Contents
SOLAR SYSTEM.....2
FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM 2
THE SOLAR NEBULA..............2
THE PLANETS ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM 3
INNER PLANETS.....................3
THE OUTER PLANETS............4
THE SUN...............5
STRUCTURE OF SUN.............5
THE CORE...............................5
THE RADIATIVE ZONE...........5
THE CONVECTIVE ZONE........5
THE PHOTOSPHERE..............5
THE CHROMOSPHERE...........5
ENERGY OF THE SUN............6
THE SUN AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM 6
THE FUTURE OF THE SUN....6
THE MOON............7
THE MOON An EARTH ‘S NATURAL SATELLITE 7
PHASES OF THE MOON.........7
FORMATION OF THE MOON. 7
IMPORTANCE OF THE MOON8
EXPLORATION OF THE MOON8
the pressure and
CHAPTER -1 temperature became so high
that nuclear reactions
SOLAR SYSTEM started. This marked the
birth of sun. The sun formed
The solar system is a group
at the centre of the disk and
of planets, moons, asteroids,
became the largest object in
comets, and other objects
the solar system.
that move around the sun.
The sun is the centre of the
solar system, and all planets
revolve around it in the fixed
paths called orbits.
Scientists believe that the
solar system formed
4.6billion years ago from a figure 1. 1 FORMATION OF SOLAR SYSTEM
huge cloud of dust.
THE SOLAR NEBULA
FORMATION OF SOLAR
The formation of the solar
SYSTEM
system started with a large
Scientists believe that solar cloud of gas and dust
system was formed about floating in a space. This
4 .6 billion years ago from a cloud is called the solar
large cloud of gas and dust. nebula. Most of the gas in
Over time, gravity pulled this the nebula was hydrogen
material together to form the and helium. Due to some
sun and other objects. Most disturbance in space, such as
of the material gathered to a nearby star explosion, the
form the sun, while the nebula began to collapse
remaining material formed under its own gravity. As it
planets, moons, asteroids, collapsed, the cloud started
and comets. As the solar spinning and became flatter,
nebula continued to collapse, forming a rotating disk. The
most of the material moved solar nebula theory helps
toward the centre of the disk. scientist explain how the
The material became very solar system was formed and
hot and dense. Eventually, why the planets move
around the sun in the same unique characteristics,
direction. It also explains atmosphere, and
why the inner planets are temperature. In conclusion,
rocky and the outer planets the eight planets of the solar
are mostly made of gases system are unique and
and ice. fascinating in their own
ways. They differ in size,
composition, temperature,
atmosphere, reflection,
refraction, and diffraction.
Studying these planets helps
licensed under CC BY scientists learn more about
the formation of the solar
Figure1. 2 THE SOLAR
NEBULA system and the possibilities
of life beyond earth.
THE PLANETS ON THE
SOLAR SYSTEM INNER PLANETS
There are eight planets in The inner planets are
the solar system. These located closer to the sun.
planets are Mercury, Venus, Mercury is the closest planet
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, in the solar system. It has no
Uranus, and Neptune. All atmosphere to protect it
these planets revolve around from extreme temperatures.
the sun in their own orbits. Venus is the second planet
The planets are divided into from the sun and is the
two main groups: inner hottest planet because its
planets and outer planets. thick atmospheric traps heat.
The inner planets are Earth is the third planet from
Mercury, Venus, Earth, and the sun and the only planet
Mars. These planets are known to support life. It has
smaller and heavy rocky water, oxygen, and a
surfaces, The outer planets suitable temperature for
are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, living organisms. Mars is the
and Neptune, these planets fourth planet from the sun
are so much larger and and is called the red planet
mainly made of gas and ice. because its surface contains
Each planets have. its own
iron oxide, which gives its
reddish colour.
Inner planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Table 1 INNER PLANETS
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
under CC BY-SA
THE OUTER PLANETS Figure 1.3 OUTER PLANETS
The outer planets are located
farther from the sun and are
much larger than the inner
planets. Jupiter is the largest Keywords
planet in the solar system, Orbit: sun centre
and it has many moons.
Gravity: attraction
Saturn is famous for its
beautiful rings made of ice Frozen: ice
and rock particles. Uranus is Giants: big planets
unique because it rotates on
its side. Neptune is the
farthest planet from the sun
and is known for its strong
winds and storms. These
planets are often called gas
giants or ice giants because
they are mainly made of
gases frozen materials.
THE RADIATIVE ZONE
CHAPTER - 2 The radiative zone surrounds
the core. In this layer, energy
THE SUN moves outward in the form of
radiations. It can take
The sun is the most thousand of years.
important object in our solar
system. It is a large glowing
ball of hot gases located at
the centre of the solar
system. All the planets,
moons, asteroids, and
comets revolve around the
sun because of its strong
gravitational force. The sun THE CONVECTIVE
provides us light and heat
ZONE
that make life impossible on
earth. Without sun our planet The convective zone is the
would be extremely cold and outer layer of the sun’s
dark, and life would not interior. In the region, hot
exist. gases rise and cooler gases
sink downward. This
STRUCTURE OF SUN movement helps transport
The sun has several layers, energy to the surface of the
each with different sun.
temperatures and
THE PHOTOSPHERE
characteristics. Scientists
study these layers to The photosphere is the
understand how the sun visible surface of the sun. It
works. is the layer we see when we
look at the sun. The
THE CORE temperature here is about
The core is the centre of the 5,500 degrees Celsius. The
sun and the hottest part. The photosphere gives off the
temperature in the core is sunlight that reaches earth.
about 15 million degrees
Celsius.
THE CHROMOSPHERE
Above the photosphere is a
thin layer called the
chromosphere. It appears as
a reddish colour during solar
eclipses.
ENERGY OF THE SUN The suns light allow
The sun produces energy scientists to observe and
through a process called study the planets and other
nuclear fusion. In the core of objects in the solar system.
the sun, hydrogen atoms This is the isolar system.
combine to from helium. This
process releases an Figure 1 the sun and the solar system
enormous amount of energy
in the form if heat and light.
This energy travelled from
the sun
to earth through space in the
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed
form of electromagnetic under CC BY-SA
radiation. It takes about
eight minutes for sunlight to
reach earth. THE FUTURE OF THE SUN
The sun is currently in the
THE SUN AND THE
middle stage of its life.
SOLAR SYSTEM Scientists estimate that it will
The sun is the centre of the continue producing energy
solar system. Its gravity for about five billion more
keeps all the planets, years. After this time, the
asteroids, and comets sun will begin to run out of
moving around it in stable hydrogen fuel in its core.
orbits. Without the sun’s When this happens, it will
gravity, the planets would expand and become a red
drift away into space. giant star. During this stage,
it will grow much larger and
The sun also influences the
may even swallow some of
temperatures and climates of
the inner planets.
the planets. Planets closer to
the sun, such as Mercury, Eventually, the sun will lose
and Venus, are very hot. its outer layers and form a
Planets farther away, such as beautiful cloud of gas called
Uranus and Neptune, are a planetary nebula. The
much colder. remaining core will become a
small, dense object known as average distance of about
a white dwarf. 384,400 kilometres. It takes
around 27.3 days to
KEYWORDS
complete one revolution
ii
Planetary -movement around the earth. Because
around sun the moon rotates on its axis
while it revolves around the
earth, we always see the
same side of the moon from
earth. This is known as
CHAPTER synchronous rotation.
3
PHASES OF THE MOON
THE MOON One of the most interesting
features of the moon is that
SA-NC
The moon is the its shape appears to change
earths only satellite. It during the month. These
revolves around the earth changes are called the
and is closest celestial body phases of the moon.
composition and its
FORMATION OF THE
relationship with earth. The
MOON
moon and earth share similar
types of rocks, which Scientists believe that the
supports the idea that the moon formed about 4.5
moon formed from material billion years ago. One
that was once part of the popular theory is the giant
earth. impact theory, a large object
about the size of Mars
THE MOON An EARTH ‘S
collided with the early earth.
NATURAL SATELLITE
The collision caused a huge
The moon revolves around number of debris to be
the earth and is called thrown into space.
earth’s natural satellite. A
The theory explains many
satellite is an object that
features of the moon, such
moves around a planet. The
as its to our planet. The
moon orbits the earth at an
moon is the fifth largest
moon in the solar system. It scientific studies and space
does not produce its own missions. In 1969, humans
light but shines by reflecting first landed on the moon
sunlight. during the Apollo 11 mission.
This historic event helped
The moon is about one
scientists learn more about
fourth the size of earth. Even
the moon’s surface and
though it is much smaller
formation.
than earth.
Figure 1 Phases of the moon
EXPLORATION OF THE
MOON
Many space missions have
been sent to explore the
moon. These missions have
helped scientists collect
rocks and soil samples has
provided important
information’s about the early
The moon plays an important history of the solar system.
role
Countries around the world
in many natural processes on continue to send spacecrafts
earth. One of its most to study the moon. Scientists
important effects is on ocean hope that future missions
tides. The gravitational pull may even establish human
of the moon causes the bases on the moon. 1
water in oceans to rise and
fall, creating high and low
tides.
The moon also helps stabilize
the tilt of earth axis, which
helps to a maintain stable
climates. Without the moon,
earth climate could change
1
more dramatically. The moon Rotation: movement
2
Phases: moon shapes
has also inspired many
Bibliography
gurjar, a. (2026 ). book . jaipur : abc company .
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