MERU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

ECT 3370: eLEARNING TECHNOLOGY IN

EDUCATION

COMPLETE QUESTION BANK

WITH DETAILED ANSWERS

All Past Papers: September 2022 - April 2024

Third Year, Second Semester

LEGEND:

Questions with

YELLOW HIGHLIGHTING

are REPEATED questions that appear in multiple examination papers

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS (Basic Concepts & Definitions)

SECTION 2: INTERMEDIATE QUESTIONS (Applications, Theories & Tools)
SECTION 3: ADVANCED QUESTIONS (Analysis, Barriers & Implementation)
SECTION 4: COMPLEX QUESTIONS (Evaluation, Synthesis & Case Studies)
APPENDIX: QUESTION REPETITION MATRIX
REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

(Hint: On first open, right-click the TOC and select "Update Field" to show correct page numbers)
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTORY QUESTIONS (Basic
Concepts & Definitions)
This section covers fundamental concepts in eLearning, including definitions, basic terminology, and
foundational knowledge. Questions are arranged from basic to more complex within this section.

Question 1 [REPEATED]: Explain the following terms as used in online

learning:
i) Flipped classroom ii) Learner anonymity iii) Asynchronous learning iv) Synchronous learning v) Blended
learning vi) Virtual learning vii) Learning Management System (LMS) viii) Break-out room ix)
Collaboration
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q1a), September 2022 (Q3), April 2024 (Q1b)

ANSWER:
i) FLIPPED CLASSROOM: A pedagogical approach where students are introduced to learning material
before class, and classroom time is used for activities like problem-solving, discussion, and application.
Students watch video lectures at home and do homework in class with teacher support.
Learning content Occurs outside the class. It's like the reversed traditional way of learning

ii) LEARNER ANONYMITY: The state where learners' identities are concealed or unknown in online
learning environments. This can reduce anxiety for shy students but may affect accountability and
community building.

iii) ASYNCHRONOUS LEARNING- means at the same time

: Learning that occurs without real-time interaction. Students access materials and complete work at their
own pace and schedule. Examples include recorded lectures, discussion forums, and self-paced modules.

iv) SYNCHRONOUS LEARNING: Learning that occurs in real-time where instructors and students
interact simultaneously. Examples include live video conferences, webinars, and real-time chat sessions.

v) BLENDED LEARNING: A hybrid approach combining traditional face-to-face classroom instruction

with online learning activities. It integrates the best of both worlds - personal interaction and digital
flexibility.

vi) VIRTUAL LEARNING: Learning conducted entirely in an online environment without physical
classroom presence. All interactions, content delivery, and assessments happen through digital platforms.
 vii) LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS): A software platform that supports delivery of
learning materials, tracks student progress, manages assessments, and facilitates communication. Examples
include Moodle, Blackboard, and Canvas.

viii) BREAK-OUT ROOM: A feature in video conferencing platforms that allows splitting a large class
into smaller groups for discussions, collaborative work, or focused activities.

ix) COLLABORATION: Working together with others to achieve shared learning goals through discussion,
group projects, and peer interaction.

Question 2 [REPEATED]: Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of

eLearning.
REPEATED in: August 2023 (Q1a), April 2024 (Q2a)

ANSWER:
ADVANTAGES:
1. FLEXIBILITY: Students can access learning materials anytime, anywhere, allowing them to balance
education with work, family, and other responsibilities.

2. COST-EFFECTIVENESS: eLearning reduces costs associated with physical infrastructure,

transportation, and printed materials. Students save on commuting expenses.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. LIMITED SOCIAL INTERACTION: Online learning can isolate students from peer-to-peer interaction
and face-to-face engagement with instructors.

2. TECHNOLOGY DEPENDENCY: eLearning requires reliable internet connectivity and digital devices,
which may be unavailable or unaffordable for some learners.

Question 3 [REPEATED]: Explain your understanding of Open Educational

Resources (OER).
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q2a), August 2023 (Q4b), April 2024 (Q5c)

ANSWER:
Open Educational Resources (OER) are teaching, learning, and research materials in any medium that
reside in the public domain or have been released under an open license that permits no-cost access, use,
adaptation, and redistribution by others with no or limited restrictions.
 OER can include:
- Textbooks, course readings, and other learning content
- Simulations, games, and other learning applications
- Syllabi, quizzes, and assessment tools
- Video lectures, audio recordings, and multimedia content

The key characteristic of OER is the open license (typically Creative Commons) that allows users to freely
access, use, modify, and share the resources.

Question 4 [REPEATED]: Explain the SAMR model and how technology

changes teaching activity.
REPEATED in: August 2023 (Q2), April 2024 (Q5b)

ANSWER:
SAMR is an acronym for Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition - a model created by
Dr. Ruben Puentedura.

1. SUBSTITUTION: Technology is used as a direct substitute with no functional change. Example: Using a
word processor instead of pen and paper.

2. AUGMENTATION: Technology is a direct substitute but with some functional improvement. Example:
Using a word processor with spell-check and cloud saving.

3. MODIFICATION: Technology makes it possible to redesign the task significantly. Example: Creating a
multimedia presentation with embedded videos and interactive elements.

4. REDEFINITION: Technology makes it possible to do things previously not possible. Example: Creating
a collaborative digital story with students from different countries.

The first two levels lead to ENHANCEMENT; the last two lead to TRANSFORMATION.

Question 5 [REPEATED]: Discuss the three theories used in education,

mentioning the benefits for each.
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q3b), September 2022 (Q2 & Q4), April 2024 (Q5a)

ANSWER:
1. BEHAVIOURISM (Skinner, Thorndike):
Focuses on cause and effect
Reward and punishment
Learning thru the environment
Focuses on behavior linked to experience and reward. Benefits: Provides clear structure through immediate
feedback, grades, digital badges, progress records, and certificates.

2. COGNITIVISM (Bruner, Ausubel): Concentrates on organization of knowledge and information

processing. Benefits: Supports scaffolding - provide regular support in early stages but reduce interventions
as students become more independent.“COGNITIVISM (Bruner, Ausubel)” is a short label for a learning
idea in education and psychology.

Cognitivism is the belief that how people learn depends a lot on how their minds think, organize, and
remember information.
1) Jerome Bruner
Bruner emphasized that learning is easier when information is:
- broken into smaller parts, and
- presented in a way that helps learners discover meaning.
2) David Ausubel
Ausubel is known for the idea that learning becomes much stronger when new knowledge is connected to
existing knowledge.
3. CONSTRUCTIVISM (Piaget, Vygotsky): Concerned with how learners construct their own knowledge.
Benefits: Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) suggests learners progress best when presented
with tasks just beyond their current ability level.
What “Constructivism” means
Constructivism is the belief that people learn by building their own understanding rather than just receiving
information like empty containers.
1) Piaget (learning through personal discovery)
Piaget suggested that children learn by exploring the world and figuring things out for themselve
2) Vygotsky (learning through others and social support)
Vygotsky emphasized that people learn a lot through help from other people—like teachers, parents, or
[Link] text is basically asking you to do a specific task for an assignment or discussion:
1. Behavior-based learning
- Main idea: Students learn by practice and rewards.
- Benefit: Helps in building good habits and skill through repetition (for example, using praise or points
for completing homework).
2. Learning by understanding (thinking-focused learning)
- Main idea: Students learn best when they understand ideas, not just memorize.
- Benefit: Students remember longer and can solve problems better (for example, teachers explain “why”
something is true, not only “what” it is).
3. Learning through experience (hands-on learning)
- Main idea: Students learn by doing and reflecting.
- Benefit: Helps students stay engaged and learn real-world skills (for example, science experiments or
group projects)
Question 6 [REPEATED]: Discuss two assistive technologies that can assist
learners with disabilities.
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q3c & Q4c - asked TWICE in same paper!)

ANSWER:
1. SCREEN READERS: Software programs that read everything displayed on a computer screen,
converting visual information into speech or Braille. Examples: JAWS, NVDA, VoiceOver. They enable
people with blindness to access digital content.

2. DISPLAY ENHANCEMENT TOOLS: Tools that adjust visual display characteristics for people with
low vision. Features include magnification, color adjustment, cursor enhancement, and high contrast modes.

3. AUDIO TOOLS: Text-to-speech, translation, and definition tools that help learners access content
audibly.

4. WRITING TOOLS: Software that helps with spelling, sentence construction, and alternative text entry
methods.

Question 7: Describe four e-learning tools that can be used to enhance the
learning experience.
Source: September 2022 (Q1b)

ANSWER:
1. LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (LMS): Platforms like Moodle, Blackboard, and Canvas that
support delivery of learning materials, track student progress, and manage assessments.

2. CONTENT CREATION TOOLS: Software like Camtasia, Adobe Presenter, and Microsoft Sway for
producing videos, narrated presentations, and screencasts.

3. NETWORKING AND COLLABORATION TOOLS: Applications like Google Docs, Padlet, instant
messaging apps, and video conferencing platforms (Zoom, Microsoft Teams).

4. OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER): Freely accessible educational materials from repositories
like OER Africa, MERLOT, and MIT OpenCourseWare.
Question 8: Discuss the three phases of self-regulation in change of practice
for online learning.
Source: April 2023 (Q1c)

ANSWER:
1. PLANNING PHASE: Support students to set valued and achievable goals, plan how to achieve them,
and identify when resources and support will be available.

2. PERFORMANCE PHASE: Provide strategies for approaching learning tasks. Students need to manage
time effectively, monitor their learning progress, and know where to go for help.

3. SELF-REFLECTION PHASE: Offer structure for reflecting on learning experiences. Students evaluate
progress, understand what worked or didn't work, and consider improvements.

Question 9: Marc Prensky invented and popularized the terms 'digital natives'
and 'digital immigrants'. Explain these terms using relevant examples.
Source: August 2023 (Q1d)

ANSWER:
DIGITAL NATIVES: People who have grown up with digital technology and are comfortable using it.
They are native speakers of the digital language. Example: A student who instinctively uses smartphones,
social media, and apps without needing instruction.

DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS: People who were not born into the digital world but have adopted technology
later in life. They retain an accent from their past. Example: A teacher who learned to use computers as an
adult and may print emails before reading them.

IMPLICATIONS FOR EDUCATION: Digital natives prefer receiving information quickly, parallel
processing, and graphics before text. Digital immigrants may prefer slower, step-by-step instruction and
text-based learning.

Question 10: Describe the four parts of a well-stated learning outcome.

Source: August 2023 (Q1c)

ANSWER:
A well-stated learning outcome contains (ABCD):

1. AUDIENCE: Who will be learning (e.g., 'By the end of this lesson, students will be able to...')
2. BEHAVIOR: Performance verbs describing what learners will do (e.g., create, analyze, explain, solve)

3. CONDITIONS: Under what circumstances (e.g., 'using provided materials,' 'without reference notes')

4. DEGREE: To what level of proficiency (e.g., 'with 90% accuracy,' 'within 30 minutes')

Example: 'By the end of this module, students will be able to design an online lesson plan using Moodle
with all required components correctly included.'
SECTION 2: INTERMEDIATE QUESTIONS (Applications,
Theories & Tools)
This section covers application of concepts, educational theories, practical implementation strategies,
and tools in eLearning environments.

Question 11 [REPEATED]: Using relevant examples, discuss the following e-

learning tools:
a) Content creation tools b) Networking and collaboration tools c) Learning management system d) Open
education resources e) Community of practice
REPEATED in: September 2022 (Q5), April 2023 (Q2)

ANSWER:
a) CONTENT CREATION TOOLS: Software for producing videos, audios, graphs, animations. Examples:
Camtasia, Adobe Presenter, Microsoft Sway, Xerte Online Toolkits.

b) NETWORKING AND COLLABORATION TOOLS: Applications for sharing materials and fostering
group work. Examples: Google Docs, Padlet, instant messaging apps, Twitter, Pinterest, Diigo.

c) LEARNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (LMS): Platforms supporting delivery of materials, tracking

students, and assessment. Examples: Moodle, Blackboard, Canvas, EdApp.

d) OPEN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES (OER): Freely accessible teaching and learning materials.
Examples: OER Africa, MERLOT, MIT OpenCourseWare, OpenStax, OER Commons.

e) COMMUNITY OF PRACTICE: A group of people who share a concern or passion for something they
do and learn how to do it better through regular interaction.

Question 12 [REPEATED]: Discuss five major benefits that an internet

connection can offer learners.
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q3a), August 2023 (Q5a)Discuss five major benefits that an internet connection can offer
learners.

1. Access to a Vast Repository of InformationThe internet democratizes knowledge, allowing learners to access
information on virtually any topic instantly. Instead of relying solely on physical libraries, students can use search
engines, online libraries, educational websites, and academic databases like Google Scholar to find articles, e-books, and
research papers, making research faster and more comprehensive
.2. Flexibility and Personalized LearningOnline education enables self-paced learning, allowing students to study from
any location and at any time that fits their schedule. This flexibility is beneficial for balancing education with work or
family commitments. Furthermore, students can pause, rewind, or re-watch video lectures to ensure they understand
complex topics thoroughly

.3. Enhanced Communication and CollaborationThe internet breaks down geographical barriers, allowing students to
collaborate with peers, teachers, and experts globally. Tools such as Zoom, Google Meet, and WhatsApp facilitate group
projects, real-time feedback, and virtual study groups, which foster teamwork and communication skills necessary for
modern careers

.4. Diverse Learning Resources and Interactive ContentThe internet offers multiple learning formats that cater to
different learning styles, including educational videos, podcasts, and interactive simulations. This multimedia approach
makes abstract concepts easier to understand and keeps learners engaged, transforming static subjects into interactive
experiences

.5. Development of Digital Literacy SkillsRegular use of the internet equips learners with essential digital skills that are
crucial in the modern workforce, such as navigating online platforms, evaluating digital information for accuracy, and
utilizing online productivity tools. This proficiency prepares students for a future where technology is integrated into
nearly all industries.

Cost effective

Fast feedback

Fast for getting updats

Question 13: Discuss screencasting, explaining how it is used in online

learning.
Source: August 2023 (Q5b)

ANSWER:
SCREENCASTING is the process of recording computer screen activity along with audio narration to
create video tutorials or demonstrations.

USES IN ONLINE LEARNING:

- Software demonstrations: Show students how to use specific applications step-by-step
- Problem-solving tutorials: Show worked examples in mathematics, programming
- Feedback on student work: Record screen while reviewing assignments
- Flipped classroom content: Create video lectures for students to watch before class

BEST PRACTICES:
- Keep clips short (5-10 minutes) for better engagement
- Use good quality microphones for clear audio
- Plan and script content before recording
- Include captions for accessibility
Question 14: Discuss considerations you should make when deciding to utilize
OERs.
Source: April 2023 (Q2a-ii), August 2023 (Q4d)

ANSWER:
1. QUALITY AND ACCURACY: Check factual accuracy using subject knowledge. Verify that content is
up-to-date and from credible sources.

2. LICENSE TERMS: Check if the license allows necessary modifications. Understand Creative Commons
license requirements (BY, SA, NC, ND).

3. RELEVANCE TO CURRICULUM: Evaluate how form and content fit with learning outcomes and
course objectives.

4. ACCESSIBILITY: Verify that resources are accessible for all learners including those with disabilities.

5. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Consider file formats, compatibility with your LMS, and bandwidth
requirements for students.

6. ATTRIBUTION REQUIREMENTS: Ensure you can properly attribute the original creator as required
by the license.

Question 15: Explain the conditions which influence licensing and release of
OERs.
Source: April 2023 (Q2a-i)

ANSWER:
1. COPYRIGHT STATUS: Original creator must have rights to license the work. Cannot license works
already in public domain or owned by others.

2. CREATOR'S INTENTIONS: Whether the creator wants to allow commercial use, modifications, or
require attribution.

3. INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES: Some institutions have policies about intellectual property and OER
release.
 4. FUNDING REQUIREMENTS: Some grants require open licensing of educational materials produced.

5. CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE TYPES:

- BY (Attribution): Must credit creator
- SA (ShareAlike): Must use same license for derivatives
- NC (NonCommercial): Cannot use commercially
- ND (NoDerivatives): Cannot modify

Question 16: Under what license are the OERs released? Explain the six
Creative Commons license combinations.
Source: August 2023 (Q4c)

ANSWER:
OERs are typically released under Creative Commons (CC) licenses. The six combinations are:

1. CC BY (Attribution): Others can distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon your work, even commercially,
as long as they credit you.

2. CC BY-SA (Attribution-ShareAlike): Others can remix and build upon your work for commercial
purposes, as long as they credit you and license new creations under identical terms.

3. CC BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial): Others can remix and build upon your work non-
commercially. New works must acknowledge you but don't need same license.

4. CC BY-NC-SA (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike): Others can remix non-commercially, as long

as they credit you and license new creations under identical terms.

5. CC BY-ND (Attribution-NoDerivatives): Others can reuse your work for any purpose including
commercially, but cannot share adapted versions.

6. CC BY-NC-ND (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives): Most restrictive. Others can only

download and share as long as they credit you, but cannot change or use commercially.

Question 17: Microblogging is a useful way to make contacts with like-minded

people. Discuss actions that are useful for microblogging.
Source: April 2023 (Q4b)
ANSWER:
USEFUL ACTIONS FOR MICROBLOGGING (e.g., Twitter/X):

1. GATHER INFORMATION: Use keywords and hashtags to find content on specific topics. Follow
hashtags relevant to your field.

2. FOLLOW EXPERTS: Identify thought leaders in your field and follow their accounts. Read their posts
to stay current.

3. EXPLORE NETWORKS: Look at profiles of experts to see who they follow. This reveals other valuable
accounts.

4. MAKE CONNECTIONS: Connect with people in similar positions at other institutions. Engage in
professional conversations.

5. SHARE YOUR WORK: Post about your research, publications, and projects. Use appropriate keywords
and hashtags.

6. PARTICIPATE IN DISCUSSIONS: Join Twitter chats on specific topics. Respond to questions and
share expertise.

Question 18: Examine two key characteristics of a community of practice.

Source: April 2023 (Q1b)

ANSWER:
According to Wenger-Trayner, communities of practice have three key characteristics:

1. SHARED DOMAIN OF INTEREST: Members are brought together by a shared learning concern or
passion. Membership implies commitment to the domain and shared competence that distinguishes
members from other people.

2. ACTIVE COMMUNITY: Members engage in joint activities, help each other, and share information.
They build relationships that enable them to learn from each other.

3. IMPACT ON PRACTICE: Members develop a shared repertoire of resources, experiences, stories, tools,
and ways of addressing recurring problems. The community's collective knowledge impacts individual
practice.
Question 19: Given an online class to teach, how would you help your
students prepare for learning?
Source: September 2022 (Q1a)

ANSWER:
1. ORIENTATION TO PLATFORM: Provide clear instructions on how to access and navigate the learning
management system.

2. TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS: Inform students about required devices, internet speed, and software
needed.

3. SET EXPECTATIONS: Clearly communicate course schedule, assignment deadlines, participation

requirements, and grading criteria.

4. TIME MANAGEMENT GUIDANCE: Help students plan study schedules and balance online learning
with other responsibilities.

5. CREATE WELCOMING ENVIRONMENT: Use icebreakers, introductions, and community-building

activities to reduce anxiety.

6. PROVIDE SUPPORT RESOURCES: Share information about technical support, tutoring, and other
available services.

7. MODEL EXPECTED BEHAVIOR: Demonstrate how to participate in discussions, submit assignments,

and use tools.

Question 20: How would you as a teacher undertake to motivate your e-

learning students?
Source: September 2022 (Q1c)

ANSWER:
1. SET CLEAR GOALS: Help students understand what they will achieve and why it matters.

2. PROVIDE REGULAR FEEDBACK: Give timely, constructive feedback on assignments and

participation.
3. RECOGNIZE ACHIEVEMENTS: Use digital badges, certificates, and public acknowledgment to
celebrate success.

4. MAKE CONTENT RELEVANT: Connect learning to real-world applications and student interests.

5. FOSTER COMMUNITY: Create opportunities for peer interaction and collaboration to reduce isolation.

6. VARY ACTIVITIES: Use multimedia, discussions, projects, and interactive elements to maintain
engagement.

7. BE RESPONSIVE: Answer questions promptly and be available for support when needed.
SECTION 3: ADVANCED QUESTIONS (Analysis, Barriers &
Implementation)
This section requires deeper analysis, synthesis of multiple concepts, and application of knowledge to
complex scenarios including barriers and implementation challenges.

Question 21 [REPEATED]: Examine five possible barriers to successful

implementation of eLearning in institutions of higher learning.
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q4a), April 2024 (Q3a)

ANSWER:
1. INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES: Limited or unreliable internet connectivity, inadequate computer
labs, insufficient server capacity, unreliable electricity supply.

2. FINANCIAL CONSTRAINTS: High costs of technology infrastructure, expensive software licenses,

limited budget for faculty training, students' inability to afford devices.

3. RESISTANCE TO CHANGE: Faculty comfortable with traditional methods, lack of institutional culture
supporting technology, fear of increased workload.

4. TECHNICAL SKILLS GAP: Instructors lacking digital literacy, students unfamiliar with platforms,
limited technical support staff.

5. QUALITY ASSURANCE CONCERNS: Difficulty maintaining academic integrity, verifying student

identity, ensuring equivalent learning outcomes.

6. CONTENT DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES: Time-intensive conversion of materials, need for

multimedia expertise, copyright and licensing issues.

Question 22 [REPEATED]: Discuss five impacts of eLearning in the education

sector today.
REPEATED in: April 2023 (Q2b), August 2023 (Q5a)

ANSWER:
1. INCREASED ACCESS TO EDUCATION: eLearning has democratized education by making it
accessible to learners in remote areas, working professionals, and those with family responsibilities.
 2. SHIFT IN TEACHING ROLES: Teachers have transformed from primary sources of information to
facilitators of learning, emphasizing guiding and mentoring.

3. PERSONALIZED LEARNING PATHS: Technology enables adaptive learning systems that adjust to
individual student needs, pace, and learning styles.

4. ENHANCED COLLABORATION OPPORTUNITIES: eLearning tools facilitate collaboration beyond

classroom walls, connecting students globally.

5. DATA-DRIVEN DECISION MAKING: Learning management systems collect data on student

engagement and performance for evidence-based improvements.

6. LIFELONG LEARNING CULTURE: MOOCs and OER foster continuous learning for professional
development and personal enrichment.

Question 23: Evaluate the principles that should be followed to optimize the
experience and benefit for online learners.
Source: August 2023 (Q3a)

ANSWER:
1. CREATE A SCHEDULE: Establish clear expectations about availability. Schedule drop-in tutorials for
synchronous support. Provide milestone dates.

2. KNOW YOUR STUDENTS: Understand learners' age, background, motivation, digital confidence, and
internet access capabilities.

3. FOSTER COMMUNITY: Build connections between learners using communities of practice. Keep
students engaged through regular communication.

4. DESIGN ACCESSIBLE MATERIALS: Ensure content is accessible to all learners including those with
disabilities.

5. PROVIDE REGULAR FEEDBACK: Give timely, constructive feedback on assignments and

participation.

6. ENCOURAGE ACTIVE LEARNING: Include interactive elements like discussions, group projects, and
case studies.
 7. SUPPORT SELF-REGULATED LEARNING: Help students develop skills in goal-setting, time
management, and self-assessment.

Question 24: How would you compare a physical classroom to an eLearning

class?
Source: August 2023 (Q3b)

ANSWER:
PHYSICAL CLASSROOM ADVANTAGES:
- Face-to-face interaction with immediate feedback
- Non-verbal cues enhance communication
- Structured schedule maintains discipline
- Social connections develop naturally
- Hands-on activities are easier to conduct

PHYSICAL CLASSROOM DISADVANTAGES:

- Fixed time and location limit flexibility
- Geographic constraints exclude distant learners
- Limited pace - all students progress together

ELEARNING CLASS ADVANTAGES:

- Flexibility in time and location
- Self-paced learning allows review as needed
- Access to global resources and experts
- Cost-effective with reduced transportation costs

ELEARNING CLASS DISADVANTAGES:

- Requires self-discipline and time management
- Limited face-to-face social interaction
- Technical issues can disrupt learning

Question 25: Justify the importance of evaluating online materials before you
use them to teach.
Source: August 2023 (Q2c)

ANSWER:
 1. QUALITY ASSURANCE: Ensures content is accurate, up-to-date, and aligned with learning objectives.
Poor quality materials can lead to misconceptions.

2. CREDIBILITY VERIFICATION: Confirms that sources are reputable and information is evidence-
based. Not all online content is reliable.

3. COPYRIGHT COMPLIANCE: Verifies that materials can be legally used in your teaching context
without infringement.

4. ACCESSIBILITY CHECK: Ensures materials work with assistive technologies and are accessible to all
learners including those with disabilities.

5. TECHNICAL COMPATIBILITY: Confirms materials work with your institution's systems, devices, and
bandwidth limitations.

6. CULTURAL APPROPRIATENESS: Ensures content is culturally sensitive and appropriate for your
student population.

Question 26: What details about learners should an instructor know before
teaching online?
Source: April 2024 (Q1c), April 2023 (Q5a)

ANSWER:
1. AGE AND BACKGROUND: Understanding age groups helps select appropriate teaching methods.
Background informs content difficulty level.

2. MOTIVATION FOR LEARNING: Knowing why students are taking the course helps instructors
connect content to learners' goals.

3. DIGITAL CONFIDENCE: Knowing which technologies students are comfortable with helps avoid
overwhelming them.

4. INTERNET ACCESS CAPABILITIES: Understanding connectivity helps design accessible content for
varying bandwidth.

5. PREVIOUS LEARNING EXPERIENCES: Knowing positive or negative past experiences helps address
anxieties.
 6. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: Understanding where learning takes place helps recommend appropriate
study strategies.

Question 27: Explain in detail what an instructor should do to promote student

participation during a virtual class.
Source: April 2024 (Q1d)

ANSWER:
1. CREATE A WELCOMING ENVIRONMENT: Greet students personally, use icebreakers, learn and use
students' names.

2. USE INTERACTIVE TOOLS: Incorporate polls, surveys, chat for questions, reactions, and breakout
rooms for small group discussions.

3. VARY TEACHING METHODS: Mix lectures with discussions, case studies, activities, and multimedia.

4. ASK ENGAGING QUESTIONS: Use open-ended questions at different cognitive levels. Allow wait
time for responses.

5. PROVIDE MULTIPLE PARTICIPATION AVENUES: Allow verbal responses, chat contributions, or

collaborative documents.

6. GIVE POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT: Acknowledge and praise contributions, provide constructive

feedback.

Question 28: Explain how examination proctoring software prevents students

from cheating in an online exam.
Source: April 2024 (Q1e)

ANSWER:
1. IDENTITY VERIFICATION: Facial recognition technology confirms the person taking the exam is the
enrolled student.

2. BROWSER LOCKDOWN: Restricts access to other applications, websites, and resources during the
exam. Prevents copy-paste.
 3. VIDEO AND AUDIO MONITORING: Continuous webcam recording with AI detection of suspicious
behaviors.

4. SCREEN RECORDING: Records everything displayed on the student's screen throughout the exam.

5. KEYSTROKE ANALYSIS: Monitors typing patterns and detects unusual pauses.

6. LIVE PROCTORING: Human proctors monitor multiple students via video feed in real-time.

7. ROOM SCAN: Requires students to pan their camera around the room before starting.

Question 29: Identify four physical mechanisms and media that can be used to
store digital content.
Source: April 2024 (Q1g)

ANSWER:
1. HARD DISK DRIVES (HDD): Magnetic storage devices with large capacity used in computers and
servers. Cost-effective for large amounts of data.

2. SOLID STATE DRIVES (SSD): Flash-based storage with no moving parts, offering faster access speeds
and greater durability.

3. USB FLASH DRIVES: Portable, removable storage devices using flash memory for transferring files.

4. CLOUD STORAGE: Online storage services (Google Drive, Dropbox) that store data on remote servers
accessible via internet.

5. MEMORY CARDS (SD cards): Small, removable flash storage used in cameras and smartphones.

6. OPTICAL MEDIA (CDs, DVDs): Disc-based storage useful for archival purposes.

Question 30: Explain the challenges that institutions face when implementing
fully online examinations, and why some have reverted to requiring students
to sit exams physically on campus.
Source: April 2024 (Q1h)
ANSWER:
CHALLENGES OF ONLINE EXAMINATIONS:

1. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY CONCERNS: Difficulty verifying student identity, preventing unauthorized

assistance, students accessing hidden notes.

2. TECHNICAL ISSUES: Internet connectivity problems, software compatibility, system crashes during
exams.

3. EQUITY AND ACCESS: Not all students have suitable devices or quiet spaces, internet data costs may
be prohibitive.

4. PROCTORING COSTS AND PRIVACY: High costs of proctoring software, privacy concerns with
extensive monitoring.

5. ASSESSMENT LIMITATIONS: Certain assessment types (practicals, oral exams) are difficult to
conduct online.

REASONS FOR REVERTING TO PHYSICAL EXAMS:

- Maintaining accreditation standards
- Ensuring fairness and equal conditions
- Reducing technical support burden
- Addressing stakeholder concerns about credential validity
SECTION 4: COMPLEX QUESTIONS (Evaluation, Synthesis
& Case Studies)
This section covers complex implementation scenarios, evaluation frameworks, synthesis of multiple
concepts, and real-world application cases.

Question 31: Explain how an institution that offers Bachelor of Science in

Medicine through a completely online-based study mode will ensure its
students gain practical skills.
Source: April 2024 (Q1a)

ANSWER:
1. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) AND SIMULATIONS: Use VR for immersive anatomy exploration and
surgical simulators for risk-free procedure practice.

2. REMOTE LABORATORY EXPERIENCES: Send laboratory kits to students' homes for basic
experiments. Use remote-controlled laboratories.

3. BLENDED PRACTICAL COMPONENTS: Organize intensive residential workshops for hands-on

training. Partner with local hospitals for clinical rotations.

4. VIDEO DEMONSTRATIONS: High-quality video recordings of clinical procedures from multiple

angles with interactive decision points.

5. PEER PRACTICE AND ROLE-PLAY: Students practice physical examination techniques on family
members. Video submission for instructor feedback.

6. VIRTUAL PATIENT ENCOUNTERS: Simulated patient interactions via video conferencing for
developing diagnostic skills.

Question 32: Explain in detail the features a learning management system

should have in order to effectively facilitate virtual learning.
Source: April 2024 (Q3b)

ANSWER:
1. CONTENT DELIVERY: Ability to upload and organize various content types (documents, videos,
audio, links).
 2. ASSESSMENT TOOLS: Quiz creation, assignment submission, grading capabilities, and feedback
mechanisms.

3. COMMUNICATION TOOLS: Discussion forums, announcements, messaging, and email integration.

4. TRACKING AND REPORTING: Monitor student progress, engagement analytics, completion tracking,
and gradebook functionality.

5. USER MANAGEMENT: Enroll students, manage roles, create groups, and control access permissions.

6. MOBILE ACCESSIBILITY: Responsive design or mobile app for learning on smartphones and tablets.

7. INTEGRATION CAPABILITIES: Connect with third-party tools (video conferencing, plagiarism

detection, OER repositories).

8. ACCESSIBILITY FEATURES: Screen reader compatibility, keyboard navigation, and support for
assistive technologies.

Question 33: Discuss five roles that technology has played in the education
sector.
Source: April 2024 (Q4b)

ANSWER:
1. FACILITATING ACCESS: Technology has broken down geographical barriers, making education
accessible to learners in remote areas and those with physical disabilities.

2. ENHANCING ENGAGEMENT: Multimedia content, interactive simulations, and gamification make

learning more engaging and memorable.

3. ENABLING PERSONALIZATION: Adaptive learning systems adjust content difficulty and pacing to
individual student needs.

4. SUPPORTING COLLABORATION: Tools like video conferencing, shared documents, and discussion
forums enable global collaboration.
 5. IMPROVING ASSESSMENT: Technology enables immediate feedback, automated grading, and
detailed analytics on student performance.

6. PROMOTING LIFELONG LEARNING: Online courses and MOOCs enable continuous professional
development throughout one's career.

Question 34: Online learning is a stimulant for improved professional

development. While giving examples, discuss four ways in which online
learning boosts professional development.
Source: April 2024 (Q4c)

ANSWER:
1. ACCESS TO EXPERT KNOWLEDGE: Online learning allows professionals to learn from world-
renowned experts without geographical constraints. Example: A teacher in Kenya can take a course from
Harvard.

2. FLEXIBLE LEARNING SCHEDULES: Professionals can upskill while working full-time. Example:
Taking evening or weekend courses without leaving employment.

3. DIVERSE PERSPECTIVES: Online courses bring together learners from around the world. Example:
Participating in discussions with educators from different countries.

4. UPDATED CONTENT: Online materials can be updated quickly to reflect latest research and practices.
Example: Learning about new teaching technologies as they emerge.

5. NETWORKING OPPORTUNITIES: Online platforms connect professionals with peers and mentors
globally. Example: Building a professional learning network through course forums.

Question 35: Describe two ways in which an instructor can make online
learning content personalized.
Source: April 2024 (Q4a)

ANSWER:
1. ADAPTIVE CONTENT PATHS: Use learning analytics to identify each student's strengths and
weaknesses, then provide customized learning paths. Students who demonstrate mastery can skip ahead,
while those who need support receive additional resources.
 2. CHOICE AND FLEXIBILITY: Allow students to choose topics of interest within the curriculum, select
assignment formats (video, written, presentation), and progress at their own pace. Provide options for how
they engage with content based on learning preferences.

Question 36: Discuss four ways to make self-instructional materials

interactive.
Source: April 2023 (Q5b)

ANSWER:
1. IN-TEXT QUESTIONS: Include short questions throughout the material that make learners pause and
think before continuing. Provide answers or feedback immediately after.

2. VARIED QUESTIONING TECHNIQUES: Use multiple choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, short

answer, and case study questions to maintain engagement.

3. BLOOM'S TAXONOMY: Structure questions at different cognitive levels - from remembering facts to
evaluating arguments and creating new ideas.

4. SELF-ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES: Include quizzes, reflective prompts, and practical exercises that
allow learners to check their own understanding.

5. INTERACTIVE ELEMENTS: Incorporate drag-and-drop exercises, clickable diagrams, and decision-

making scenarios when technology permits.

Question 37: Explain the benefits of online learning.

Source: April 2024 (Q1f), September 2022 (Q1b)

ANSWER:
1. FLEXIBILITY: Learn anytime, anywhere, allowing students to balance education with work and family.

2. COST SAVINGS: Reduced transportation, accommodation, and textbook costs.

3. SELF-PACED LEARNING: Students can review content as needed and progress at their own speed.

4. ACCESS TO RESOURCES: Connect with global experts, diverse perspectives, and vast online libraries.
 5. DEVELOPS DIGITAL SKILLS: Students naturally develop technology competencies essential for
modern workplaces.

6. ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS: Reduced paper usage and carbon emissions from commuting.

Question 38: Discuss reasons that would cause an institution to avoid offering
online programs.
Source: April 2024 (Q3a)

ANSWER:
1. INFRASTRUCTURE COSTS: Significant investment required for technology, training, and ongoing
maintenance.

2. FACULTY RESISTANCE: Some instructors may be uncomfortable with technology or prefer traditional
teaching methods.

3. QUALITY CONCERNS: Difficulty ensuring equivalent learning outcomes and maintaining academic
integrity.

4. STUDENT SUPPORT CHALLENGES: Providing adequate technical support and academic advising at
a distance.

5. ACCREDITATION REQUIREMENTS: Some accrediting bodies have strict requirements for online
program approval.

6. LIMITED PRACTICAL TRAINING: Certain disciplines require hands-on experience that is difficult to
provide online.

Question 39: Differentiate between synchronous and asynchronous learning.

Source: April 2024 (Q2d)

ANSWER:
SYNCHRONOUS LEARNING:
- Occurs in real-time with simultaneous interaction
- Requires all participants to be online at the same time
- Examples: Live video conferences, webinars, real-time chat
- Benefits: Immediate feedback, spontaneous discussion, sense of community
 - Challenges: Scheduling difficulties across time zones, technical issues affect everyone

ASYNCHRONOUS LEARNING:
- Occurs without real-time interaction
- Students access materials and complete work at their own pace
- Examples: Recorded lectures, discussion forums, self-paced modules
- Benefits: Flexibility, time for reflection, accommodates different schedules
- Challenges: Delayed feedback, potential for isolation, requires self-discipline

Question 40: Identify four factors that would motivate a prospective student to
enroll for online learning.
Source: April 2024 (Q5d)

ANSWER:
1. FLEXIBILITY AND CONVENIENCE: Ability to study while working or managing family
responsibilities without relocating or commuting.

2. COST SAVINGS: Lower tuition fees, no accommodation costs, and savings on transportation and daily
expenses.

3. GEOGRAPHIC ACCESS: Access to programs and institutions that would otherwise be unavailable due
to distance or visa restrictions.

4. SELF-PACED LEARNING: Ability to progress at one's own speed, reviewing difficult concepts as
needed.

5. CAREER ADVANCEMENT: Opportunity to gain qualifications while maintaining current employment.

6. TECHNOLOGY COMFORT: Familiarity and comfort with digital tools and online communication.

Question 41: What are the challenges that learners may face when engaging in
online learning?
Source: April 2024 (Q2c)

ANSWER:
1. TECHNICAL DIFFICULTIES: Unreliable internet connectivity, device problems, and software issues
can disrupt learning.
 2. TIME MANAGEMENT: Without structured class schedules, some students struggle to manage their
study time effectively.

3. FEELINGS OF ISOLATION: Lack of face-to-face interaction can lead to loneliness and disengagement.

4. SELF-DISCIPLINE REQUIREMENTS: Online learning requires strong motivation and self-regulation

without direct supervision.

5. DIGITAL LITERACY GAPS: Students with limited technology experience may struggle with platforms
and tools.

6. DISTRACTIONS AT HOME: Family, social media, and household responsibilities can interrupt study
time.

Question 42: Identify the tools that institutions and students each need to have
in order to facilitate online learning.
Source: April 2024 (Q2b)

ANSWER:
INSTITUTION NEEDS:
- Learning Management System (LMS) like Moodle or Canvas
- Video conferencing platform (Zoom, Microsoft Teams)
- Content creation tools (Camtasia, Adobe Presenter)
- Assessment and plagiarism detection tools
- Reliable servers and technical support infrastructure

STUDENT NEEDS:
- Computer or mobile device with adequate specifications
- Reliable internet connection
- Webcam and microphone for video conferencing
- Basic software (web browser, document readers)
- Quiet study space with minimal distractions

Question 43: Differentiate goals from expected learning outcomes.

Source: August 2023 (Q1b)
ANSWER:
GOALS:
- Broad, general statements about what the course or program aims to achieve
- Often abstract and not directly measurable
- Focus on the instructor's intentions
- Example: 'The goal of this course is to help students understand eLearning concepts'

EXPECTED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

- Specific, measurable statements about what students will be able to DO after instruction
- Use action verbs (create, analyze, explain, solve)
- Focus on observable student performance
- Example: 'By the end of this module, students will be able to design an online lesson plan using Moodle'

KEY DIFFERENCE: Goals describe intentions; outcomes describe demonstrable student capabilities.

Question 44: Explain any five principles of online teaching.

Source: April 2023 (Q1e)

ANSWER:
1. CREATE A SCHEDULE: Establish clear expectations about availability, schedule drop-in tutorials, and
provide milestone dates.

2. KNOW YOUR STUDENTS: Understand learners' characteristics, motivation, digital confidence, and
internet access.

3. FOSTER COMMUNITY: Build connections between learners using communities of practice and regular
communication.

4. PROVIDE CLEAR INSTRUCTIONS: Use consistent terminology and unambiguous directions for all
activities.

5. GIVE REGULAR FEEDBACK: Provide timely, constructive feedback on assignments and participation.

6. DESIGN FOR ACCESSIBILITY: Ensure materials are accessible to all learners including those with
disabilities.
Question 45: Discuss personalization in online learning.
Source: April 2023 (Q1f)

ANSWER:
PERSONALIZATION in online learning means tailoring the learning experience to meet individual student
needs, preferences, and goals.

ELEMENTS OF PERSONALIZATION:
1. PACE: Allow students to progress through content at their own speed
2. PATH: Offer different routes through content based on prior knowledge and interests
3. CONTENT: Provide multiple formats (video, text, audio) to suit different learning preferences
4. ASSESSMENT: Offer choices in how students demonstrate learning

BENEFITS:
- Increases engagement and motivation
- Addresses diverse learning needs
- Improves learning outcomes
- Builds student autonomy

Question 46: Discuss five reasons why eLearning is gaining popularity

globally.
Source: April 2023 (Q1d)

ANSWER:
1. LESS EXPENSIVE: Lower delivery costs make education more affordable and accessible.

2. VAST COURSE VARIETY: Online platforms offer courses on virtually every subject imaginable.

3. STUDY GROUPS: Online learning enables engagement with like-minded students across the world.

4. FLEXIBILITY: Students and teachers can be present at opposite ends of the world in different time
zones.

5. LESS INFRASTRUCTURE: Educational institutions can deliver quality education without heavy
investment in physical facilities.

6. STANDARDIZED QUALITY: Content can be evaluated and revised continuously to maintain quality.
APPENDIX: QUESTION REPETITION MATRIX
This matrix shows which questions appear in multiple examination papers. Questions highlighted in
yellow in the main document are repeated questions.

Question Topic Sept 2022 April 2023 Aug 2023 April 2024

Definitions (Flipped, LMS, Q3 Q1a - Q1b

etc.)

Advantages/Disadvantages - - Q1a Q2a

Open Educational Resources Q5d Q2a Q4b Q5c

(OER)

SAMR Model - - Q2 Q5b

Three Educational Theories Q2, Q4 Q3b - Q5a

Assistive Technologies Q1d Q3c, Q4c - -

eLearning Tools Q1b, Q5 - - -

Internet Benefits - Q3a - -

Barriers to eLearning - Q4a - Q3a

Impacts of eLearning - Q2b Q5a -

Microblogging - Q4b - -

Principles for Online Learners - - Q3a -

Physical vs eLearning Class - - Q3b -

Instructor Knowledge of - Q5a - Q1c

Students

Promoting Participation - - - Q1d

Screencasting - - Q5b -

Self-Regulation Phases - Q1c - -

Community of Practice Q5e Q1b - -

KEY FINDINGS:

- Most frequently repeated: Three Educational Theories (appears in 3 papers)

- Definitions question appears in 3 different papers

- OER questions appear in ALL 4 papers

- Assistive Technologies was asked TWICE in April 2023 (Q3c and Q4c)

- Barriers and Impacts of eLearning are recurring themes

- April 2023 paper had the most repeated questions in subsequent papers
REFERENCES AND RESOURCES

Primary Reference

Meru University of Science and Technology (2024). ECT 3370: eLearning Technology in Education -
Comprehensive Learning Resources. School of Education.

Past Examination Papers Used (Complete List)

Meru University (April 2024). ECT 3370: E-Learning Technology in Education - University
Examinations 2023/2024.

Meru University (August 2023). ECT 3370: E-Learning Technology in Education - Supplementary
Examination 2022/2023.

Meru University (April 2023). ECT 3370: E-Learning Technology in Education - University
Examinations 2022/2023.

Meru University (September 2022). ECT 3370: E-Learning Technology in Education -

Special/Supplementary Examination 2021/2022.

Note on Earlier Years (2014-2021)

ECT 3370: eLearning Technology in Education was introduced in 2022. No examination papers exist
for years 2014-2021. The predecessor course was ECT 3300: Education Communication and
Technology.

Recommended Reading

Piña, Anthony A., Lowell, Victoria L., and Harris, Bruce R. (2017). Leading and Managing e-
Learning. Springer.

Harasim, Linda. (2017). Learning Theory and Online Technologies. 2nd edition. Routledge.

Prensky, Marc. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants. On the Horizon.

Puentedura, Ruben. (2006). Transformation, Technology, and Education.