
“When you hover on graph → details show”

Example:
👉 Marks = 85
👉 Date = Jan

4. Annotation
👉 Example:
“Highest sales here ↑”

👉 Draw arrow on graph

5. Data Storytelling
👉
“Data + explanation = story”

Example:
👉 “Sales increased due to festival”

6. Metadata
👉
“Where data comes from”

Example:
👉 Govt data / Survey

“Visualization without text is like a movie without subtitles.”

UNIT - 4
Visualization of Groups
1. Introduction

Visualization of Groups:
Representing data that is divided into categories (groups) in a visual form to compare them
easily.

👉 “When data is divided into different categories and we visualize them for comparison, it is
called group visualization.”

2. Why Do We Need Group Visualization ?

 To compare multiple categories
 To identify patterns and trends
 To simplify complex datasets
 To support decision making

📌 Example

 Students grouped by:

o Branch (CSE, ECE, IT)
o Gender (Male, Female)
 Sales grouped by:
 o Region (North, South)
o Time (Month-wise)

👉 Without grouping → data is confusing

👉 With grouping → data becomes clear

3. Types of Grouped Data

1. Categorical Groups

 Based on labels
 Example: Subjects, Departments

2. Numerical Groups

 Based on ranges
 Example: Marks (0–50, 50–75, 75–100)

3. Time-based Groups

 Example: Daily, Monthly, Yearly data

4. Types of Group Visualizations

4.1 Grouped Bar Chart
Description

 Bars are placed side-by-side

 Each group has multiple bars

Example

Marks of students in 3 subjects:

 CSE → Math, Physics, Chemistry

 ECE → Math, Physics, Chemistry

Advantages

 Easy comparison
 Clear structure

4.2 Stacked Bar Chart

Description

 Bars are stacked on top of each other

 Shows total + individual contribution
Example

Total sales = Electronics + Clothing + Groceries

Advantage

 Shows part-to-whole relationship

4.3 Multi-Line Chart

Description

 Each group is represented by a separate line

Example

 Sales over months for different regions

Advantage

 Shows trends over time

4.4 Pie Chart (Grouped Categories)

Description

 Shows percentage distribution

Limitation

 Not good for too many groups

5. Key Components in Group Visualization

1. Categories (Groups)

 Main divisions (e.g., branches)

2. Subcategories

 Inner grouping (e.g., subjects)

3. Values

 Numerical data (marks, sales)

4. Axes

 X-axis → Groups
 Y-axis → Values

5. Legends

 Explain colors or categories

6. Colors

 Differentiate groups clearly

6. Design Principles
1. Clarity

 Visualization should be easy to understand

2. Consistency

 Same color for same category

3. Simplicity

 Avoid too many groups

4. Labeling

 Proper titles, axis labels, legends

5. Readability

 Font size and spacing should be clear

7. Advantages of Group Visualization

 Easy comparison
 Better understanding
 Highlights patterns
 Saves time
 Improves decision making

8. Limitations
  Too many groups → confusion
 Poor color usage → misunderstanding
 Overloaded charts → hard to read

9. Real-Life Applications
Education

 Student performance analysis

Business

 Sales comparison by region

Research

 Survey results analysis

IT & Data Science

 Data preprocessing and analysis

10. Example for Classroom

Example Dataset
Branch Math Physics

CSE 80 75

ECE 70 85

IT 90 88

👉 Explanation

 Groups → Branches
 Subgroups → Subjects
 Visualization → Grouped Bar Chart

Visualization of Trees (Hierarchical Visualization)

1. Introduction

Definition

Tree Visualization means:

Representing hierarchical (parent–child) data in a structured visual format.

👉 “A tree shows how data is organized from top (parent) to bottom (children).”

2. What is Tree (in Data)?

A tree is a data structure where:

 One root node (top element)

 Multiple child nodes
 Connected by edges
Example
CEO
/ \
Manager1 Manager2
/ \ |
Emp1 Emp2 Emp3

3. Key Components of Tree Visualization

1. Root Node

 Top-most node
 Starting point of tree

2. Parent Node

 Node that has children

3. Child Node

 Node derived from parent

4. Leaf Node

 Node with no children

5. Edge

 Connection between nodes

6. Level (Depth)

 Distance from root

4. Characteristics of Tree Data

 Hierarchical structure
 No cycles (no loops)
 One root node
 Unique path between nodes

5. Types of Tree Visualizations

5.1 Tree Diagram (Node-Link Diagram)
Description

 Nodes connected with lines (edges)

Advantages

 Easy to understand
 Shows relationships clearly

Limitation

 Becomes complex for large data

5.2 Treemap
Description

 Uses rectangles
 Size represents value

Example

 File sizes in computer

 Budget distribution

Advantages

 Space efficient
 Handles large data

5.3 Dendrogram :

Description

 Tree-like structure used in clustering

Usage

 Machine learning
 Biological data
5.4 Radial Tree (Circular Tree)

Description

 Root at center
 Children spread in circular form

Advantage

 Good for compact display

6. Why Use Tree Visualization?

Purpose

 Understand hierarchy
 Show relationships
 Organize structured data

Real-Life Examples

 File systems (folders)

 Organization charts
 Website structure
  Family trees

7. Design Principles (Important)

1. Clear Hierarchy

 Top → Bottom flow should be clear

2. Proper Spacing

 Avoid overlapping nodes

3. Labeling

 Each node must be labeled

4. Color Usage

 Use colors to represent levels

5. Simplicity

 Avoid too many branches

8. Advantages
Easy understanding of hierarchy
Shows relationships clearly
Good for structured data
Useful in many domains

9. Limitations
❌ Difficult for very large trees
❌ Can become cluttered
❌ Requires good layout design

10. Applications
Computer Science

 File systems
 Data structures

Business

 Organization hierarchy
Science

 Gene classification

Web

 Website navigation structure

11. Classroom Example

Example: College Structure
Principal
/ \
HOD-CSE HOD-ECE
/ \ |
Faculty1 Faculty2 Faculty3
Explanation

 Root → Principal
 Children → HODs
 Leaves → Faculty

12. Common Mistakes

Overcrowding nodes
Missing labels
Improper hierarchy
Too many levels

Visualization of Graphs (Network/Relational

Visualization)
1. Introduction
Definition

Graph Visualization means:

Representing data using nodes (vertices) and edges (links) to show relationships between
entities.

2. What is a Graph?
A Graph is a data structure:

 Nodes (Vertices) → represent objects

 Edges (Links) → represent relationships

Example

 Facebook:
o Nodes → Users
o Edges → Friend connections

3. Components of Graph Visualization

1. Nodes

 Represent entities
 Example: Person, City, Computer

2. Edges

 Show connection between nodes

3. Labels

 Provide names or values

4. Direction (Optional)

 Shows flow (→)

5. Weight (Optional)

 Shows strength or cost

4. Types of Graphs
4.1 Undirected Graph

Description

 No direction in edges
 Connection is mutual

Example

 Friendship network

4.2 Directed Graph (Digraph)

Description

 Edges have direction (→)

Example

 Instagram followers
 Web links

4.3 Weighted Graph

Description

 Edges have weights (values)

Example

 Distance between cities

4.4 Cyclic and Acyclic Graph

Cyclic

 Contains loops

Acyclic

 No loops

5. Graph Visualization Techniques

5.1 Node-Link Diagram

 Most common method

 Nodes connected with lines

Advantage

 Easy to understand

5.2 Force-Directed Layout

Description

 Uses table format

Advantage

 Good for dense graphs

6. Why Graph Visualization?

Purpose

 Show relationships
 Analyze networks
 Identify patterns

Use Cases

 Social media analysis

 Transport networks
 Internet connections

7. Design Principles
1. Avoid Clutter

 Too many edges → confusion

2. Proper Layout

 Use spacing and alignment

3. Color Coding

 Differentiate nodes/groups
4. Labeling

 Clear node names

5. Highlight Important Nodes

 Use size or color

8. Advantages
Shows relationships clearly
Useful for complex systems
Helps in pattern detection
Interactive exploration possible

9. Limitations
Hard to read for large graphs
Too many edges cause clutter
Requires good layout design

10. Real-Life Applications

Social Networks

 Facebook, Instagram

Transportation

 Road maps, GPS

Computer Networks

 Internet connections

Science

 Biological networks

11. Classroom Example

Example: Friend Network
A ----- B
| |
C ----- D
👉 Explanation

 Nodes → A, B, C, D
  Edges → Friend connections

12. Common Mistakes

Too many nodes without structure
Overlapping edges
Missing labels
Poor color usage

Visualization of Clusters (Cluster Visualization)

1. Introduction

Definition

Cluster Visualization means:

Representing data in such a way that similar data points are grouped together and shown
visually.

2. What is a Cluster ?
A cluster is:

 A group of similar data points

 Points inside a cluster are more similar to each other
 Points in different clusters are less similar
Example

 Students grouped by marks:

o High scorers
o Average
o Low scorers

3. Why Do We Need Cluster Visualization?

Purpose

 To identify patterns
 To detect hidden structures
 To simplify large datasets
 To support decision making

Example

 Customer segmentation
 Market analysis
 Image processing

4. Types of Clustering
4.1 Hard Clustering

 Each data point belongs to one cluster only

4.2 Soft Clustering

 Data point can belong to multiple clusters (probability-based)

5. Common Cluster Visualization Techniques

5.1 Scatter Plot
Description

 Data points plotted on X and Y axes

 Different colors represent different clusters

Advantages

 Easy to understand
 Most widely used
5.2 K-Means Clustering Visualization

Description

 Groups data into K clusters

 Each cluster has a centroid (center point)

Steps

1. Choose K value
2. Assign points to nearest centroid
3. Update centroid
4. Repeat
5.3 Hierarchical Clustering (Dendrogram)

Description

 Forms clusters step-by-step

 Represented as a tree (dendrogram)

5.4 Heatmap for Clusters

Description

 Uses colors to represent values

 Often combined with clustering

6. Key Components of Cluster Visualization

1. Data Points

 Individual observations

2. Distance/Similarity

 How close data points are

3. Clusters

 Groups formed

4. Centroid

 Center of cluster

5. Colors

 Different clusters represented by different colors

8. Design Principles
1. Clear Separation

 Clusters should be visually distinct

2. Color Usage

 Different colors for each cluster

3. Labeling

 Axis and cluster names

4. Simplicity

 Avoid too many clusters

Visualization of Networks (Network Visualization)

1. Introduction
Definition

Network Visualization means:

Representing a system of interconnected elements (nodes) and their connections (edges) in a

visual form.

Simple Explanation for Students

👉 “Network visualization shows how multiple things are connected in a system.”

2. What is a Network?
A network is:

 A collection of nodes (entities)

 Connected by edges (links)

Examples

 Internet (computers connected)

 Social media (people connected)
 Transportation (cities connected)

3. Components of Network Visualization

1. Nodes

 Represent objects
 Example: Person, Computer, City

2. Edges (Links)

 Show connections between nodes

3. Direction (Optional)

 Shows flow (→)

4. Weight (Optional)

 Strength or cost of connection

5. Labels

 Names of nodes or edges

4. Types of Networks
4.1 Social Network

Example

 Facebook, Instagram

Nodes → Users
Edges → Friendships
4.2 Computer Network
Types

 Star
 Bus
 Mesh

4.3 Transportation Network

Example

 Roads, Railways, Airlines

4.4 Biological Network

Example

 Brain neurons
 Gene interactions

6. Important Network Concepts

1. Degree

 Number of connections a node has

2. Centrality

 Importance of a node

3. Path

 Route between nodes

4. Cluster/Community

 Group of closely connected nodes

7. Design Principles
1. Avoid Clutter

 Too many edges confuse

2. Use Colors

 Differentiate groups

3. Proper Layout

 Maintain spacing

4. Highlight Important Nodes

 Use size or color

5. Label Clearly

 Names should be visible

8. Real-Life Applications
Social Media

 Friend connections

IT Networks

 Internet structure

Transport

 Route planning

Science

 Neural and gene networks

Visualization of Software (Software Visualization)

1. Introduction
Definition

Software Visualization means:

Representing software structure, behavior, and execution using visual diagrams to make it
easier to understand.

👉 “Software visualization shows how a program is designed, how it works, and how its parts
are connected.”

2. Why Do We Need Software Visualization?

Purpose

 To understand complex software systems

 To improve learning and teaching
 To help in debugging and maintenance
 To support software design and development

Example

 Instead of reading 1000 lines of code

👉 A diagram shows structure in seconds

3. Types of Software Visualization

3.1 Static Visualization (Structure)
Description

 Shows structure of software

 Does NOT show execution

Examples

 Class Diagram
 Package Diagram
 Architecture Diagram

What it shows

 Classes
 Modules
 Relationships

3.2 Dynamic Visualization (Behavior)

Description

 Shows how software works over time

Examples

 Sequence Diagram
 Activity Diagram
 State Diagram

What it shows

 Execution flow
 Interactions
 Events

3.3 Code Visualization

Description

 Visual representation of source code

Examples

 Call Graph
 Control Flow Graph
 Syntax Tree

3.4 Data Flow Visualization

Description

 Shows how data moves inside system

Example

 Input → Process → Output

4. Common Diagrams in Software Visualization

1. Flowchart

 Step-by-step logic

2. UML Diagrams

 Class Diagram
 Sequence Diagram

3. Architecture Diagram

 System design

4. Call Graph

 Function calls

5. Key Components
1. Modules

 Different parts of software

2. Classes/Functions

 Building blocks

3. Relationships

 Connections between components

4. Flow

 Execution path

5. Data

 Information movement

6. Design Principles
1. Clarity

 Diagram should be easy

2. Simplicity

 Avoid too much detail

3. Consistency

 Use same symbols

4. Labeling

 Clearly name components

5. Proper Layout

 Avoid overlapping

Metaphorical Visualization :
1. Introduction

Definition

Metaphorical Visualization means:

Representing data using real-world objects or concepts (metaphors) to make it easier to

understand.

👉 “We explain complex data using familiar real-world things like trees, maps, or icebergs.”

2. What is a Metaphor?
A metaphor is:

 A way of explaining one thing using another familiar thing

Example

 “Tree” → represents hierarchy

 “Iceberg” → shows visible vs hidden data

3. Why Use Metaphorical Visualization?

Purpose

 Simplify complex data

 Improve understanding
 Make visualization engaging
 Enhance storytelling

Key Idea

👉 Humans understand familiar visuals faster than abstract data

4. Common Types of Metaphorical Visualizations

4.1 Tree Metaphor

Concept

 Data is shown like a tree structure

Used For

 Hierarchical data

Example

 Organization structure
 File system
4.2 Iceberg Metaphor

Concept

 Only small part is visible

 Large part is hidden

Used For

 Hidden data
 Risk analysis

4.3 Map Metaphor

Concept

 Data shown like a map

Used For

 Geographic data
 Distribution

4.4 City Metaphor

Concept

 Data represented as buildings and roads

Used For

 Software systems
 Complex data

4.5 Network Metaphor

Concept

 Data shown like a web or network

Used For

 Relationships
 Social networks

5. Key Characteristics
1. Familiarity

 Uses real-world objects

2. Simplicity

 Easy to understand

3. Visual Appeal

 Attractive and engaging

4. Storytelling

 Helps explain data as a story

6. Design Principles
1. Choose Right Metaphor

 Must match data

2. Avoid Confusion

 Do not overuse symbols

3. Maintain Clarity

 Keep it simple

4. Use Labels

 Explain metaphor clearly

7. Real-Life Applications
Education

 Teaching concepts

Business

 Data storytelling

Software

 System visualization

Presentations

 Making data engaging