Lesson 1

Science came from the Latin word "Scientia" which means "knowledge". Science has
traditionally beeri defined as an organized and systematized body of knowledge based
on facts.

● Gore (1878)-Science is the interpretation of nature and man is the interpreter.

● Einstein (1940)- Science is the attempts to make the chaotic diversity of our
sense experience correspond to a logically niform system of thought.
● Calleja (1987)-Science is a scholarly activity whose province is the material
world including man, but excluding his non-biological activities
● Huxley (1974)-Science is common sense..
● Zimman (1976) - Science is viewed as the product of the mind that tends to
ignore the body.
● Simpson (1974)- Science is certainly point of view, as a systematic onentation,
application to all material aspects of our world, in everyone's daily activities as
well as in a laboratory
● Posadas (1982)-Science is the dynamic cumulative system of verifiable
concepts, principles, methods, laws theories and processes which seek to
describe and understand.

1. SCIENCE IS A PROCESS
● a. Concerned with discovening relationships between observable phenomena in
terms of theones
● b Systematized theoretical inquiries
● c. II seeks for truth about nature
● d. It is determined by observation, hypothesis, measurement Analysis and
experimentation
● [Link] is the description and explanation of the development knowledge.

2. SCIENCE IS A PRODUCT
● a. Systematized, organized body of knowledge based on facts or truths
observations
● b. A set of logical and empirical methods which provide for the systematic
observation of empirical phenomena
● c. Source of Cognitive authority
● d. Concemed of verifiable concepts
● e. A product of mind

The word technology is believed to be Greek in origin It is derived from "techne"

which means "art".
Many people regard technology as simply "applied science" In their view, scientist
produce knowledge and then technologists turn it into important products and devices,
such as computers and spacecraft.

➤ Technology is defined as (1) science of industrial arts and manufacture (2)

applied science; (3) all the means employed by a social group for maternal
comforts

1. Scribner-Bantan English dictionary (1979)

➤ Technology is defined as (1) science of industrial arts and manufacture (2) applied
science; (3) all the means employed by a social group for maternal comforts

3. Bridgstock (1998)
Technology as a body of skills and knowledge by which we control and modify the
world.

What is Society?
a society is an aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
It is a community of people living in a particular country or region and having shared
customs, laws, and organizations.

What is STS?
education addresses the need for a more scientifically and technologically literate
citizenry in such a way that will enable our future citizens to make informed and
responsible decision which will not only affect their own lives but the sustainability of the
planet Earth as we know it.

Definitions of Science and Technologies

1. A field of endeavor upon which a two-way interaction operates between science and
technology.

2. Is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand the many
ways of that modern science and technology shape modern culture, values and
institutions, and modern value shape science and technology

Purposes of Science and Technologies

1. To improve quality of human condition
2. To provide solution to our practical problems
3. To develop individual knowledge
4. To give an information and explanation of the natural world
 5. To develop new areas of knowledge
6. To maintain the availability of natural resources

Limitations of Science and Technology

1. Epistemological concerns. It cannot help us with the questions about the God,
the ultimate Good and Truth.
2. Metaphysical concerns. Immaterial and transcendental nature is beyond the
grasp of scientific inquiry. It cannot speak to issues of ultimate origin, meaning or
morality
3. Axiological concems. It cannot answer questions about value.
4. Dependent on the values and personal beliefs of those who use it
5. Use of natural resources that are being used in science and technology are
limited
6. Data is limited to the physically observable.

Scientific Method
A process or sequence of activities undertaken to gather information and to come to
conclusions about the natural world.

1. Making Observations and Gathering Knowledge

● about a phenomenon
2. Formulation of Hypothesis
 Use of inductive reasoning to provide a tentative solution to the problem.
3. Testing of Hypothesis
● (Experimentation and Conduct of Further on observation)
4. Experimentation Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false
● It is important that the test is fair
5. Drawing of Conclusion
 Determining whether the hypothesis is supported or not supported

Lesson 2

History of Science and Technology

- Science and technology abilities and experience periods of intense growth.

- DOST (Department of Science and Technology) the main managing agency
responsible for science and technology

Fe Del Mundo – field of pediatrics

Eduardo – field of plant taxonomy
Gavino Trono - field of tropical marine Psychology
Maria Orasa – field of Food technology

Pre Spanish

 The natives of the Philippines already had practices linked to Science and
Technology.
 Filipinos were already aware of medicinal and therapeutic properties of plants
and methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
 An alphabet, number of system, weighing and measuring system, and a calendar
already exists.
 Banaue Rice terraces is the most notable example engineered by pre-spanish
era Filipinos.

Spanish Colonial Era

 The colonization contributed to the growth of science and technology in the

archipelago.
 They introduced formal education and founded scientific institution.
 Parish schools were established where reading, writing, arithmetic and music
was taught.
 The Spanish established colleges including the oldest university in Asia, the
University of Santo Tomas.

Galleon Trade
 The Galleon trade have accounted the Philippine Colonial Enemy
 Trade was given more focus by the Spaniard colonial authorities due to the
prospects of big profits.
 Agriculture and industrial development were neglected.

American Period
 Under the American rule, the Philippines continued Science and Technology
progress.
 The Bureau of Government Laboratories was established on the 1st of July 1901
which replaced the Laboratorio Municipal.
 The Bureau of Government Laboratories was replaced by the Bureau of Science
on the 8th of December 1933. The national research council of the Philippines
was established.
 The Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science in 1946 and in
1950 there was a lack of basic information which necessities to the countries
 industries lack of supportive experimental work in minimal budget for scientific
research and low salaries of the scientists employed by the government.

Commonwealth-era

 During Ferdinand Marcos’ era, the importance to science grew.

 Under the 1973 Philippine Constitution article 15 section one the government’s
role in supporting scientific research and invention was acknowledged.
 In the 1974 a science development program was included in government fourth
year development plan which covers the year 1974-1978.

Post commonwealth-era

 During Corazon Aquino’s presidency the national science and technology

authority was replaced by the department of science and technology also known
as DOST giving science and technology a new representation in the cabinet in
1986.
 Science of technology roles and economic growth was highlighted aroubd 1987
until 1982
 Former president Corazon Aquino has address during the state of the nation in
1990 that science and technology development should be one of the top three
priorities of the government towards an economic recovery.
 In 8 August 1998, former president Corazón Aquino created the presidential task
force for science and technology, which came up with the first science and
technology master plan or STMP.

Lesson 3

Paradigm
- It is a typical example or pattern of something.

What is Paradigm Shift?

- It is a fundamental change in approach or underlying assumptions which was
identified by the American physicist and philosopher Thomas Kuhn

Why is it important?
- Paradigm shift is another expression for more significant changes within belief
systems this concept. at the same time it’s also considered important and he’s
given great attention within education
Thomas Samuel Kuhn (1922-1996):
- The Kuhn Cycle
o It is a simple cycle of progress described by Thomas Kuhn in 1962 in his a
seminal word “The Structure of Scientific Revolution”.
o Steps:
 Pre-Science – also known as paradigm stage.
 There is no model of understanding mature enough to solve
the fields main problems yet.
 Normal Science
 It is the regular work of scientist theorizing observing an
experimenting within a settled paradigm or explanatory
framework.
 Model Drift
 Due to accumulation of anomalies and phenomenon the
model of understanding starts to drift and cannot be
explainable.
 Model Crisis
 The most important step of all in the Kuhn cycle. In this step
the model drift becomes so excessive that the model is
broken attempts to pass the model off to make it work fails
the field in this situation is in anguish.
 Model Revolution.
 Begins when serious candidates for a new model emerge.
 Paradigm change – Paradigm Shift
 The new paradigm is taught in newcomers to the field as
well as to those already in it with a new paradigm becomes
the generally accepted guide to once the steps is finally
complete the field will now be back to the normal science
step and a Kuhn cycle is complete.
- Natural Sciences
o Charles Darwin’s theory evolution
o Plate tectonics also create a physical model of the Earth’s structure.
- Human Sciences
o Sigmund Freud explains that we are not fully in control of our behavior.
- The Arts
o The purpose of art is to copy reality.

Lesson 4

Historical Antecedents of the World

1. Stone Age
a. This era is marked with invention of use of stone tools by our early human
ancestors.
b. The eventual transformation of the society from culture of hunting and
gathering farming and reproduction.
c. Since the resources are not fully abundant they are reliant in living in the
midst of wild animals
d. Because there were no written accounts only cave drawings are artifacts
are accessible.
i. Paleolithic
1. Paleo means “old” and lithic came from the word lithos
meaning stone
2. Humans were food gatherers/hunters
3. They were once nomads with no permanent shelters.
ii. Mesolithic Period
1. Meso means “middle”
2. This period marked the end of the last age which resulted in
the extension of the many large mammals.
3. Rising sea levels and climate change that eventually caused
man to migrate
4. Humans used small stone tools.
iii. Neolithic period
1. “Neo” means new
2. Switched from Hunter/gather mode to agricultural production
3. Play domesticated animals and cultivated cereal grains.
2. Bronze Age
a. Advances in metalworking were made as bronze and alloy was discovered
3. Middle Ages (Renaissance era)
a. Smelting iron a metal harder than copper into requires more intensive
process for the development of better melting pits as the ability to produce
higher temperature paid way to the extraction of iron from ores.
4. Middle Ages (Europe)
a. Horse Collar
b. Watermill
c. Magnetic compass
5. Middle Ages (China)
a. Invented Seismoscope
b. Chinese paper making
c. Magnetic compasses that were made of lodestone
d. Cannon used for military activities.
6. Middle Ages (India)
a. They were the ones to divide a year in 12 months.
b. Square root and linear equation.
7. Scientific Revolution
a. What is the name given it to this period change scientific thought that took
place during 16th and 17th centuries
b. It replaced the week of nature that has dominated size for almost 2000
years ago

- Nicolaus Copernicus
o GSH a model was considered at the unit it is proposed by Ptolemy of
Alexandria
o He proposed heliocentric in which sun is the center of the universe rather
than the Earth and has proven to be true with the invention of telescope
- Johannes Kepler
o The law of planetary motion that all planets revolve around the sudden in
an elliptical and not circular orbits
- Charles Darwin
o “On the origin of Species”
 Theory of Human Evolution
- Sigmund Freud
o Founder of Psychoanalysis