ICT106
Data Communications and
Networks
Lecture 5 – Network Protocols 1
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by CRICOS 03171A 1
: Mel Razmjoo
Learning Objectives
1. Describe the purpose of a network protocol and the layers in
the TCP/IP architecture
2. Describe TCP/IP Application-layer protocols
CRICOS 03171A 2
TCP/IP’s Layered Architecture
• Protocols are rules and procedures for communication and behavior
• Computers must “speak” the same language and agree on the rules of communication
• When a set of protocols works cooperatively it is called a protocol suite (or “protocol stack”)
• The most common protocol stack is Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP)
• TCP/IP is composed of more than a dozen protocols operating at different levels of the
communication process
TCP/IP’s Layered Architecture
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
TCP/IP’s Layered Architecture
• Example of how the layers work together:
• You start your Web browser and your home page is
[Link]
• The web browser formats a request for your home page by using the
Application layer protocol HTTP
• The request looks something like:
• The unit of information the Application layer works with is simply called
“data”
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
TCP/IP’s Layered Architecture
• Example continued:
• The Application-layer protocol HTTP passes the request down to the
Transport-layer protocol (TCP)
• TCP adds a header to the request that looks like:
• The unit of information the Transport layer works with is called a
segment
• TCP passes the segment to the Internetwork layer protocol (IP)
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
TCP/IP’s Layered Architecture
• Example continued:
• IP places its header on the segment:
• The unit of information is now called a packet
• The packet is passed down to the Network access layer, where
the NIC operates
• A frame header and trailer are added
• The frame is delivered to the network medium as bits
• on its way to the [Link] server
• The web server processes it and returns a Web page
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason,
OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by : Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Application-Layer Protocols
• The Application layer provides network services
to user applications that access network
resources
• With most Application layer protocols, both a client
and a server version exist
• The Application layer provides these functions:
• Access by applications to network services
• Client/server data access
• Name resolution
• Dynamic address assignment
• Authentication/user logon
• Data formatting and translation
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
HTTP: Protocol of the World Wide Web
• Originally, its main purpose was to transfer static web pages
written in HTML
• Now, it is also used for general file transfer and
downloading/displaying multimedia files
• Uses TCP as its Transport-layer protocol
• Default TCP port number is 80
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
E-mail Protocols: POP3, IMAP, and SMTP
• Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3) is used to download
incoming messages from e-mail servers to local desktops
(uses TCP port 110)
• Internet Message Access Protocol v.4 (IMAP4) used to manage
email messages locally yet stores them on a server (uses TCP
port 143)
• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is the standard protocol
for sending email over the Internet (uses TCP port 25)
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
FTP and TFTP
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a client/server protocol used to transfer
files
• Uses TCP ports 20 and 21
• Port 20 is for users sending control commands
• Port 21 is for transferring file data
• Not a secure protocol
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is a simple protocol for transferring
files
• Has little file management capability
• Uses UDP port 69
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Server Message Block
• Server Message Block (SMB) is the protocol Windows file and printer services use to share
resources between Windows computers
• SMB is used almost exclusively in a private network instead of across the Internet
• It uses TCP port 445
• Linux and Mac OS X also support SMB with their own variations
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Remote Desktop Protocol
• Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is used to access a Windows computer remotely by using the
Windows GUI
• RDP is used to run Windows applications remotely and network administrators use it to
manage Windows workstations and servers remotely
• RDP uses TCP port 3389
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Telnet and SSH
• Telnet and Secure Shell (SSH)
• Used to connect to a device across a network via a command-line interface
• Example: use to connect to a managed switch or router
• Telnet uses TCP port 23
• Is not a secure protocol
• SSH uses TCP port 22
• Provides an encrypted channel between the client and server
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Simple Network Management Protocol
• Simple Network Management (SNMP) is used to monitor and manage
network devices and gather statistics about network traffic
• Software agents are installed on devices you want to monitor and manage
• Agents collect data and transfer it to a network management station for
storage and analysis
• SNMP operates on UDP ports 161 and 162
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
• A drawback of using TCP/IP in a large network is keeping track of
assigned addresses and to which machine they are assigned
• DHCP is used to automatically assign IP addresses as needed
• When a computer is turned on, it requests an address from a server
that is configured as a DHCP server
• The server assigns an address for a specific amount of time (called a
lease)
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DHCP Server
• A DHCP server is composed of the following:
• IP address scope – a range of IP addresses the server leases to clients
• Scope options – IP settings such as default gateway, DNS servers, a domain name, and
other options
• Reservations – an IP address tied to a particular MAC address
• Exclusions – one or more IP addresses excluded from the IP address scope
• DHCP Server service – runs in the background and listens on UDP port 69 for
IP address requests
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DHCP Server
• After an address is leased
• A record of the lease is stored in a database, including a lease expiration time
• When 50% of the lease time has elapsed, the computer attempts to
renew the lease from the same DHCP server that originally responded
• If no response, the computer waits until lease is 87.5% expired, a
broadcast DHCP renewal request is sent
• If no response when lease expires, computer broadcasts a DCHP request for a
new IP address
• If no DHCP server responds, one of two things happens:
• TCP/IP stops functioning
• The computer assigns itself an address from a special range of addresses beginning with
169.254. (Automatic Private IP Addressing or APIPA)
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DHCP Server
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DHCP Server
• Benefit of using DHCP
• Computers can easily be moved and request new IP configuration from a
DHCP server on the new segment
• DHCP uses UDP
• DHCP servers are usually located on the same network and DHCP messages
are short
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (5 of 7)
• DHCP Client
• Broadcast packets used by the DHCP process:
• DHCPDiscover – the client announces to the network that it’s looking for a DHCP server
• DHCPOffer – the server replies and offers the client an IP address for lease
• DHCPRequest – the client wants the offered IP address
• DHCPAck – the server acknowledges the transaction and the client can now use the IP
address
• You should consider assigning static addresses (that don’t change) to certain devices, such as
network printers and servers
• You can configure reservation addresses on the DHCP server
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (6 of 7)
• DHCP Client (continued)
• DHCP client software runs as a service that starts when the computer starts
• You can stop, start, restart, and view status in Windows by double-clicking DHCP Client in
the Services control panel
• This service runs even if your IP address is assigned statically
• To prevent it from running, disable it in the DHCP Client Properties dialog box or from the
command line with the net command
[Link] Start, click Run, type regedit and click OK
[Link] to the following
key: HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlS
et\Services\TcpIp
[Link] click the key TcpIp and click Permissions.
Click Add, type network service and click OK
[Link] NETWORKSERVICE and check the Full
control box to grant NETWORKSERVICE full control on the
TcpIp key.
[Link] OK to apply the changes and to close the window
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DHCP Client
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DHCP Client
and Server
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled
by : Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System
• DNS is a name-to-address resolution protocol that keeps a list of computer
names and their IP addresses
• Using DNS a user can use a computer’s name instead of using it’s IP address
• Example:
1. When you enter [Link] in your Web browser
2. The DNS Client service contacts the DNS server specified in your OS’s IP configuration and requests
that the name be resolved to an IP address
3. Once the IP address for the website is returned,
4. Your computer can contact Web server to request a Web page
• DNS uses UDP because DNS messages usually consist of a single packet of data
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System
• DNS is organized as a treelike hierarchy
• When you put all the names of a branch together, separated by
periods, you have the fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System
• Top-level domains are organized into categories such as commercial
(.com), nonprofit organizations (.org), government (.gov) or country
of origin indicated by a two-letter code
• Second-level domains are usually the name of a company or
institution
• Subdomain is optional and can consist of names separated by a
period
• Host level represents individual computers hosting network services
• For example, in [Link]:
• com is the top-level domain name, tomsho is the second-level domain, books
is the subdomain, and www is the hostname
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System
• When a DNS server is installed, the administrator creates one or
more domain names or zones
• Named by using the second-level and top-level domain names and the
subdomain
• A DNS server database contains a list of IP addresses that point to
root servers
• That supply addresses of top-level domain servers
• DNS clients in most Os maintain a DNS cache, called a resolver cache
• Stores name and IP address pairs and other data for names that have been
resolved recently
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
How domain
name system
works
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason,
OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by : Mel Razmjoo
DNS Client
• The DNS client is responsible for communicating with a DNS server
to resolve computer and domain names to IP addresses Referred to
as a “resolver”
• An OS must be configured to use DNS and needs at least one
address of a DNS server that it can query
• In Windows, the first DNS server configured is called the preferred
DNS server and the second one is the alternate DNS server
• DNS servers require a domain name in addition to a computer name
• In Windows, the default domain appended to DNS lookups is called the
“primary DNS suffix”
• Windows supports Dynamic DNS (DDNS), which allows computers and other devices
to contact their primary DNS server whenever their name or address changes
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking Essentials, Cengage, Mason,
OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by : Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System (6 of 10)
Figure 5-11 Preferred and
alternative DNS servers in Windows
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
DNS Client
• DNS servers require a domain name in addition to a computer
name
• In Windows, the default domain appended to DNS lookups is
called the primary DNS suffix
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
DNS Server
• DNS servers are composed of the following:
1. DNS zones – a database of primarily hostname and IP address pairs
2. Resource records – the data contained in a zone
3. Cache – results of queries are cached so that if the same query occurs again,
the local DNS server can respond without having to contact another server
4. Root hints – file containing a list of all IP addresses of Internet root servers
5. DNS Server service – runs in the background and listens for DNS queries on
UDP port 53
• DNS servers can be configured with no zones at all
• This is a configuration called a “caching-only server”
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Quiz One
When a set of protocols work together cooperatively it is known as a ____________________.
Answer: protocol stack or protocol suite
When using UDP, what name is given to the unit of information the Transport Layer works with?
Answer: datagram
Which of the following protocols is used by Windows file and printer services to share resources between Windows computers?
a. File Transfer Protocol
b. IMAP4
c. Remote Desktop Protocol
d. Server Message Block
Answer: d. Server Message Block
Which protocol does DHCP use?
Answer: UDP
What port is associated with the DNS Server service?
a. 54
b. 63
c. 80
d. 53
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Answer: 53 Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Domain Name System
Figure 5-14 A DNS query making its
way through the DNS hierarchy
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Domain Name System
Figure 5-15 The DNS manager
console
Greg Tomsho, Guide to Networking Essentials, 8th Edition. © 2020 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,
copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Summary
• TCP/IP is the main protocol suite used in
networks
• The Application layer consists of protocols such
as HTTP and DNS and provides an interface for
applications to access network services
Activity:
Explain why DHCP and DNS protocols are
required?
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Activity
Research some of the different protocols used at each layer of
the TCP/IP model, and then discuss their findings with each
other. Make sure you can make relatively good guesses as to
what protocols belong at what layers.
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo
Summary
• The Network access layer is composed of
network technologies, such as Ethernet and
WAN technologies
[Link]
Extracted from: Tomsho, G 2019, Guide to Networking
Essentials, Cengage, Mason, OH. 8th ed, Cengage ,Compiled by
: Mel Razmjoo