Name of Student:

Year and Block:

Subject: Personal Identification
Instructor: Chriszalette G. Gammad
Module No. 1 – Prelim Coverage
Title: History of Personal Identification

Overview:
- Anthropology
- Odontology
- Fingerprint

Introduction:
“There are no two persons who were born to be the same.” The principle of
individuality explains that each person is unique. The physical appearance may be similar but other factors can prove
that they are unique. Odontology or the teeth structure, anthropology or the bone structure, DNA profiling, and the
fingerprint or those small ridges can be used to establish the identity of an unknown person.
Let no one despise the ridges on account of their smallness, for they are in some respects the most
important of all anthropological data. We shall see that they form patterns considerable in size and curious variety in
shape, which are little worlds in themselves. (Sir Francis Galton)

Learning Outcomes:
- Explain the different ordinary and scientific methods of personal identification;
- Trace the historical development of fingerprint identification
- Define and explain the basic principles involved in the study of fingerprint;
Learning Objectives:
- Students will learn the different methods of personal identification
- Students will learn the significance of these methods in forensic investigation.

PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
It is the process of establishing the identity of an individual whether living or dead. It refers to the branches of science like
pathology, genetics, biology, anthropology, physics, odontology unite together to derive objective source of identification.
In this field of study, it highlights the establishment of identity which refers to the set of physical characteristics, functional
or psychic, normal of pathological, that defines an individual. In connection with, the science of criminalistics has a vital role in
studying the identity of a person. Therefore, it requires the application of the principles of various sciences in solving problems in
connection with the administration of justice. In this event that Dr. Paul Kirk was recognized as the Father of Criminalistics in U.S.

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
1. By Comparison – the identifying details or characteristics found at the crime scene compared to known
records of the victim or suspect.
2. By exclusion
Identification of Dead Bodies
 Physical Description
 Portrait Parle (Speaking Likeness) – verbal description which is sometimes aided by general photographic files, mug
files or rogues’ galleries.
Extrinsic Factor in Identification
 Ornamentation
 Personal Belongings
 Wearing Apparel
 Foreign Bodies
 Identification of close friends, police records, photographs
ORDINARY METHOD OF IDENTIFICATION
⚫ Points of Identification Application Both to Living and Dead Before the Onset of Decomposition
1. Occupational Marks – painters have stains
2. Race – Malay: brown, flat nose round face, round head, wearing apparel
3. Structure – tips of middle fingers of both hands extended laterally
4. Tattoo marks
5. Weight
6. Deformities – particularly those leaving permanent scars or deformities
7. Birth Marks
8. Injuries Leaving Permanent Records
9. Moles
 10. Scar
11. Tribal Marks
12. Sexual Organ
13. Blood Examination
SCIENTIFIC OR MEDICO-LEGAL METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
CRIMINAL ANTHROPOLOGY – It is a combination of the study of the human species and the study of criminals. It is
the field of offender profiling, based on perceived links between the nature of the crime and the personality or physical
appearance of the offender.
ANTHROPOLOGY—the scientific study of all aspects of human development and interaction
PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY— studies human differences
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to help
with the recovery of human remains, determine the identity of unidentified human remains, interpret trauma, and
estimate time since death.
13th Century – medical examiners sought to determine the cause of death. Forensic Science is greatly aided by
developments in modern chemistry, toxicology, and photography.
1800s—scientists begin studying skulls
1897—sausage maker’s wife murdered; bone fragments found in his factory
1932—the FBI opens the first crime lab
Soldiers killed in World War II are identified using anthropologic techniques
German anthropologist JOHANN FRIEDRICH BLUMENBACH he pioneered in comparative human morphology –
refers to the size, shape, and structure rather than the function of a given organ.
ANTHROPOMETRY the science of recording measurements of various parts of the human body.
FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGIST focus on human skeletal traits, such as skull features, dental characteristics, and
sub-cranial bone sizes and shapes, that vary from individual to individual and from population to population.
- the presence of bone anomalies, metal plates or pins, or specific dental characteristics can help to make a positive
identification.
- In addition to revealing the age, sex, size, stature, health, and ethnic population of the decedent, an examination of
the skeleton may reveal evidence concerning pathology and any antemortem (before death), perimortem (at the time
of death), or postmortem (after death) trauma.
- time elapsed since death can be determined by using forensic entomology, which studies the relationship between
insects and decomposition.

DETERMINATION OF SEX

Female Male
1. Pelvis
- a larger pelvic inlet and wider sub- pelvic - a smaller pelvic inlet, heart shaped, and narrower
opening sub-pelvic opening
- Open, circular - Sub-pubic angle is less than 90 deg
- Sub-pubic angle is more than 90 degrees
2. Skull
- Shape of eye - more rounded - Shape of eye - more square
- Mandible - more V-shaped - Mandible - more square
- Upper brow ridge - Thin and smaller - Upper brow ridge - Thick and larger
- Occipital protuberance – absent - Occipital protuberance – present
- Frontal bone – higher and more rounded - Frontal bone – low and sloping
- Surface of skull – smooth - Surface of skull – rough and bumpy
- Ramus of mandible – slanting - Ramus of mandible – straight
- Nuchal chest – smooth - Nuchal chest – rough and bumpy
3. Robustness
- larger, more robust bones and joint surfaces, and
more bone development at muscle attachment
4. Femur
- shorter and less robust - the longest, strongest and heaviest bone in
- more angled the male skeleton
- occupy a slight X shape - lengthier and robust than the females.
- degree of the inclination is lesser
- less angled

DETERMINATION OF AGE

1. USING CRANIAL SUTURES – sagittal suture, lambodial, coronal

  The cranial bones remain separate for about 12-18 months
 The spaces between the bones where the sutures are (sometimes known as “soft- spots”) are called
fontaneles.

 By about age 30, the lamboid suture at the back of the skull closes
 By about age 32, the midsagittal suture running across the top of the skull, back to front closes
 By about age 50, the coronal suture running side to side over the top of the skull, near the front, closes
DETERMINATION OF AGE BY SKELETON

Adult human skeleton – 206 bones – a person may have

extra vertebra or rib
At birth— skeleton has 450+ bones

Epiphysis plate - appears where cartilage is replaced by bone

Epiphysis line - When the cartilage is fully replaced.

Epiphysis – The cap at the end of a long bone that develops

from a secondary ossification

Diaphysis – the shaft of a long bone

HEIGHT
 An estimate of height can be made by measuring one of the long bones (femur or humerus)
 Age, Gender, Race, and Health are taken into consideration
2. TEETH
Baby teeth, also called milk or deciduous teeth, start erupting at about six months, beginning with the central
incisors in the lower jaw (mandible). Each tooth type – incisors, canines, pre-molars, molars – erupts on a
predictable schedule.
- The incisor teeth are any of the four anterior teeth in each jaw, used for cutting and gnawing.
- The canine teeth are the four sharp-pointed teeth next to the incisors.
- The pre-molar teeth are one of eight bicuspid teeth located in pairs on each side of the upper and lower jaws
behind the canines and in front of the molars.
- The molar teeth are the teeth with a broad crown used to grind food, located behind the pre-molars.

Permanent teeth begin to replace deciduous teeth at about six years of age and finish erupting by about 21 years of age.

Four to Five Years Old

At this age, all molar, pre-molar, canine and incisor teeth are unerupted and the roots are open. Crown enamel is
incomplete in second molars and canines, nearly complete in premolars, and complete in first and third molars and
 incisors.
FOUR TO FIVE YEARS OLD
Features First Second Third Pre- Canines Incisors
Molars Molars Molars molars

Crown Complete Incomplete Complete

Nearly Incomplete Complete
enamel complete
Roots Open Open Open Open Open Open
Teeth Unerupted Unerupted Unerupted Unerupted Unerupted Unerupted
FIFTEEN TO SEVENTEEN YEARS OLD
Features First Second Third Pre- Canines Incisors
Molars Molars Molars molars
Crown Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
Enamel
Roots Closed Closed Open Closed Closed Closed
Teeth Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted
OVER EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD
By this age, all features (crown enamel, roots and teeth) are in their adult stage for molars, premolars, canines and
incisors.
Features First Second Third Pre- Canines Incisors
Molars Molars Molars molars
Crown Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete Complete
Enamel
Roots Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed Closed
Teeth Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted Erupted

HOW BONES REVEAL AGE

Like teeth, bones mature at fairly standard rates. A baby's bones begin to grow in the womb. At birth, the skeleton is
partially formed, and many bones are still in parts. Throughout childhood, the bone parts grow and unite. The process
is complete between 17 and 25 years, when normal growth stops. At this point, you and your skeleton are as tall as
you are going to get - with many fewer bone parts than you started with!

Under 30 years of age—bones increase in size and density Over 30 years

old – bone decreases density

A. FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
Forensic odontology involves the management, examination, evaluation and presentation of dental evidence in criminal or
civil proceedings, all in the interest of justice
DR. OSCAR AMOEDO, Paris, is considered as "Father of Forensic Odontology".
 Dental evidence played a vital role in historical case of identification of Adolf Hitler. His dental findings were compared
with antemortem dental records and radiographs. Dentition was an important lead in the identification of remains of
various leaders, who were killed, like Zia Ul Haq, former Pakistani President and Rajiv Gandhi, former Indian Prime
Minister.
DENTAL EVIDENCE is the method of choice in establishing identity of badly burned, decomposed and skeletal remains
BASIS FOR DENTAL IDENTIFICATION
 HUMAN DENTITION is never same in any two Individuals
 The morphology and arrangement of teeth vary from person to person
 Dental identity -″total of all characteristics of the teeth and their associated structures which, while not individually
unique, when considered together provide a unique totality” Teeth are relatively resistant to environmental insults
after death
TECHNIQUES OF IDENTIFICATION

a. COMPARATIVE DENTAL IDENTIFICATION: attempts conclusive identification by comparing the dead individuals’
teeth with presumed dental records of the individual.
 ORAL AUTOPSY
 OBTAINING DENTAL RECORDS
 COMPARING POST AND ANTEMORTEM DENTAL DATA
 WRITING A REPORT AND DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
b. RECONSTRUCTIVE GROUPS
 Attempts are made to elicit age, sex, race, occupation etc leading to a probable identification.
c. DNA PROFILING: This method is used when dental record is not available for comparison. The technique uses
 modern forensic DNA profiling methods to oral tissues to establish identity
COMPARING POST-MORTEM AND ANTE MORTEM DENTAL RECORDS

 Features compared include tooth morphology and associated bony structures, pathology and restorations
 An individual with multiple dental treatment and unusual features has a better likelihood of being identified than
someone with no extraordinary dental characteristics
RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS

1. Positive Identification – sufficient uniqueness among the comparable items

2. Probable Identification – high level of concordance among data, may lack radiograph support
3. Presumptive (possible) Identification – enough information may be missing from either source
4. Insufficient Identification – Insufficient supportive evidence
5. Exclusion of Identification – clearly inconsistent

PROBLEMS WITH DENTAL IDENTIFICATION

a. Absence of antemortem records.

b. Absence of acquired dental tracts for identification.
c. Limitations for storing dental records for certain period.
d. Poor quality dental records.
e. In postmortem situation, all the teeth may not be recovered because of postmortem trauma.
f. Fire can result in irreversible changes to restorations and teeth which can reduce the amount of information
available for comparison.

DENTAL FORMULA

2-1-2-3
8 teeth per quadrant
Total of 32
 2 – incisors
 1 – canine
 2 – pre-molar
 3 – molars
BITEMARK ANALYSIS
BITEMARKS have been defined by MacDonald as a “mark caused by the teeth either alone or in combination with other mouth
parts”.
During sexual attacks including sexual homicide, rape and child sexual abuse, bite marks are clustered around parts of body
associated with sexuality.
DESCRIPTION OF SOME TYPES OF BITE MARKS:

a. Sexually Oriented bites- inflicted slowly and deliberately with suction applied to the tissue by tongue and lips. • exhibits
 central or peripheral "suck marks" and marks of- anterior teeth with good definition.
b. Child abuse cases: In the child abuse cases either aggressive (anger bite marks) or sexually oriented type of bite
marks are seen.
c. Self-inflicted bite marks: Mostly found on the forearms of children caused by themselves.
• Mentally retarded and psychologically disturbed people may also inflict bite on themselves.
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a X-linked, recessively transmitted disease with insensitivity to pain.
SITES OF BITE MARKS

• Females are usually bitten - breasts, abdomen, thighs, buttocks and pubis, while
• Men are usually bitten - back, arms, shoulders, chest and penis.
• In cases of self-defense the victim can bite on the hands and arms of an assailant.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE BITE MARKS

• Type of tissue:
 loose or with excessive fat - bruising leading to poor definition.
 Fibrous tissue or with high muscle content - bruise less, definition is good.
• Age: Infants and old individuals bruise more than other age groups.
• Sex: Females tend to bruise more than males. Once produced bitemarks will be evident for longer period of time in
females compared to males.
• Medical Status – bleeding disturbances, under anticoagulant therapy, skin diseases-bruise more
• Time – depression produced in the skin due to bitemarks will recover within 10-20 minutes leaving swelling
and discoloration
 After death skin tends to contract, harden and decompose
BITE MARKS CASES HAVE TO BE DEALT STEP BY STEP IN THE FOLLOWING
WAY
1. Description of bitemarks
- Both in the living and deceased victims the following vital information should be recorded.
Demographics:
• Name, age, sex, race, case number, date of examination, and name of the examiners should be recorded.
Location of the bite mark:
- Anatomic location, contour - flat, curved or irregular and state the tissue characters –
- Skin - fixed or mobile
- Underlying tissue - bone, cartilage, muscle or fat.
Shape of the bitemarks
- round, ovoid, crescent or irregular in shape
Color of the mark
Size of the mark
- Both vertical and horizontal dimensions should be recorded in metric system
Type of Injury
- Petechial hemorrhage, contusion, abrasion, laceration, incision, Avulsion
2. Collection of evidence from the victim – Visual examination, Photographs, Salivary swabbing, impression of
bite marks
3. Collection of evidence from the suspect
4. Bite marks comparison
.
Evaluation of evidence
• While evaluating the bite mark first the cause of the mark has to be determined, since bite marks may be caused by
nonhumans or humans.
CONCLUSION OF BITEMARK ANALYSIS
- Positive identification: characteristic matches between the bite mark pattern and the pattern of the suspect's
teeth.
- Possible identification: • This implies that although the suspect's teeth could have made the bite mark, there are no
characteristic matches to be absolutely certain.
- Excludes identification: • When features on the bitemark indicate that the suspect's teeth could definitely not have
caused them, it represents a Negative or exclusion.

CHEILOSCOPY is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces.
• Lip prints have to be obtained within 24 hours of time of death to prevent erroneous data that would result from post-
mortem alterations of lip.
 • Pattern depends on whether mouth is opened or closed.
• Closed mouth position - well defined grooves
• Open position – ill-defined and difficult to interpret
B. DNA PROFILING
Deoxyribonucleic Acid – It is found in the nucleus of all living cells, with the exception of Red Blood Cells.
- is the process where a specific DNA pattern, called a profile, is obtained from a person or sample of bodily tissue
- DNA profiling is commonly used in criminal investigations (forensics) and to settle paternity disputes.
The procedure involved is common for both:
A DNA sample is collected (e.g. from blood, semen, saliva, etc.) and then amplified using PCR
Satellite DNA (with STR sequences) are cut with specific restriction enzymes to generate fragments
Fragment length will differ between individuals due to the variable length of their short tandem repeats
The fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis and the resulting profiles are compared
USES OF DNA PROFILING
1. Crime scene investigation
2. Paternity suites and family relationships
3. Archaelogy
4. Human/family ancestry
5. Exonerate persons wrongly accused of crimes
6. Identify catastrophe victims
7. Identify endangered and protected species as an aid to wildlife officials (could be used for prosecuting poachers)
8. Detect bacteria and other organisms that may pollute air, water, soil and food
9. Match organ donors with recipients in transplant programs
10. Determine pedigree for seed or livestock breeds

C. FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION
FINGERPRINT HISTORY AND PERSONALITIES
AZTECS – tribe in Mexico that has tradition of printing their palm in mud to be placed in their tombs.
• Picture writing of a hand with ridge patterns was discovered in Nova Scotia.
• Friction ridge skin impressions were used as proof of person’s identity in
• China perhaps as early as 300BC.,
• in Japan as early as A.D. 702
• United States since 1902.
Earthenware estimated to be 6000 years old was discovered at an archaeological site in Northwestern China and found to bear
clearly discernible friction ridge impressions.
HUA CHI – is the name given by the Chinese in referring to fingerprints.
• The Chinese were well acquainted with the essential characteristics of fingerprints.
• Arches and Whorls are called by them “LO” (snail); Loops are “KI” (sieve or winnowing basket).
EMPEROR TE’IN SHI, (246-210 BC) was the first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from white jade; On one side of it
was the name of the owner, and on the side the impression of the thumb. Such seal were used in sealing documents as a sign of
authenticity.
DR. NEHEMIAH GREW
• Published a report on Ridges and Pores before the Royal Society of London in 1684.
MARCELLO MALPIGHI
• An Italian professor who studied his observations on skin, pores and ridges in 1856.
• The “Grandfather of Dactyloscopy.”
• Published a book entitled “De Externo Tactus Organo.”
• He gave the terms “loops and spirals”.
• He named a skin layer “Malpighian Layer.”
DR. Johannes Christophe Andreas MAYER (1788)
• A German who authored a book entitled “Anatomische Kupfertafein Nebst Dazu Gehorigen.”
• Strengthened the “Principle of Individuality”
• He said “There are no two fingerprints of different individuals that are exactly the same.”
• Mayer was the first to write that friction ridge skin is unique.
DR. JOHANNES E. PURKINJE (1787–1869)

• A Czechoslovakian professor of the University of Breslau, Germany, known as the Father of Dactyloscopy
Title of thesis:
 • In this thesis, he named 9 fingerprint patterns and laid down classification rules.
PURKINJE’S NINE TYPES OF FINGER PATTERNS.
• (A: Transverse curves, (Plain Arch) B: Central longitudinal stria (tented Arch), C: Oblique stria (loop, ulnar or radial),
D: Oblique sinus (loop, ulnar or radial), E: Almond (whorl), F: Spiral (whorl), G: Ellipse or elliptical whorl, H: Circle or
circular whorl, and I: Double whorl).
HERMANN WELCKER (1822–1898)
• He recorded his palm print in 1856.
• He again recorded again his palm print in 1897.
• Then he made observation on the two prints (41 yrs apart)
• He strengthened the “Principle of Permanency”
SIR WILLIAM JAMES HERSCHEL 1833-1917
• The Chief Administrator - Hoogly District of Bengal, India.
• He required the laborers (mostly Indians) to be fingerprinted/palm printed in order to prevent impersonations.
• In 1916, he published his 41-page book entitled “The Origin of Fingerprinting.” Generally, the credit for being
the first person to study the persistence of friction ridge skin.
DR. HENRY FAULDS (1843-1930)
• In October 1880, Faulds submitted an article for publication to the journal Nature in order to inform other
researchers of his findings. In that article, Faulds proposed using friction ridge individualization at crime scenes
and gave two practical examples.
• In one example, a greasy print on a drinking glass revealed who had been drinking some distilled spirits. In the other,
sooty fingermarks on a white wall exonerated an accused individual.
• FAULDS was the first person to publish in a journal the value of friction ridge skin for individualization,
especially its use as evidence.
• He pointed out the value of fingerprinting as being in “medico legal studies” and commented that photographs of
people change over the years but rugae (friction ridges) never change.
ALPHONSE BERTILLON (1882)
• A French Criminologist and Clerk of Prefecture of Police at Paris, France.
• The Father of Personal Identification.
• He founded Bertillon System (1879):
• Anthropometry,
• Anthropological Signalment,
• Bertillonage,
• Signalement Antropometrique
• …Bertillon System
• Historically, the Bertillon System was questioned due to the famous “West Case”.
• This is all about two persons - Will West (committed a crime) and William West (jailed).
• These identical twins have the same face, height, body built and color of skin that a mistake of identity was
committed using the Bertillon System.
ANTHROPOMETRY is the study of body measurements for identification purposes.
• Bertillon’s anthropometric method measured height, reach (middle finger to middle finger of outstretched
arms), trunk, length of head, width of head,
length of right ear, width of right ear, length of left foot, length of left middle finger, length of left little finger, and length of
left forearm.
• Anthropometric Measuring Tools
DR. ARTHUR KOLLMANN (1883)
• One of the first researchers to address the formation of friction ridges in embryos.
• KOLLMAN was the first to identify the presence and locations of the volar pads on the hands and feet
• VOLAR PADS are transient swellings of tissue called mesenchyme under the epidermis on the palmar surface of the
hands and soles of the feet of the human fetus
• A low-power scanning electron microscope view of a fetal hand displaying prominent digital and palmar volar
pads.
HERMANN KLAATSCH
• studied the walking surfaces of mammals other than humans, which led to his theory that the orderly arrangement of
sweat glands into rows was an evolutionary change “On the Morphology of the Tactile Pads of Mammals”
FRANCIS GALTON (1822-1911)
• A British Anthropologist who was engaged in biological studies with the aid of the works of William J.
Herschel.
• The author of the first book of fingerprints. “Fingerprints, 1892”
• Galton established that friction ridge skin was unique and persistent.
• He also concluded that there was no link between friction ridge skin and the character of the individual with that skin.
• Because Galton was the first to define and name specific print minutiae, the
MINUTIAE became known as Galton details.
• He attempted to calculate the probability of two persons having the same fingerprints (1 case in every 64 billion).
• He discovered the families of fingerprint pattern----------------------------Arch, Loops and Whorl.
JUAN VUCETICH
• An Argentine Fingerprint Pioneer and a police officer of Argentina who devised the Vucetich System.
• Vucetich System is mostly used at the Spanish – speaking countries of Central and South America.
• VUCETICH, having studied Galton’s research, began to experiment with fingerprints in 1891. He started recording
the fingerprints of criminals and devised his own classification system.
• Vucetich’s classification system and individualization of prisoners through the use of fingerprints were the
first practical uses of the fingerprint science by law enforcement personnel.
The ROJAS MURDER case is considered to be the first homicide solved by fingerprint evidence, and ARGENTINA
became the first country to rely solely on fingerprints as a method of individualization.
• He is known as the Father of Fingerprints in all Spanish speaking countries.
ICNOFALANGOMETRICA
- Devised by Juan Vucetich based on the Galton system which literally means “finger track measurements” that
was later on renamed “Dactyloscopia” means finger description.
EDWARD RICHARD HENRY (1859-1931)
• The successor of Sir Herschel and Galton.
• In 1900 he published his book entitled “Classification and Uses of Fingerprint”.
• Because of his contributions to police service and his persistence in devising a workable system of classification, he
became the Father of Modern Fingerprint.
• Khan Bahadur Azizul Haque &
• Rai Hem Chandra Bose (1897)
• The Indian fingerprint experts who helped ERH in coming up with Henry System.
• The system became a success with the assistance of Certain Mathematics Professor at Presidency College in
Calcutta, India.
• June 12, 1897 – India adopted Henry System for identification of Suspects and criminals as well as classification of
prints.
DR. EDMOND LOCARD (1914)
• Published “The Legal Evidence by the Fingerprints”. Locard was Director of the Laboratory of Police at Lyons,
France, and was a student of Alphonse Bertillon. Locard’s 1914 article, and others published soon afterwards,
explained the theory of
 poroscopy and how the use of pores could supplement a fingerprint comparison by lending supporting data.
• Dr. Locard’s study into the sweat pores of friction ridge skin is one more example of law enforcement personnel
conducting research into fingerprint science.
• FATHER OF POROSCOPY
• The first to introduce a criterion for positive identification of fingerprints based on sufficient number of
matching ridge characteristics.
• He wrote that if 12 points (Galton Details) were the same between two fingerprints, it would suffice as a positive
identification.
HISTORY OF FINGERPRINT IN PHILS.
1910 – The Bureau of Prison (Bucor) through a certain GENEROSO LA TORRE, adopted a fingerprint identification system
for inmates which he learned from LT. GEORGE M. WOLFE (1st Director of the Bureau of Prisons 1904 – 1910 and 1st
Superintendent of Iwahig 11/06/04)
1946 – RA 0036 “Census Act of Nineteen Hundred and Forty Six”, 1946 Sept 30.
• Sec 13 – of the law specifically mentioned the taking of fingerprints of both hands of every resident as part of the
census procedures.
1954 – Former Supreme Court Justice Felix Angelo Bautista founded the Philippine College of Criminology, the pioneer
school of Criminology for scientific crime detection. This higher educational institution is formerly known as Plaridel Education
Institute. The subject Personal Identification was included in the Criminology curriculum.
1967, May 14, LUCILA LALU, the first Filipina chop-chop lady was identified through systematic classification of her
fingerprint. Her identification served as investigative lead towards the identification of the possible culprits.
1989 Executive Order No. 386 December 19, 1989
• Establishing a National Crime Information System (NCIS), Providing the Mechanisms Therefor and for other
similar purposes.
1995 R.A. 7919 “An Act Granting Legal Residence Status to Certain Aliens Through a Social Integration Program In the
Philippines Under Certain Conditions” 1995 Feb 24
• 4.2. The registration forms shall contain the applicant’s full name and one alias by which he may be known; proof of
his identity, good moral character and financial capacity through affidavits from two (2) Filipino Citizens of good
reputation in his/her place
of residence; history of stay in the Philippines; residential address for the immediate past five (5) years; four (4)
passport size pictures and a complete fingerprint card for each of the agencies mentioned in 4.1. including his/her
most recent dental records which shall be submitted to the NBI.
2003
• April 11, 2003
• Philippine National Police officials unveiled the automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS), the first
electronic and scientific method capturing fingerprint images and textual information. PNP CHIEF, DIRECTOR
GENERAL HERMOGENES EBDANE JR. expressed the hope that the new technology will help investigators in
establishing the identities of suspects involved in crimes.
2010
• Senate Bill 1282 10 July 12
• An Act Establishing a National Crime Database
• Introduced by SEN. MANNY VILLAR
SEC 1. Short Title. This act shall be known as the “National Crime Database Act.” PURPOSE

• To create a complete and accurate national criminal record and database that is an essential element in
fighting crime; and
• To require the NBI and the PNP to provide information and records for the National Identification Index and the
National Fingerprint File and to provide criminal-history record repositories and for non-criminal justice purposes,
to update existing
criminal record systems that are currently outdated and contain incomplete or incorrect information
Mr. Jones was the first to teach fingerprints in the Philippine Constabulary sometime in the year 1900.
The Bureau of Prisons, in the year 1918, records shows that fingerprint already existed in the “carpetas”
Lt. Asa N. Darby under his management during the re-occupation of the Philippines by the American forces, a modern and
complete Fingerprint File has been established in the Philippine Commonwealth.
MR. GENEROSO REYES was the first Filipino Fingerprint technician employed by the Philippine Constabulary
CAPT. THOMAS DUGAN of NYCPD and MR. FLAVIANO G. GUERRERO of the
Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington, gave the first examinations for Fingerprint in 1937.
AGUSTIN C. PATRICIO – topped the first exam
DEFINITION OF TERMS
1. Fingerprint (Dactylograms) – an impression designed by the ridges on the inside of the end joint of the fingers
and thumb on any smooth surface through the media of ink, sweat or any reagents capable of producing
visibility.
2. DACTYLOSCOPY – the science that deals with the study of fingerprints as a means of personal identification
that involves manual comparison of fingerprints.
1. ORIGIN:
a. The word Dactyloscopy was derived from two Greek words: “Dactyl” which means “finger” and
“skopien” meaning “to study” or “to examine”. Therefore, dactyloscopy literally means the study of the
 finger.
3. DACTYLOGRAPHY refers to scientific study and analysis of fingerprints as a means of identification.
4. DACTYLOMANCY is the study of fingerprint for purpose of interpreting one’s personality.
FINGERPRINTS IN OTHER SPECIES
1. KOALA – is one of the few mammals, native in Australia that has fingerprints
2. MONKEYS – have fingerprints which are almost the same with human beings. It is proven that fingerprints of
monkeys are mistakenly identified as human fingerprints.
RELATED SCIENCES WITH FINGERPRINT
1. CHIROSCOPY - it is the study of the prints of the palms of the hand. Sir William Herschel utilized this.
Derived from the Greek words
a. Cheir - means a “hand”, and
b. Skopien - means to “examine”.
2. POROSCOPY - the study of the sweat pores. This was explored by Edmond Locard (Father of Poroscopy)
Derived from the Greek words:
a. Poros - means a pore, and
b. Skopien - means to examine
3. PODOSCOPY - the study of the prints of the soles of the feet and footwear identification.
Derived from two Greek words:
a. Podo – means the foot and
b. Skopien - means “to examine”
4. RIDGEOLOGY – combination of:
a. poroscopy
b. edgeoscopy
c. ridge characteristics
Introduced by Sgt. David R. Ashbaugh (1946-present)
Title of Book “Quantitative-Qualitative Friction Ridge Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Ridgeology”
5. EDGEOSCOPY –first presented in 1962 by Salil Chatterjee of India.
However, these shapes are only of use when the friction ridges are clearly reproduced in both the latent and the
exemplar prints.
This study includes:
a. endings
b. puckering
c. bifurcations
6. DERMATOGLYPHICS – study of the lines, tracings, ridges of the skin of fingers, palms and hands.
Derived from the words:
1. “derma”-means “skin”
2. “glyphein”- means “to study”
7. CHEILOSCOPY is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces. The
aim of this study is to establish the uniqueness of lip prints which aids in personal identification.
IMPORTANCE OF FINGERPRINTS
1. It is used for identifying suspects for investigation purposes.
2. Used to provide identity for unidentified dead person.
3. Used for the identification of missing person
4. Detecting a criminal identity through fingerprints collected at the scene and determining recidivism or habitual
delinquency
5. Used as a means of verification or confirmation of public document.
6. Used as records in the police departments and other law enforcement agency for the purpose of issuing
clearance.
7. Modern technology utilizes fingerprints in opening of vaults or doors leading to confidential matters.
8. Used a means in checking or verifying entry of authorized personnel on certain business establishments.
FINGERPRINT PRINCIPLES
• Three (3) DOGMATIC PRINCIPLES – F/P As A Perfect Science
1. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY (VARIATION)– The order of arrangements of ridges and their
characteristics (minutiae) are unique; means that no two fingerprints are exactly alike
2. PRINCIPLE OF PERMANENCY – the ridges develop in third month of the fetal stage and their
peculiarities remain unchanged throughout one's life span, until death and complete decomposition of
the body.
3. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY – states that fingerprints cannot be forged or change. (Faulds). Most
reliable means of personal identification
 JOHN DILLINGER, a notorious gang leader and police character attempted to eradicate his fingerprints
by burning them with acid.
  ROBERT JAMES PITT known as “the man without fingerprints”
OTHER PRINCIPLES BY DR. EDMOND LOCARD
1. LAW OF MULTIPLICITY OF EVIDENCE
State that the greater the number of similarities or dissimilarities the greater the probability for the conclusion
to be correct.
2. LAW OF PROBABILITY
States that “if the world’s population reaches 64B, two people may have identical fingerprints.
3. LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
When two objects physically contact, trace evidence is left over the softer one.
RIDGE FORMATIONS
• Ridge begin to form on the human fetus during its 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life (fifth to sixth months before birth).
• Friction ridges – are the raised strips on the inside of the end joints of the fingers and thumbs by which
fingerprints are made.
• Papillary ridges and epidermal ridges
• Skin consists of two main layers: the outer scarf skin or epidermis, and the inner or true skin or dermis.
Components of the Friction Skin
a. Ridge Surface – is that component of the friction skin that actually forms the fingerprint impress ion.
1. Ridges – are tiny elevation or hill like structure found on the epidermal layer of the skin containing sweat
pores. It appears as black lines with tiny white dots called pores in an inked impression.
2. Furrows – are the canal-like impression or depression found between the ridges which may be compare
with the low areas in a tire thread. They appear as white lines in an inked impression.
b. Sweat Pores – is a small opening found anywhere across the ridge surface but is usually found near the center.
Sometimes called an “islands which colors white in plain impression and is considered as individual as the
fingerprints.
c. Sweat duct – is a long-host like structure that serves as the passage way for the sweat that exists at its mouth,
the pore.
d. Sweat glands – is that glands found in the dermis layer of the skin which is responsible for the production of sweat.
FUNDAMENTAL LAYERS OF THE FRICTION SKIN
1. Epidermis – the outer covering of the skin Sub-layers:
a. Stratum Basale – also called the generating layer.
b. Stratum spinosum – also called Malpighian layer
c. Stratum Granulosum – consists of 3-4 layers
d. Stratum Lucidum
- The stratum Lucidum is a layer that derives its names from the lucid appearance it gives off under microscope.
- It can only be found in the hairless part of our body.
e. Stratum Corneum - also known as corneous layer
- The horny layer filled with cornified cells
- This is the only layer that we see with our eyes
 2. Dermis – the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, various glands and nerves. It is where the dermal
papillae are found.
2 Layers
a. Papillary layer
b. Reticular layer
3. THE HYPODERMIS
- lies under the dermis and is a loose connective tissue that contains a pad of adipose cells (fat) that contour the
body and serve as an energy reserve.
- Fibers link the epidermis to the dermis and the dermis to the hypodermis.
Skin Structure of the Ridge System
• Ninety five percent (95%) of the body skin is smooth and relatively featureless, apart from hairs, pores and
creases.
• The remaining five percent (5%) covering the palms of the hands and soles of the feet is marked differently.
CAUSES OF THE MARKINGS
• Ridges or the raised strip of the epidermis
• Sweat or perspiration
COMPOSITION OF FINGERPRINT
A. SWEAT B. CONTAMINANTS
1. 99.0-99.5% water • Body fluids (blood, saliva, nasal
2. .5-1.0% solid secretions, semen, etc.)
a. 50% organic solid (mostly
amino acids)
b. 50% inorganic solid (NaCl
and KCl)
CLASSES OF LATENT PRINTS
1. Visible prints - are impressions made by fingers smeared with colored substance, such as blood, ink, grease,
dirt or paint.
2. Semi-visible prints - are molded or plastic impressions. They are prints made in plastic materials such as soap,
melted candles, wax, tar, pitch, paraffin, putty, the adhesive gun on envelopes and postage stamps, and
the like.
3. Invisible prints (TRUE LATENT PRINTS)- are the most common type of chance impressions.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STABILITY OF LATENT PRINTS
1. Climate/Climatic Condition – windy, sunny and wet seasons affects the stability of latent print.
2. Subject Factor – Degree of acidity.
3. Nature of the Surface – whether the surface is smooth or rough.
WHAT ARE REAL IMPRESSIONS?
Impressions of the finger bulbs with the use of the fingerprint ink on the surface of the paper through any coloring
materials, which will produce visibility.

TWO TYPES OF IMPRESSION

1. “Rolled” impressions are the upper ten impressions taken individually, which are the thumb, index,
middle, ring and little fingers of each hand.
These are referred to as “rolled” impressions because the fingers are rolled nail to nail in order to obtain all available ridge
detail.
2. Plain Impressions
TWO METHODS OF PRODUCING IMPRESSIONS
a. Rolling Impressions – done by fully rolling the fingers from one side to the other.
b. Flat or Plain Impressions – done in order to make sure whether or not rolling impressions are
 correctly impressed unto the specified column. In impressing, it must be up to the middle phalange.

CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES
• Polydactyly (from Greek (polys), meaning "many", and (daktylos), meaning "finger"), also known as
hyperdactyly, a hand having more than the required number of fingers.
• Brachydactyl - the abnormal shortness of fingers/toes
• Oligodactyl – is the presence of fewer than five fingers or toes on a hand or foot.
• Orthodactyl – a hand or fingers that cannot be flexed
• Macrodactyly- which literally means large digit, is an uncommon condition that affects the fingers more commonly
than the toes.
RIDGE DESTRUCTION
- The pattern that appear on the inside first joint of our fingers and thumbs never undergo changes except, in the
size of the pattern during the life of an individual.
- There are some outside and even outside pressure that may cause an effect or destroy the ridges.
1. Manual Works - temporary
Cut/Burns – depth of 1mm or more would cause permanent scars – destroy ridges
2. Occupational Habits
3. Deceased Person
4. Warts
5. Creases
6. Ulcer/burns
*Adermatoglyphia – is a rare medical condition which causes a person to have no fingerprints

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS
• Are those little details in the ridges of fingerprint patterns which are in used in comparing and
identifying fingerprints.
FOUR MAIN TYPES
1. Bifurcation – is a single ridge which splits into two ridges, forming a Y-shaped structure. Sometimes
called as fork.
2. Ridge ending, as its name implies, is just the abrupt end of a ridge formation.
3. Island resembles a dot. It has only a single pore.
*Several islands, if they fuse together, would form what is called a short ridge.
4. Enclosure is a bifurcation which does not remain open but in which the legs of the bifurcation, after
running along side by side for a short distance, come together again to form a single ridge once more.
Lake or Eyelet
Other Ridge Characteristics
• Spur – is where the ridge path divides, and branch connects to an end (leg is shorter)
• Incipient ridge – is an unusual type of ridge found in small percentage of patterns. They are short, narrow and
badly formed ridges found between two well-formed and full- bodied ridges which is frequently interrupted.
• Converging ridge – a ridge formation characterized by a closed angular end and serves as a point of
convergence (meeting of two ridges that were previously running side by side.
• Diverging ridge – two ridges that are flowing side by side and sudden separating or
• spreading apart.
• Recurving or Looping Ridge – a kind of ridge formation that curves back in the direction from which it
started.
• Sufficient recurve – a recurve ridge completes in it shoulder and its free from any appendage.
• Appendage – a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge.
• Fragmentary ridge – a ridge of extremely short length.
• Dot ridge - Ridge formed like dots.