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Comms Module Notes

This document is a compilation designed to assist students preparing for the CAPE Communication Studies Examination, providing essential theory and guidance for self-study. It covers various modules, including gathering information, language characteristics, and the functions of language, while emphasizing the importance of practice through past examination essays. Additionally, it discusses language techniques, organizational strategies, and the distinctions between language and communication.

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Nirupa Singh
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2 views66 pages

Comms Module Notes

This document is a compilation designed to assist students preparing for the CAPE Communication Studies Examination, providing essential theory and guidance for self-study. It covers various modules, including gathering information, language characteristics, and the functions of language, while emphasizing the importance of practice through past examination essays. Additionally, it discusses language techniques, organizational strategies, and the distinctions between language and communication.

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Nirupa Singh
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COKE) A COMPILATION BY SAI SAGIREDDY TABLE OF CONTENTS. Forward Module 1 Module 2 Module 3 Sample Essays CAPE Communication Studies FORWARD ‘The purpose of making this compilation is to help students preparing for the CAPE Communication Studies Examination gain a broader perspective and deeper un- derstanding. Mainly, it is set to help the self-studying student. | have used these notes during my time studying CAPE and they has helped me tremendously. This book con- tains most of the theory which I believe to be of necessity to know for the exam. Do en- sure to learn material outside this book but be wary of skipping theory within this book Additionally, | recommend that you do @ minimum of twenty essays ( approximately 6 years ) of past examination papers during your one year of preparation for this exam, This book contains theory for all three modules of the CAPE Syllabus, and some essays that i have written, If you have any other questions, require help, or any questions answered, please feel free to contact me at: saisrinath2001@[Link] . Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Communication Studies Module 1 - Gathering and Processing Information THE BASICS For a module one - paper two - question, the following composites listed below are required: + Main Idea of the extract, + Main Purpose ofthe Extract + Identity Organisational Strategies Used + Identify Language Techniques Used Comment on the effectiveness in achieving the writer's purpose. DETERMINING THE MAIN IDEA OF A PASSAGE + Determine the topic of a passage + What did I learn about the topic ? + Thesis Statement: Located in the Introduction, usually the last sentence in the paragraph + Main Idea of Each Paragraph: Topic Sentences + Summary Statement in the Conclusion: Statement that reiterates the thesis, Follow this formulaic approach in obtaining the main idea of the question The main idea is that The main idea deals with Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Writer’s Purpose Narrative - to relate an event Argument - to persuade / convince Description - To create a picture Exposition - To highlight / inform / educate Method: + Identity the type of writing + Methods of organization’ strategies used by writing + Language Techniques employed The purpose is always written as something to do. ‘The writer’s purpose is to (verb) and link to main idea Examples, To sensitise To explain To create awareness To Argue To alert To Persuade To express: To Evaluate To explore To ilustrate To entertain To amuse Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Language Techniques Figurative Devices - Simile, Metaphor, Onomatopeia, Oxymoron (loudly silent) Personification, Hyperbole, Allusion, Idiom, + Emotive Language and Choice of Vocabulary + Connotative Language - signifying or suggestive of an associative or secondary meaning in addition to the primary meaning + Denotative Language - the explicit usage of words as described within a dictionary. + Use of Jargon - use of terms specific to a subject or context Connotative Language - has an emotion or feeling attached to it. Denotative Language - The literal definition - has no sort of feeling attached to it Use of Jargon - use of technical language specific to a certain field Devices of Comparison Simile - lke or as Metaphor - states that one thing is another. Comparison without use of as or like Personification - compares an object to @ person. Inanimate objects are given human characteristics. Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Devices of Contrast Contrast - Differences. Paradox - making a contrary statement which has truth. Oxymoron - two contrasting terms placed together. Irony - something is said where the opposite is meant Devices of Sound Onomatopoeia - words that mimic the sound Alliteration - repetition of initial consonant sounds. Consonance - repetition of consonant sounds close together Assonance - repetition of vowel sounds close together Hyperbole - deliberate exaggeration Exaggeration Direct Appeal - directly addressing the audience Inclusive Language - we Rhetorical Question Allusion Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Others Conversational Tone Group of Three Organisational Strategies + What is the strategy ? + How is the strategy working in your specific example ? + Do not say how this strategy works usually Do not use ‘to get his or her point across’ Ask yourself, “What is going on in the audience’s head when they read the strategy? Remember the writer is using this strategy on purpose to manipulate audiences Cause and Effect - Make the connection between action and consequence or Understand the relationship between things. Classification - Shared Characteristics and Similarities Compare and Contrast - highlight si Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Concession and Rebuttal ‘A. Acknowledges, then proves an alternative claim wrong B. Highlights the weakness of the opposing argument C. Undermines the opposing point, then makes the writer more acceptable. Counterargument - similar to concession and rebuttal an objection to an objection has 2 parts: objection and rejection contradicts: support with reasoning shows another point is invalid. Definition - Provides Clarification Evidence - Statistics Facts Historical Data Testimony quote from Reputable Sources. adds credibility to the piece appeals to logic and reasoning Wednesday, March 6, 2019 + Lis ing- A series of Details ~ brings about factual information clearly and succinctly ~ brings clarity and allows the audience to see the writer's line of reasoning + Order of Importance = Most important to least important * Further strengthens a point + Problem and Solution ~ Presents a problem and offers a solution = appeals to logic and reasoning + Anecdotes / Narrative Discourse / Story ~ Short Amusing Story or incident about a real person ~ makes the reader think deeply - reflect ~ adds humor + Expert Author ~ lends credibility and reliability + Inductive Reasoning ~ Starts from something specific, uses deduction to prove something is right or wrong. ~ appeals to logic and reasoning Wednesday, March 6, 2019 + Use of Analogy ~ A comparison is made to something factual to clarify in a simplistic way for the reader. Humour ~ Engages the reader by making the piece seem lighter, however stil clarifying the writer's point, Short Paragraphs ~ Highlights crtical point so that the reader can focus on that only. Strategies Exemplified in Description / Narration + Time Sequencing + Chronological Ordering + Flashback + Flash-forward + Foreshadowing + Point of View - 1st person (I, we ), 3rd Person ( He, she, them ), narrator Wednesday, March 6, 2019 + Imagery - AVT KOGT - appeals to senses based on sensory details revealed by the writer 1. Auditory - This is the use of words to appeal to the sense of hearing, especially through the use of onomatopoeia. 2. Visual - This creates an appeal to sight by using certain words such as color, as well as describing the characteristics of someone or something. ‘Tactile - Words that appeal to the sense of touch, example: sharp, coarse, smooth. Olfactory - Words that appeal to smell Gustatory - words that appeal to taste ‘Thermal - words that appeal to temperature Kinesthetic - Imagery that refers to movement + Dialogue - gives differing perspectives + Spatial Ordering - Moving Perspective - top to bottom, foreground to background, Wednesday, March 6, 2019 Tone Tone is referred to the writer's attitude with regards to what they say. ~ How is the writer saying what is being conveyed - Word Choice: Denotative Vocabulary, Connotative Vocabulary, Allusion, jargon, Loaded Words ~ Attitude: Neutral, bias, positive, negative ( Tone ). 40 Monday, March 4, 2019 Communication Studies Module Two - Language and Community Firstly, a few major things we are required to consider are listed below: 1) What is Language? 2) Whats a Language? 3) Characteristics of Language 4) Functions of Language When compared to other animals, humans possess a much more complex system of communication. We possess a Language, whilst other organisms only possess a system of communication. It is not over-the-top to state that man have accomplished a plethora of their works due to their use of Language. It is true that other animals have a system of communication associated with their mates, but itis far simpler and Jacks the complexity of the human communication system. Animal Communication ( other than humans ) is neither reflective nor descriptive. A fish entangled in a net can show distress by movement and sounds but should it escape, can it detail the horrifying experience to other fishes - NO. Furthermore, animal communication is not vocal. Animals predominantly communicate with gestures, sounds, facial expressions, colors, and movement. In the final analysis, animals are unable to transfer abstract thought as humans do. To sum up, animal communication is Instinctive. Animals easily adapt to their communication, Hens and baby chicks- once a hen gives the signal of danger, all the baby chicks automatically remain quiet Monday, March 4, 2019 WHAT IS LANGUAGE ? It is observed that language facilitates communication but communication is not synonymous with language. There are many different forms of communication and animal communication may not even be considered a language. Linguists have highlighted a number of features of human language. Animal communication shares some features but the two main offsetting features are: (NF) © Nature of Language Function of Language Animals are not considered to possess a language due to: nature of language and function of language. NATURE OF LANGUAGE (HNVSSOM) ~ Itis Uniquely Human, tis used within human societies for communicating. There is 1no active conversion of thought into speech, = Non Instinctive - Humans are not born with a knowledge of a language. They learn it through socialization in a partioular group that speak a particular language. These are known as language/ speech communities. ~ Verbal - Sound is very important in producing a language. Language is based around recognizable sounds, - Systematic - Language has a specific set of rules and regulations that regulate its structure, pronunciation and order. It provides the framework for forever allows to speak speech never before spoken. * Symbolic - There is hardly any association between fixed and inherent association between words in the language and the objects they signify. The association is determined by the speakers in the speech community. The association must be assigned so that translations in other languages can easily take place. * Dynamic - Language is always changing as new words are always being added to its vocabulary/ lexicon or words that have become archaic are dropped. Also, as time passes, the meaning of verbs change. Monday, March 4, 2019 + Maturational - As a human being grows older, he/she will begin to use more complex sentence structure or lexicons. In addition, they can use old words in new ways. This also keeps language dynamic. LANGUAGE AND A LANGUAGE A language Is a system made up of arbitrary symbols and rules ( grammar ) that humans use to communicate with each other. (individual ) Language, on the other hand, is used to refer to the thousands of such systems as a general phenomenon. ( generic ). PURPOSES OF LANGUAGE Although all individuals do not speak the same way- eg. vocalics, lexicons - the purposes associated with the speech remains the same. Language allows human beings to communicate anything they want. ( IECPPM ) ~ Expressive Purposes - This is when language is used to express one’s feelings, ideas, and attitudes. This is indeed the purpose of diaries, journals etc. The reason for doing this is not to effect change in an individual but to vent out emotions and relax. ~ Informative Purposes - In this instance, language is used to convey information to a person, group, school, office ete, For this purpose, a plethora of instruments can be used eg. News bulletin board, flyers, signs. ~ Cognitive Purposes - Language is commonly used cognitive with the intention of affecting the audience in some way and evoking a certain response. When one is, arguing, telling a joke, teaching etc, one is using language cognitively ~ Poetic Purposes - Language used in Iiterary, stylistic and imaginative ways is using language in a poetic manner. The sole purpose of using language in a creative way is, a poetic purpose. It is the way in which language is used, not its form. Monday, March 4, 2019 - Phatic Purposes: Using language for the sole purpose of establishing or maintaining contact is a phatic purpose. Phatic Communication is when a person uses common everyday language such as, * Hello!” or “ Good Moming!". This is called using language to maintain social customs. Although written communication often does not include phatic lines, informal letters or email might include a bit. - Metalinguistic Purposes - The use of language to critique other language, such as to. comment on, refer, or discuss language is a metalinguistic purpose. Other functions to keep in mind: Imprecatory - to call down on someone, curse. Ritualistic - used in specific rituals, A native language, or mother tongue, is a language that a government recognizes as having significance in the social lfe of a nation. A language used in official situations like schooling, legal affairs, and government affairs Is known as an official language. Monday, March 4, 2019 Varieties of Language There are many varieties of language. Different languages are spoken in different geographic regions of the world. The same language may be spoken in countries that are far away from each other. Internal Variation: Individuals from varying countries including Spain, Mexico, Argentina, and Venezuela who all speak the same language can communicate with each other. However, the Spanish spoken in each country is somewhat different. We can distinguish between varieties of the same language. A particular variety of a language spoken by one group that differs noticeably from another variety of language spoken by another group is known as Dialect. The dialect spoken by a group of people that have economic power or social influence in @ particular society is known as Standard Variety. It evolves as one dialect becomes more prominent. It is usually the dialect spoken by ones who have economic power or ones with the greatest social influence. This dialect is used for writing and formal purposes. It is given prestige over other varieties in a particular society. Standard English: © British Standard English (BSE) American Standard English (ASE) © Caribbean Standard English (CSE) All these standard share the same structure and are internationally accepted. They are accepted by all speakers of English. The difference lies in the pronunciation, vocabulary, and spelling. Monday, March 4, 2019 Accent ‘An accent is defined as a variation in pronunciation. It is not a variation of pronunciation. Accents can make it hard for two people who speak the same language to understand each other. A person's accent is the way he/she sounds, Code-Switching This is defined as being able to switch the dialect spoken in relation to the context of communication Code-Mixing ‘The use of two different languages interchangeably during speech. Register ‘The variety of Language that you use at any given point in time register. The choice of register generally reflects the communicator’s relationship the audience. considered to be your ith Informal: 1) Casual - friends ete 2) Intimate - family 3) Private" Formal: 1) Frozen -wedding vows 2) Formal - meeting room 3) Consultative - doctor and patient Context These are the relevant constraints in the communicative situation that influences. language use and variation. As context changes, variation in code or speech style involves changes in syntax and vocabulary. Syntax: The study of the principles and rules for constricting sentences. In informal speech, we may use many contractions and drop word endings. 6 Monday, March 4, 2019 Vocabulary Choice of Vocabulary is a major determinant of your register. There are words that are not acceptable in most contexts. There are words that we use to impress. Vocabulary can also be specific to a particular group. Jargon Sometimes, people use a particular register or style of speech to fit Slang In most societies, young people often use vocabulary that is unique to them and sometimes baffling to the adult population. Most slang terms have a short lifespan. Colloquial Language This is language related to conversational. Colloquial terms are used commonly informally, ie, accepted in a general informal conversation but are not accepted in formal language. If they are used in formal writing, they are placed in commas to highlight that, they are using colloquial Monday, March 4, 2019. Non-Standard Dialects In the West Indies, standard english stands in contrast with the variety of language which most people grow up speaking ( the vernacular }. This native speech is called ‘dialect’. It results from the circumstances in which European languages were learnt in the West Indies. Many think of this native speech as ‘broken english’. Such beliefs are hard to eradicate because they are part of human prejudice and ignorance, In fact, there are non-standard dialects in all countries. Hence, one of the major functions of school systems is to teach the standard version of the language. {thas limited vocabulary and often uses several languages. Has a short life span contact language, a first language. Patois In the West Indies, Patois means the non-standard vernacular of the people. ifically i ifforent | is {In Jamaica, it is an alternative to the variety of language which most people grow up speaking. This is the english based creole varieties which are typical in everyday conversations, In St. Lucia and Dominica, it refers to the language which most people speak. Here, Patois has the same social history as the vernacular of Jamaica. The exception, however, is it refers to French Creole. This also occurs in Martinique, Guadeloupe and Hill, where speakers can understand each other without much difficulty, even though each patois differs. Trinidad and Grenada also had many french speakers however, very few exist today. When St. Lucia and Dominica were overtaken by the British, French Patois was well established and it has remained the language of the people. Today, in St. Lucia, french patois is accepted at national and official ceremonies. English, however, is the official language of education in St. Lucia and Dominica Monday, March 4, 2019 Creole There is no single generally accepted definition of a creole language, but there are basic aspects linguists adopt in defining it: (SL) 1. Social Linguistic Social: Socially, creole languages emerged out of situations of social dominance. In most of the early cases; slavery, the majority group had to learn the language of the dominant minority. Linguistic: Creole Languages exhibit features of the main languages in contact in the social situation, and presumably, some others. Therefore, creole languages across the Caribbean, in Jamaica and Haiti, for example, are seen to exhibit certain similarities Creole languages always co-existed with European languages, since they were spoken by the powerless masses who originally were slaves, and later continued to be dominated by the upper class, They had little or no prestige. They suffered, also because it was the European language that was used for the literate and formal purposes. Creole speakers, as a result of social and educational pressure, have always been forced to modify their speech in the direction of the standard language. ( Mainly the European Language ) This process of decreolization, has produced a spectrum or continuum of varieties, ranging from the creole or most non-standard variety, at one pole (bat standard at the other (acroleet). In the middle of this range is the mesolect. Monday, March 4, 2019 Linguistic Heritage of the Caribbean and the factors that have influenced the Language of the Caribbean. 1) Pre-Columbian Situation - The Arawakan and Caliban Languages spoken in mainland territories spread into island territories. Contact and conflict between the island Caribs and Arawaks resulted in an Arawak Language, which has incorporated Cario Elements. 2) Effect of European Colonization on this Situation - The demise of indigenous languages: Black Caribs deported to Belize, The introduction of European, African and Asian Languages 3) The Development of the Caribbean Identity - Caribbean varieties of the European Languages (Creole), Caribbean variety of Asian Languages, the emergence of Creole Languages. Languages of the Caribbean Today Indigenous Languages survived in Mainland territories, but are under threat The Caribbean is divided into: Spanish Speaking, English Speaking, French Speaking, and Dutch Speaking. Papiamento ( Vernacular in Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao) Palenquero ( maroon creole in Colombia ) In several caribbean territories, creole languages are majority languages. In several caribbean countries, change in colonial ownership has resulted in a modern situation where the official language and the creole language do not match. Dutch creole, once spoken in Guyana, and St. Thomas and St. John have not survived the 20th century. English-lexifier creole has spread at their expense. In Dutch Caribbean Territories, creole languages are spoken mainly of english base. Eg. in Suriname, mixed English-Portuguese creole is also spoken in Suriname. Mixed Spanish Portuguese creole in the ABC islands, Spanish and Dutch show that colonial and linguistic dominance are not necessarily commensurate, 40 Monday, March 4, 2019 + In Suriname, asian languages have viable speech communities, eg. Javanese and Hindi LANGUAGE PROFILE OF CARIBBEAN TERRITORIES Country Official Language ‘Majority Language ‘Minority Language cuba Spanish ‘Spanish D. Republic Spanish Spanish Puerta Rico Spanish Spanish English Barbados English English Jamaica English English Creole Maroon Creole Castioton ‘Accompang Guyana English English Creole BhojPun ‘Ameringlan Languages Antigua English English Creole St kts English English Creole Monsterrat English English Creole ‘St Vincent English English Creole Bolize English English Creole Spanish ‘Ameringian Languages Trinidad English English Creole Spanish French Creole Bho} Pur Yoruba Greneda English English (Influenced by French Creole French Creole ) St Lucia English French Creole Dominica French French Creole Hal French Creole French Creole French Martinique French French Creole Guadelope French French Creole "1 Monday, March 4, 2019 Country Official Language Majority Language Minority Language Suriname Dutch Suriname Hindi Javanese Malay ‘Ameringian Languages Maroon Creole Languages NNetheriand Antilles Dutch Papiamento’ English Spanish Creole ‘Aruba Dutch Papiamento/ English Spanish Croole ATTITUDES TO LANGUAGE + Pejorative ( Contempt, Disapproval ) —> Negative ‘Shame ( Uneducated, lower economic status, backwards ) + Positive + Pride (Mutually intelligible) + Sense of Nationalism + Asense of Personal Dignity, reflection of who you are + Areflection of your status and values + Reflects Prestige + Language is personal and signifies sensible information such as social class, ‘educational background, and financial status. ‘Some quotes have come to be historically associated with power or oppression Individuals may be contentious or insecure about their language. Some speakers may be insecure about their ow language or protective of it. 12 Monday, March 4, 2019 Characteristics of Caribbean Creole Like all languages, creole can be described according to the typical features of a language. (SVGS) + Sounds (phonology) + Vocabulary (lexicons) + Grammar (syntax) + semantics ( use of words from english, but used in a different manner ) Caribbean creole languages, regardless of their lexicon base, exhibit consistent features that are easily recognizable. These characteristics make them distinct from Standard English or Standard French. Phonology in Creole ‘The sound represented by ‘th’is replaced by t, d, and f. Examples: Think - tink Then - den thin - tin 13 Monday, March 4, 2019 The sound of vis replaced by b Examples: gloves - glubs vex - bex changes to |in Suriname Example: rasta - lasta ‘There is often a reduction in word clusters | consonant clusters and word final consonant Examples: world - worl left - lef rest res. Examples: ham - am egg - hegg happy - appy 14 Monday, March 4, 2019 ‘¢ Examples: dancing - dancin playing - playin blind - bline band - ban In some cases, an English sound combination is reversed. Examples: Ask + aks film - flim Restructuring of English words by inserting a vowel_between consonants Examples: Public - pubilic, Students - studients English - Engelish Creole has a palatal y after consonants k and ¢. Examples: car - Kyar gamble - gyamble 15 Monday, March 4, 2019 Lexicon of Creole Derived primarily from standard english, however, a number of words used in creole speech are related to cultural influences from other European, African, East Indian, and Chinese Languages. East indian Amerindian Chinese French Spanish Dhal “BBQ ‘Chow Mein Ponche de Cre’me Pelau ‘Noo Hammock Coteaux Pastele Baigan Maize Pommecythere Parang Cassava ‘Arepas Rastafarian Influences: ital, irie, | an | 16 Monday, March 4, 2019 The Creole Grammar System The structure of creole are often similar to those of African languages. Creole shows less dependance on morphology. 1) Number: Creole nouns carry no sign of plurality and the utterance makes it clear that the reference is more than one. a) Use of ‘dem’ Standard English: Girl Girls Creole: Girl de girl dem, b) The creole may use some words ( the actual number or plenty). Standard English: amango 4 mango Creole: ahmango —_ plenty mango 2) Possession: Creole shows possession by juxtaposition, by following one noun immediately after another, the first being the possessor and the second, the possessed. SE: Tim's book Boys’ books Creole: Tim book dem book’ dey book 3) Comparison: Creole engages in the use of double comparatives. Dis more bigger. Tim more taller. 7 Monday, March 4, 2019 4) Verb Function and meaning : Creole: Tim tired / He lazy / in big trouble (Adjective as predicate ) 5) Negation In Creole, there is doubling of negatives for emphasis: Example: | didn't do anything, Ah not giving you none. 6) Verb and Sequence of Time In Standard English, verbs show tense, time of action etc. by adding endings such as -ed. Eg. The snake glided away. In creole, no such suffixes are added. An extra word may be added. Eg. The rock did fall, All day, dey making noise. In addition, no subject agreement is required for creole. Itdrop. She laugh loud. 7) Mood 18 Monday, March 4, 2019 8) Voice For creole, the passive voice is used unlike standard english where the active voice is used. Eg, The school get paint 9) Calques Compound nouns are translated literally from one noun to another. 10) Front-focusing ‘Some creoles structures are used to create particular emphasis. Example: Tired, | tired (1am very tired). Is John she marry ( She married John ) 11) Serial Verbs Verbs often used in series without 'to', ‘or’, and ‘and’ Example: Run, go tell him go carry it. Bring she, Iehme see she. 19 Monday, March 4, 2019 Lexicon of the Creole Subject Pronouns 1 it You we He aly She dem/dey 1)Dem mad as hell 2) me eh know what going on - me is used as subject in only -ve sentences. Creole has a plural for the second person pronoun - alyuh. ‘Object Pronouns Me it You welus he/him ally She/her dem. Eg. Well i pass she straight Doh hit she, you know Dem fooling we 20 Monday, March 4, 2019 Possessive Pronouns My Alyuh Your We He Dey/dem She Eg) He book Alyuh school dem yard SEMANTICS Some creole uses standard English words but in different parts of speech or words have different meanings. Eg. But you rel fast. Refer to Question after Semantics in iPad for Further Revision. ‘Template to start Essay is in school book and iPad for reference. The rest are from my notes. 24 Monday, March 4, 2019 How can Film or Presentations leo enhance written or Spoken In a presentation, props can be employed. This visualizes a setting and creates realism Communicative Behaviors can be highlighted to enhance Meaning. A variety of voices, accents and situations can be presented, Readers and Listeners can now become viewers who can see the presentation instead of visualizing. Information is now graphically represented. 22. Monday, March 4, 2019 CHALLENGES FACED BY A CARIBBEAN SPEAKER IN LEARNING STANDARD ENGLISH - (SVGS SOE) Grammar Different grammatical rules govern sentence structure, tense marking and usage in English. Phonology Differences in low sounds are pronounced in the mother tongue and the language being leamed. Vocabulary/ Semantics Because the lexicon base is the same for creole and CSE, itis somewhat difficult for learner to recognize and use correctly the shared words with different meanings or different parts of speech tural Chall Caribbean English Creole is the vernacular of the majority. This means that for creole speakers who are learning standard english, there is not much of an opportunity for practice and reinforcement outside of formal educational settings. This impedes their progress in leaning Caribbean Standard English. Educational Methods Being taught CSE as though it is a first language is a challenge in itself as the learner must understand the the creole expressions has a lot of errors contained in it and conflicting grammar rules arise. 23 Monday, March 4, 2019 Oral Nature of English Creole Because English Creole is largely oral, many creole speakers have no written frame or reference for writing CSE. The speech patterns of creole can interfere with the writing of CSE, 24 Monday, March 4, 2019 Role of Language in Society (SPEP) Social, Poltcal, Ethical, and Psychological. Language can signal position in society, educational background, and geographical ongins. ( PEG). it an be used to show solidanty with othars or a social distance fram them. It can express identity. In the Caribbean, these functions are possible through the choice of language variety. ( DASF SISC ) ~ To discriminate against others - Speakers of non-standard variely may be treated unfairly because of their use of language. This could include not just using a non-standard form but ‘also having a limited vocabulary or using the accent of a minorty group. Eg. being turned ‘away from a job or made to feel inferior or judged as being uneducated. * To alienate - people can use language both standard and non-standard forms to exclude a. person. Eg. In a Chinese restaurant, where they may opt to speak mandarin excluding others. ‘Also members of the social elite may use the standard language to distance themselves from the hired help. + To make face threats - A face threat is a vocalized act that threatens someone's reputation. ~ To make social biases - Language Is used to demonstrate speaker's attitudes towards particular groups or individuals because of their race, gender, religion, sexual orientation or ‘even the language they speak Eg. Code-switching to creole to address someone unkempt but uses standard english to address someone well groomed. To assert authority, language can be a tool with which people in positions of power assess their authority. Where they are two language forms, one of higher prestige, and then another in certain situations, speakers may switch to maintain use of the language of the higher prestige to show they have control or are the ones in charge. + To mark Identity - Language is used to provide or reinforce an individual's sense of identity in rotation to his membership of a particular group or nationally. Using language that is similar creates @ greater ethnic, regional, communal or national bond. Language also allows an individual speaker to maintain his uniqueness. This is because each individual has his own idiolect - particular words and phrases he/ she alviays uses, ~ To Make Solidarity - Language can be used fo show solidarity within a community. When People speak, their words show camaraderie, sympathy, concern and affection. This helps to ‘create a sense of support and unity. + To Make Social Linkages - This is done by establishing connections through other people. = To Make Cultural Awareness - Language creates avenues for people to learn about beliefs in customs and practices of another culture. 25 Monday, March 4, 2019 LANGUAGE AND IDENTITY ‘The creole languages and Caribbean standard English distinguish and unite citizens residing in the Caribbean and people of the Caribbean Diaspora. Language helps to form a connection in, that + speakers form a connection + it sets us apart when living or studying outside the region + itereates a sense of belonging + itcan be used to exclude non-speakers: + Cross Cultural References add pride + lis expressive. It has phrases that have no equivalent in Standard English Factors affecting Language in the Caribbean ( PICS) 1) Influence of History - The region has evolved from the influx of the 17th and 18th century European Colonists and enslaved population from Africa. The language that were evolved were based on the dominant colonial master. In the late 19th century, the arrival of population from India, especially to Guyana and Trinidad, added to the lexicon and speech paltlerns of the region. Chinese also came in the 20th century 2) Social Factors - Language is one of the key factors in straifying society. The language variation of the population of power becomes the standard language. Historically, he Europeans in the Caribbean, the Standard Language is seen as the the language of the upper class and the educated. The prestige associated with SE ensures that it is one of the main vehicles of upward social mobility. The non-standard forms ( creole ) are associated with the lower stratums of society, i, those who are uneducated or not very well educated. Some view creole as bad English although it is the vernacular. It is inappropriate for formal occasions for appropriate for informal occasions. 3) Political Factors - Many people do not support the standardization of English Creole because of the negative perceptions of many in society. Pollics is one of the main engines for the maintenance of minority laws and the deviations of non-standard Languages. Hail! is one of the only islands that has made creole one of its official languages. Some pollicians believe that non- SL have any place for formal occasions, others use creole for campaigns and whilst bartering in parliament. This improves acceptability of non-SLs. 4) Cultural - Cultural factors have contributed to non-Si's being more accepted today than they were in the past. Social columns and cartoons published in the newspapers are creole. Social ‘commentaries and talkshow in Radio are in Creole. These are supporting evidence that non- SU's are supporting’ functioning in society i ust being used for smalttaik. It's also being used in published literature such as novels, poems, and plays as well as music. While creole has its origins an oral language, it is increasingly being seen in writen form, thus promoting the acceptability of the language. 26 Monday, March 4, 2019 Implications of the Wider Acceptability + Eliminates prejudice and ignorance + Shows greater creativity + gives status + Shows use of creole as a written medium despite orthagraphie problems posed. + Advocates argue that proposition of the use of Creole in education especially for students in areas where creole is widly used. Evaluating Attitudes to Language A person's attitude to Language is how he/ she feels about their own Language and tho language of others, There is no set altitude as altitudes vary. It can be revealed through actual behaviors. Behaviors that reveal a person's Attitude to Language. + what he says about language + what languages he uses in different context with different people + how he reacts to another person's use of language + whether he desires to learn another language or not + whether he objects to use of a language in a particular setting + whether he expresses a preference for 1 language to be used over another + whether he engages in converges ( same lang as audience when speaking with other speakers) + whether he engages in divergence _( speaks different from audience when addressing other speakers) Words that Demonstrate Attitudes to Language. Attitudes may be positive, or neutral, or negative. Positive: Pride, Loyalty, Acceptance Negative: Contempt, disgust, pragmatic, shame. Last Chapter is detailed in a handout miss boodoo gave out. 7 ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Communication Studies Module 3 - Speaking and Writing Expository Writing = a ~ Sequencing: Making Tea {Introduction for Exposition Hook: + Question + Definition + State Fact / Give Statistics + Quotation + Anecdotal Story General Comments: Background Information of a subject matter. Link between topic and Caribbean Society, Research Research is defined as the gathering and collecting of data in order to an investigation, Research may also be defined as a systematic way for finding and gathering knowledge. It is considered a scientific way of investigating and studying a phenomenon: + systematic + methodical + disciplined Methods of Data Collection + Interviews + Case Studies + Questionnaires Interviews © Unbiased Primary Data * Reliability © Answers to direct questions + Unable to capture all data + compromises confidentiality + opinions may be biased Case Studies * Data from Examples © Past Events « Statistical data received + Biased to a specific case + can be from old times, so does not represent present + can be researcher biased Questionnaires * Gives Statistical Data * Gives Qualitative Data Easy and Convenient + Limited to specific questions + questions may offend certain individuals’ groups + time consuming to tabulate data ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Primary Sources Original Material from original sources from the time period involved, that has not been filtered through, interpreted or evaluated. Primary sources are original materials on which other research is based. There are usually the first formal appearance of results in physical, print or electronic format. They present original thinking, report a discovery, or share new information eg. artifacts, which may include wins, plant specimen, fossils, furniture, tools, clothing, etc. all from the time under study; Audio recordings, diaries, interviews, journal articles, letters, newspaper articles written at the time, original documents, ete. Secondary Sources Accounts written after the fact or event with the benefit of the eye in the sight. They comment on the primary sources, offering explanations, evaluation and interpretation of them, eg. bibliographies, biographical works, commentaries, criticism, histories ete. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Data Collection Methods + Questionnaires + Focus Groups Interviews + Document Analysis + Observation + Case Studies: To provide a deeper understanding of individual circumstances Advantages: = Responses are gathered in a standardized format so are more objective than interviews ~ reduced bias = Relatively quick in collecting data (less time consuming ) = Potential data can be collected or gathered from a large group or sample * Cost Effective compared to face-to-face interviews, especially for large sample sizes and large geographical areas, ~ Easy to Calculate and Analyze. = less intrusive as respondent can complete it on his/her own time, Disadvantages: Because itis standardized, itis not possible to explain points, so this may lead to misinterpretations by participants + Open ended questions can generate large amounts of data, which may take a long time to analyze. ~ Respondents may answer questions superficially therefore there is no way to tell how truthful they are being + Unwillingness to answer questions, reveal information, and not see the benefit in them = Inadequate information makes it difficult to understand. It may result in changes of emotion, behavior, and feelings. = Research imposition = When developing the questionnaire, the researcher is making his own decisions and assumplions as to what is and what Is not important. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Interviews: Advantages: Researcher can adapt questions to clarify doubt and ensure understanding = Researcher can pick up on non-verbal queues, + Useful to obtain detailed information on personal feelings, perceptions, and opinions = Allows for more detailed questions ~ Achioves a high response rato ~ Respondents own words can be recorded + Ambiguity is clarified and incomplete answers are followed up = Interviewees are not influenced by others in his her group. Disadvantages Geographical Limitations = Costly in some cases ~ Interviewer biased as they may understand and transcribe interviews in different ways. = Respondents may feel uneasy about the anonymity of their responses + Time Consuming Focus Groups Advantages: ~ Detailed information is obtained about personal and group feelings, perceptions and opinions. > Saves time and money compared to individual interviews: + Provides a broader range of information + offers opportunities to see clatiication ~ provides useful information for quotations, publications, and presentations. ages: can be disagreements and irlevant discussions which distract from the main focus = Difficult to control and manage = Difficult to encourage a range of people to participate = Itcan be intimidating and participants may be obliged to agree with the dominant view. ~ Because they are self selecting, they may not be representative of the population. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Document Analysis Advantages: = Decreases difficulty of encouraging participation by uses + Fewer costs involved Disadvantages: + Time Consuming ~ Some documents may be sensitive and not publicly available RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY Reliability relates to consistency, trustworthiness, and dependability Factors to consider when determining Reliability: + The Author Is he or she an expert in the field ? What are hisiher qualifications ? + Professional Standards Most professions are governed by professional standards eg. academic authors who are published in academic journals, or books have to conform to standards. Also, articles published in academic journals are peer-teviewed. Additionally, many newspapers, especially large international ones, expect their journalists to operate within a professional approach + Publisher Academic publishers need to maintain their reputation for accurate tactual information, therefore, they have editors to ensure a high standard, and articles are peer-reviewed, Similarly, publishers of newspapers and magazines try to avoid legal action for libel (written), and so print the truth. + Organization and Institution. Evaluation of Data obtained from an organization or institution that is reputable and understands their role or responsibilties are important. Examples of Reputable organizations: United Nations, World Bank etc. « Research Method Whether the research method chosen is suitable to generate the data. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Validity refers to the cogency ( how convincing ) of sources. 1) Is the information based on sound reasoning ? 2) Does it have logical structure ? 3) Ist supported by evidence 4) can the information be considered as incontestable? FE 1 when determining Vali + Accuracy ‘The currency of the sources and the information. When was the data published or gathered? Could the information be out of date ? + Relevance Does the information relate to circumstances you are applying it to? g, Will research carries out in the US apply to the Caribbean ? + Data Collection Was the data collected by reliable methods? Was it accurately collected ? + Sample Size \Was the sample size large enough for generalization to be accurate ? With any social research, the sample size is vital in judging whether the data is representative of the population as a whole, + Replicable Do other sources have similar information? Would another similar piece of research have the same result? Biased Representation: Does the sample include all the variables within the population, such as: gender, age, social class, religion, educational level ( which may affect responses ). Are the proportions in the sample the same as that of the population. Therefore, even with large ‘samples, ithe data is not represented, bias in the data will occur. Biased: Has the data been collected by someone of the same or different culture, eg. a \Westem researcher may misinterpret a non-western culture and be biased due to racism, lack ‘of understanding or the factors. Poltical Biased: Is the data being presented from a right wing or a left wing perspective? Eg, ‘Aconservative agenda will difer rom a liberal agenda. ‘Social Bias: Aspects such as gender, race, age, and social classes may affect presentation of data. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 = Research Methods: Mistakes within the research method inadvertently cause bias, hence academic research is reviewed by either academics to evaluate methodology and avoid bias, in the conclusions, ~ Aim of source is presenting data (purpose): The reason for data being presented may cause bias if the sources aim is persuasive. There may be bias or advertisement. The Communication Process Communication is the ability of one to interact and convey their point of view by way of speech, writing, drawings, body language, gestures and facial expressions. It is also the act of imparting and transferring information as fact/ news. Elements of the Communication Process: + Sender/ Source - The entity from which information or message flows, + Channel - means of communicating the message + Receiver - the target enti for the message Feedback - The response given to tne message trom the receiver to the sender. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Aspects of the Communication Process: + Encoding: The representation of an idea in a way that enables for it to be conveyed. + Selecting a Channel: The chasen channel should enhance the opportunity for the receiver to accurately receive what was sent. + Decoding and Interpretation: The receiver is the decoder, and through the use of past ‘experience, the language itself, perceptions, opinions or any other clues to decipher the message sent and understood the meaning. + Barriers and Facilitators: Anything that negatively affects the understanding of a message is known as a bartier. The opposite would be a facilitator, which aids the passing of information. + Feedback: When the receiver processes! decodes the information, the response given or lack of response is known as feedback. + Media, Channels and technology: Communication process decisions must be made ‘on the best channel and medium to ensure effective communication. ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Elements of the Communication Process: ~ Sender/Source - The entity trom which the information originates. ~ Receiver - The target entity for the message = Channel/Medium - The form the message will take (Medium) ‘The means through which the message is sent (Channel) = Feedback: The response of the receiver to the message indicating whether the message was. understood or percelved. Effective Communication has taken place when the intonded feedback has been received, ie, the communication was successful = Message: The information to be sent. ~ Noise: Anything that prevents effective or successful communication. Noise may occur at the level of the source, the receiver, the message or the medium channel + Communication Context: Time or place, (Environment) in which message occurs. Image. 40 ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Aspects of the Communication Process: + Conceptualization: The idea that the sender creates in order to form a message. + Encoding: The representation of an idea in a way that enables to be conveyed. + Selecting the media/ channel: The best possible means of transmitting the message, + Decoding: Deciphering of a message by the receiver in a way that enables it to be interpreted, + Interpretation of a Message: The use of past experiences, the language itself, perceptions, opinions, or any other clues in order understand what the message means, + Feedback: The response given by the receiver after he processes/ decodes the message. "1 ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 Forms of Communication Verbal Communication: Based on the use and understanding of vocabulary. (i.e. speech and writing). Non-Verbal Communication: Relies on elements other than speech or writing. In theory, non- verbal communication entails more than ninety percent of communication. ‘Types of Non-Verbal Communication + Kinesics - the use of gestures, facial expressions, body language, head movement, posture, eye contact. + Adornments/Attie- Body Presentation, physical environment, dress + Paralanguage/ Vocalies - Tone, pitch, volume, and rate at which one speaks, + Proxemics - Use of Space + Hapiics - Use of Touch + Chronemics - Use of Time, Punctuality. FUNCTIONS OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION. Contradictory Emphasis Regulating ‘Complementing Substituting = Contradicting - Are you sick? Person coughs and say, “Yh!" = Emphasis - If someone accuses you, and you raise your hand and say,” no it wasn't me.” ~ Regulating - Pausing after ending a sentence, indicating that the other person may now enter the conversation = Complementing - Person is agreeing and says yes whilst nodding ~ Substituting - Someone asks a question and instead of replying, one shrugs his shoulders, 12 ‘Sunday, March 10, 2019 CONTEXT OF COMMUNICATION Situation: Where, why, what Social: Who, relationship, cultural beliefs. + Intrapersonal: Communication that takes place within the individual, ie, it occurs in the mind. It is internal to the communicator. + Interpersonal - Communication that takes place between two or more persons. Interpersonal ‘communication is irreversible, + Group: Communication that occurs in a group of batween 2 to 12 individuals. It takes place in

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