Chapter 1 Numbers System

Question 1.1
Express each of the following repeating decimals as a fraction:
— — – –
(a) 0.27 (b) 0.45 (c) 0.6 (d) 3.3
Solution 1.1
(a) Let N = 0.272727… (c) Let N = 0.6666…
100N = 27.2727… 10N = 6.6666…
∴ 99N = 27 ∴ 9N = 6
3 2
∴N= ∴N=
11 3

(b) Let N = 0.454545… (d) Let N = 3.3333…

100N = 45.4545… 10N = 33.3333…
∴ 99N = 45 ∴ 9N = 30
5 10
∴N= ∴N=
11 3

Question 1.2
Express each of the following repeating decimals as a fraction:
– — – —
(a) 4.3 (b) 4.81 (c) 0.2 (d) 6.15
Solution 1.2
(a) Let N = 4.3333… (c) Let N = 0.2222…
10N = 43.333… 10N = 2.2222…
∴ 9N = 39 ∴ 9N = 2
13 1 2
∴N= =4 ∴N=
3 3 9

(b) Let N = 4.818181… (d) Let N = 6.151515…

100N = 481.8181… 100N = 615.1515…
∴ 99N = 477 ∴ 99N = 609
81 9 203 5
∴N=4 =4 ∴N= =6
99 11 33 33

Question 1.3
—
Explain the difference between the rational numbers 0.81 and 0.81.
Solution 1.3
81 — 9
The rational number 0.81 represents whereas the repeating decimal 0.81 represents and is
100 11
81
larger than .
100
Question 1.4
Solve the following equations:
–1 1
(a) 6x + 13 = 5x 2
(b) 2x + x = 2
2
Solution 1.4
–1
(a) 6x + 13 = 5x 2
(b) 2x + 1x = 2
1
 2
–1
2 2 x –x
6x + 13 = 5x 2 2
1 2 +2 =2
x
i.e. 2x – 22 +1=0
2
i.e. 6x + 13x – 5 = 0 2
1
2 x
Let u = x
Let u = 2 2
∴ 6u2+ 13u – 5 = 0
∴ u – 2u + 1 = 0
2
(2u + 5)(3u – 1) = 0
(u – 1)2 = 0
5 1
u=– or u = 1 (repeated)
2 3 x
1
25 1 i.e. 2 2 = 1
i.e. x = – or ∴x=0
2 3
25 1
∴x= or
4 9

Question 1.5
Solve the following equations.
(a) 3x2 = 9x + 4 (b) 2(8x) = 5x + 1
Solution 1.5
(a) 3x2 = 9x + 4 = 32(x + 4)
∴ x2 = 2x + 8
2
i.e. x – 2x – 8 = 0
(x + 2)(x – 4) = 0
∴ x = –2 or 4

(b) 2(8x) = 2(23x) = 23x + 1

23x + 1 = 5x + 1
(3x + 1)log10 2 = (x + 1)log10 5
(3 log10 2 – log10 5)x = log10 5 – log10 2
log10  2 
5
log10 5 – log10 2
∴x= =
log10 8 – log10 5 log10  8 
5
0.3979
=
0.2041
∴ x = 1.95
Question 1.6
   
If x = 3 – 2 , y = 3 + 2 , find the value of 3x2 – 5xy + 3y2.
3 + 2 3 – 2
Solution 1.6
(3 – 2)2
Now, x = = 5 – 26
(3 + 2)(3 – 2)
(3 + 2)2
y= = 5 + 26
(3 – 2)(3 + 2)
∴ x + y = 10 and xy = (5 – 26)(5 + 26) = 1
Now, 3x2 – 5xy + 3y 2 = 3(x + y)2 – 11xy
= 3(10)2 – 11(1)
= 289

Question 1.7
Solve for x.
(a) 2 logx 9 + 2 logx2 3 = 5 (b) logx 3 + log3 x = 2.5
Solution 1.7
(a) We first try to express all the logarithms to 5
(b) logx 3 + log3 x =
the same base, say 10. 2
∴ 2 logx 9 + 2 logx2 3 = 5 log3 3 5
becomes: i.e. + log3 x =
log3 x 2
log10 9 2 log10 3
2 + =5 ∴ 2(log3 x)2 – 5(log3 x) + 2 = 0
log10 x log10 x2
i.e. (2 log3 x – 1)(log3 x – 2) = 0
log10 9 2 log10 3
i.e. + =5 1
log10 x 2 log10 x ∴ log3 x = or 2
2
∴ 2 log10 9 + log10 3 = 5 log10 x 1
x = 3 2 or 32
∴ log10(92 × 3) = log10 x5
= 3 or 9
i.e. log10 (35) = log10 x5
∴ x5 = 35
i.e. x = 3
Question 1.8
Evaluate:
(a) (log2 3 + log23)(log3 2) (c) log8 [log2 (
8
+
43) + log2(
8 –
43)]
(b) (log2 3 + log4 9)(log3 4 + log9 2)

Solution 1.8 1 1
(a) (log2 3 + log23)(log3 2) (c) log8 [log2 (8 + 43) 2 + log2(8 – 43) 2 ]
1
= log8 [log2 {(8 + 43)(8 – 43)} 2 ]
1
log2 2
= log2 (3 × 3 ) 2
1  1
log2 3 2 = log8 [log2 {64 – 48} 2 ]
3
log2 3 = log8 [log2 22]
2
= 1 = log8 2
2
log2 3 1

=3 = log8 8 3
1
=
3
(b) (log2 3 + log4 9)(log3 4 + log9 2)
log2 9 log2 4 log2 2

= log2 3 +
log2 4  log 23
+
log2 9 
2 log2 3 2 1

= log2 3 +
2  log 23
+
2 log2 3 
5

= 2 log2 3  2 log 3 
2
=5

Question 1.9
(a) Prove that (loga b)(logb c)(logc a) = 1 and deduce the value of:
(log5 64)(log4 49)(log49 125)
log 27 + log 8 – log 125
(b) Without using tables, show that =6
log 6 – log 5
Solution 1.9
(a) loga b × logb c × logc a
loga c loga a
= loga b × ×
loga b loga c
=1
Now, log5 64 = 6 log5 2
log2 49
log4 49 = = log2 7
log2 4
log49 125 = 3 log49 5
3 log7 5 3
= = log7 5
log7 49 2
 ∴ (log5 64)(log4 49)(log49 125)
3
= (6 log5 2)(log2 7)( log7 5)
2
= 9[(log5 2)(log2 7)(log7 5)]
=9

log 27 + log 8 – log 125 log (27 × 8) – log 53

(b) = 1
log 6 – log 5 (log 6 – log 5)
2
log 63 – log 53
= 1
(log 6 – log 5)
2
3(log 6 – log 5)
= 1
(log 6 – log 5)
2
=6

Question 1.10
Solve the following simultaneous equations.
1
(a) log2 x + log2 y = log2 3 (b) y log2 x =
8
log2 (x + y) – log2 (x – y) = 1 log2 x – log2 y = log2 16
Solution 1.10
1
(a) log2 x + log2 y = log2 3 …… (1) (b) y log2 x = …… (1)
8
log2 (x + y) – log2 (x – y) = 1 …… (2)
log2 x – log2 y = log2 16 …… (2)
∴ log2 xy = log2 3 …… (3)
From (1):
(x + y)
log2 = log2 2 …… (4) log2 y (log2 x) = –3 …… (3)
(x – y)
From (2) and (3):
From (3): xy = 3 …… (5) 3
x+y log2 x + =4
From (4): =2 log2x
x–y
i.e. (log2 x)2 – 4(log2 x) + 3 = 0
i.e. x = 3y …… (6)
∴ (log2 x – 3)(log2 x – 1) = 0
From (5) & (6): y=±1
i.e. log2 x = 1 or 3
and x = ±3
x = 2 or 8
But log2 x is defined ⇔ x  0
–3
log2 y is defined ⇔ y  0 log2 y =
log2 x
log2 (x + y) is defined ⇔ x + y  0
log2 (x – y) is defined ⇔ x  y = –3 or –1
So for all of them to be defined y = 2–3 or 2–1
xy0 1 1
= or
Hence, the solution set of the equation 8 2
is {(3, 1)}. ∴ Solution set of the equation is
1 1
2, , 8, 
8 2
Question 1.11
Express each of the following in the form x + iy and in the polar form:
3–i 2 – 3i 1+i 3 – 4i
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1+i 1 + 3i 2–i 5 + 2i
Solution 1.11
3–i (3 – i)(1 – i) 1
(a) = = (3 – 4i + i2)
1+i (1 + i)(1 – i) 2 y
= 1 – 2i
2
tan θ = – x
1
θ1
θ = –63° 26' –1
r
r = 1+4 = 5 –2 (1, –2)

3–i
∴ = 5(cos (–63° 26') + i sin (–63° 26'))
1+i

2 – 3i (2 – 3i)(1 – 3i)
(b) = y
1 + 3i (1 + 3i)(1 – 3i)
(2 – 9i + 9i2)
= (1 – 9i2)
r x
–7 – 9i θ
=
10
2 – 3i 7 9 7 9
(– , – )
i.e. =– – i 10 10
1 + 3i 10 10
9 7 9
tan θ = – /– =
10 10 7
θ = –127° 52.5'
1 
130 
r = 49+81 = = 1.30
10 10
2 – 3i
∴ = 1.30(cos (–127° 52.5') + i sin (–127° 52.5'))
1 + 3i

1+i (1 + i)(2 + i)
(c) =
2–i (2 – i)(2 + i)
(2 + 3i + i2) y
= (4 – i2)
1 3
( , )
1+i 1 + 3i 5 5
∴ =
2–i 5
θ
tan θ = 3 x
θ = 71° 34' 0

1 10

r = 1+9 =
5 5
1+i 10

∴ = (cos 71° 34' + i sin 71° 34')
2–i 5
 3 – 4i (3 – 4i)(5 – 2i)
(d) =
5 + 2i (5 + 2i)(5 – 2i)
y
15 – 26i + 8i2
= (25 – 4i2)
3 – 4i 7 – 26i
i.e. = 0 θ
x
5 + 2i 29
26
tan θ = –
7 7 –26
( , )
θ = 74° 56' 29 29

1  72 5 529


r= 49 + 676 = =
7 7 7
3 – 4i 
5 29
∴ = (cos (–74° 56') + i sin (–74° 56'))
5 + 2i 7

Question 1.12
(a) Find the square root of the complex number z = 3 – 4i
(b) Find the real numbers x and y if
1 1
+ =1
x + iy 1 + 2i
Solution 1.12 1 1
(a) Let a + ib be the square root of the complex (b) + =1
x + iy 1 + 2i
number z = 3 – 4i, then 1 1
(a + ib)2 = 3 – 4i =1–
x + iy 1 +2i
i.e. a – b2 + 2abi = 3 – 4i
2
(1 – 2i)
∴ a2 – b2 = 3 …… (1) =1–
5
2ab = –4 …… (2) 4 + 2i
From (2): b=–
2 =
5
a
5
Substituting in (1) gives: ∴ x + iy =
4 + 2i
2
a2 – (– )2 = 3 5(4 – 2i)
a =
20
a4 – 3a2 – 4 = 0
(a2 – 4)(a2 + 1) = 0 1
∴ x + iy = 1 – i
2
∴ a2 = 4 or –1 (not admissible)
a = ±2
b = ±1
∴ a + ib = ± (2 – i)
Question 1.13
The complex numbers z and w are given by
5 + 10i
z= and w = iz
2+i
(a) Express z and w in the form a + ib where a and b are real numbers.
(b) Show z and w on an Argand diagram. The origin O and the points representing z and w are the
vertices of a triangle. Show that this triangle is isosceles and state the size of the angle between
the equal sides.
Solution 1.13
5 + 10i (5 + 10i)(2 – i)
(a) z = =
2+i (2 + i)(2 – i)
20 + 15i
= = 4 + 3i
5
–10 + 5i (–10 + 5i)(2 – i)
w = iz = =
2+i (2 + i)(2 – i)
–15 + 20i
= = –3 + 4i
5

(b) | z | = | 4 + 3i | y
= 16+9 W (–3, 4)
=5 Z (4, 3)
| w | = | –3 + 4i |
= 9+16
=5
Since | z | = | w | = 5, so the triangle OWZ is
φ θ
an isosceles triangle. x
0
3
Now, θ= tan–1  4  = 36.87°
4
φ = tan–1   = 53.13°
3
so θ + φ = 90°
∴ ∠WOZ = 90°
π
Hence, the angle is 90° or radian.
2
Question 1.14
The complex numbers z1 = 2 – 2i and z2 = 1 – 3i are represented on an Argand diagram by the
points P and Q respectively.
(a) Display z1 and z2 on the same Argand diagram.
(b) Calculate | z1|, | z2 | and the length of PQ.
(c) Hence, show that
(i) ΔOPQ, where O is the origin, is right angled.
1
(ii) arg (z2) – arg (z1) = arc tan –
2
(d) Given that OPQR is a rectangle in the Argand diagram, state the complex number z3
represented by the point R.
Solution 1.14
(a) y

x
0 θ1
θ2
R

P (2, –2)

Q (1, –3)

(b) | z1| = | 2 – 2i | = 4+4 = 8

| z2| = | 1 – 3i | = 
1+9 = 10
PQ = (2–1)+( –2+3)2 = 2
2

(c) (i) Now, | z1 |2 + PQ2 = | z2|2

Hence ΔOPQ is right angled.
–2
(ii) tan Q1 = = –1
2
3
tan Q2 = – = –3
1
tan Q2 – tan Q1
tan (Q2 – Q1) =
1 + tan Q2 tan Q1
–3 – (–1)
=
1 + (–3)(–1)
–2 1
= =–
4 2
1
∴ Q2 – Q1 = tan–1 – 
2
1
i.e. arg (z2) – arg (z1) = tan–1 –
2
(d) | OR| = | PQ|
So, R is the point (–1, –1)
∴ z3 = –1 – i