Name Uswa Rehman

Roll No 18503

Depth perception

Depth perception is the ability to see things in three dimensions (including

length, width and depth), and to judge how far away an object is, Without
depth perception we would be unable to tell how far objects are from us, and
thus how far we would need to move to reach or avoid them.
Depth perception is the visual ability to perceive the world in three
dimensions, enabling judgements of distance.

Depth perception arises from a variety of depth cues, which are typically
classified into:
 Monocular cues
 Binocular cues

Monocular Cues
One way that we perceive depth in the world around us is through the use of
what are known as monocular cues.
These are clues that can be used for depth perception that involve using
only one eye. If you try closing one eye, it might be more difficult to judge
depth, but you’re still able to detect how near or far objects are in relation to
your position.

Vrotsos also said that “visual information, as seen with a single eye, can
detect an object moving at a distance, but can’t necessarily decipher the
entire scene.”
The word “monocular” means “with one eye.” Monocular cues are all the
ways that a single eye helps you see and process what you’re looking at.

Monocular cues play a huge role in how you perceive the world around you.
Keep reading to learn how different types of monocular cues help you
interpret and understand what you’re seeing.

Monocular cues refer to the ways that each of your eyes takes in visual
information that’s used to judge:

 Distance
 Depth
 Three-dimensional space

Here’s how Jo Vrotsos, a doctor of optometry based in Aurora, Colorado,

explained how monocular cues work:

“With monocular cues, images are interpreted as two-dimensional. Think of a

painting that gives the illusion of depth by playing with the foreground and
background. That is your eye and monocular cues in the real world — things
that are closer are larger and move faster; things in the background are
smaller and move slower.”

That’s the high-level idea behind monocular cues.

Vrotsos also said that “visual information, as seen with a single eye, can
detect an object moving at a distance, but can’t necessarily decipher the
entire scene.”

Types of monocular cues

Now, let’s get into the six main subcategories of monocular cues that
contribute to your vision.

Relative size
This monocular cue gives you the ability to measure how far away something
is. It works by judging how big or small the object is and what that means in
relation to other objects you’ve interacted with in the past.

Here’s an example: When you see a plane fly by in the sky above you, it
looks really small. But you probably know that up close, a plane is huge
Interposition
Interposition refers to what happens when two objects on a flat surface, like
a drawing of two circles, look like they have some relation to each other in
terms of distance, even when they’re not actually in 3-D space.

Here’s a longer explanation of the classic circles example: Let’s say you have
two circles drawn next to each other on a piece of paper. In this case, both
circles will appear to have the same [Link] let’s say you then draw the
circles so that they intersect with one another (kind of like a Venn diagram).
If you color in one of the circles, it’ll look like it’s overlapping the other circle.
Your eye will then perceive that the overlapping circle is closer to or on top of
the other circle. Now the circles will appear to have depth even though
they’re still just 2-D drawings on a flat piece of paper.
Linear Perspective
Parallel lines appear to meet as they travel into the distance. Parallel lines
converge at a distance. The farther they are, the closer they seem to us.
For example, the outer edges of a road seem to grow closer and closer until
they appear to meet. The closer together the two lines are, the greater the
distance will seem.

Aerial perspective

Aerial perspective is what makes far away objects look a bit blurrier, lighter in color, and
less detailed than those closer to you.
Think about mountains off in the distance. They tend to be much lighter in shade and
color than a mountain that’s much closer to you.

This happens because blue light scatters into the air when it interacts with the
atmosphere — which often makes distant objects appear light blue.

Contrast of color also plays a role in aerial perspective.

Objects that are farther away tend to have rough, blurry edges because of the scattered
light in the air, and colors tend to blur together. Closer objects, on the other hand, have
more defined edges and a starker contrast of color.

Motion Parallax
Motion parallax describes the way in which stationary objects appear to
move at different speeds against a background when the observer is moving.

Imagine driving in a car and looking out of the passenger window. The
objects near to you pass through your field of vision very quickly but those
far away take much longer. These differences are depth perception cues. We
base an objects distance on how quickly it “moves” through our field of view.

Texture Gradient

Texture gradient refers to the amount of detail we can see on an object.

When an object is close to us we are able to see textures and details more
easily. When we are far from an object we can’t see the little intricacies of
texture.

Looking at the grass on a hill while close up, we can see the individual blades
and how they move in the wind. The farther away we are the less of this
visual information is available to us.

Accommodation

Our ciliary muscles are used to change the shape of the eye lens so that we
can focus on objects at varying distances. Accommodation refers to the
amount of work that are eye muscles have to do to focus on an object.
When we look at objects up close, our muscles contract. For far off objects
our muscles stretch the lens to bring the object into focus. Our brain uses
this kinesthetic information (proprioception) to judge depth and distance.

Binocular Cues

Binocular cues are defined as the ability of both of our eyes to perceive an
object in three-dimensional space. It’s much easier for our brains to
accurately calculate the depth and distance of objects when we use both
eyes.

These cues are based on different images that our two separate eyes
produce. Binocular cues are a collection of cues that help us see an object
properly using both eyes. These are as follows: –

Retinal disparity

Retinal Disparity also called binocular parallax, that refers to the fact that
each of our eyes sees the world from a slightly different angle, which is
triangulated by the brain to figure out the correct distance.
Retinal disparity refers to the small difference between the images projected
on the two retinas when looking at an object or scene. This slight difference
or disparity in retinal images serves as a binocular cue for the perception of
depth. Retinal disparity is produced in humans (and in most higher
vertebrates with two frontally directed eyes) by the separation of the eyes
which causes the eyes to have different angles of objects or scenes. It is the
foundation of stereoscopic vision.

Convergence
Binocular Convergence refers to the amount of rotation our eyes have to do
in order to focus on an object. It enables us to determine how near or far
things are away from us. A proprioceptive sense, it is the amount of inward
rotation our eyes have to do in order to focus on an object.
Convergence refers to the eyes’ disposition to rotate inward toward each
other in a coordinated manner in order to focus effectively on nearby objects.
With objects that are farther away, the eyes must move outward toward
one’s temples. For objects further than approximately 20 ft (6 m) away no
more changes in convergence occur and the eyes are essentially parallel
with each other. It seems that feedback from changes in muscular tension
required to cause convergence eye movements may provide information
about depth or distance.

Perception of Movement

Motion Perception

To detect motion in an object is called motion perception or perception of movement. When

a stimulus changes its position with the passage of time, it is labeled as motion. We see this
motion as flying Airplanes, Running vehicle. Likewise birds, Animals and human beings go
place to place and change their location or space all is known as perception of movement

Movement can be two types:

1. Real Movement

2. Apparent Movement

Real Movement:
When objects or stimuli actually change their position with the
passage of time, it is known as real movement, weather this
movements from humans, animals and other vehicles are easily
observed, but bullet fired from a gun or the movement of clock
hands can not observed easily, even they are called real movement.

Apparent Movement:
It is movement perceived in the absence of physical movement of an
image across the retina. This can be produced by a rapid succession
of motionless stimuli that minimize the changes that occur in real
movement.
Phi phenomenon

Phi phenomenon is the impression of seeing apparent movement. In its

simplest form two lights flashed on and off in quick succession, with the right
time interval between the flashes will induce people to perceive the light as
moving between two points. This illusion is the basis for our perception of
movement in films, cartoons and neon light displays. It was discovered at the
beginning of the twentieth century by the first Gestalt psychologists, shortly
after the film industry was created.
Stroboscopic motion
The illusion of motion that occurs when a stationary object is first seen
briefly in one location and, following a short interval, is seen in another
location.
Stroboscopic effect is a visual illusion of movement produced by a rapid
succession of stationary images, a sin films. The term is more specifically
used of the effect obtained when a moving object is illuminated by a rapidly
flashing light.

Auto kinetic effect

It illusory movement of a single still object, usually a stationary pinpoint of
light used in psychology experiments in dark rooms. As one stares at a fixed
point of light, one’s eye muscles become fatigued, causing a slight eye
movement. Without the usual reference points available in the everyday
environment, the movement of the image on the retina is perceived as its
actual movement in space.
Induced motion
Induced motion means that one moving object may cause another object to
look like it is moving. The classic example of induced motion is the
movement of clouds at night, which may make it seem as if the moon is
moving. The clouds moving in one direction induce a perception that the
moon is moving in the opposite direction. Similarly, the movement of your
car makes it look as if the world is rushing by you, when in fact it is you in
the car who is rushing by the world, and the surroundings are relatively
motionless. Induced motion is illusory because we misperceive what is
moving relative to the other object. Your car is really moving relative to the
surface of the road, but you perceive the road as moving relative to your
stable position in the car.