Lir Trarsformations 175

By the above discussion the trace of T as defned by us il! e

niqueelement of F and thus our definition is sensible.
Solved Examples
Exasple Find the matrix of the linear transformat ion T on
(R) defineă as T (a, b, c) =(26 +c, a-46, 3a),
witk respect to the ordered basis B and also with respect to the
dered basis B' where
B=i(l, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1))
(ii) B={(1, 1, ), (1, 1, 0), (1, 0, 0)}.
(Andhra 1992, Nagarjoa 90;Tiryatí 9.
Solutioa. (i) We have
T(1,0, 0) =(0, 1, 3)=0 (1, 0, 0)+1 (0, 1, 0)+3 (0, 0, 1),
T(0, 1, 0)=(2, -4, 0)=2 (1, 0, 0)–4 (0, 1, 0)+0 (0, 0, 1),
snd T (0, 0, 1)=(1, 0, 0)=l(1,0, 0)+0 (0, 1, 0)+0 (0, 0, 1)
:bydef of matrixof T withrespect to B, we have
2
(T]a=1 -40
Note. Io order to find the matrix of T relative to the stand
ard ordered basis B, it is sufficieat to compute T1, 0, 0), T0, 1, 0)
and T (0, 0, 1). There is no need of further expressing these
vectors as linear combinations of (1,0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
Obviously the co-ordinates of the vectors T (1, 0, 0), T (0, 1, 0)
and T (0, 0, 1) respectively constitute the frst, second and third
columns of the matrix [T]8.
(ii) We have T (1, 1, 1)=(3, -3, 3).
Now our aimis to express (3, -3, 3) as a libear combination
of vectors in B'. Let
(a, b, c) =x(1, 1, 1) +y (1, 1, 0) +2(1, 0, 0)
=(*+y+z, x+), x).
Then x+y+z=4, x+y=b, x=c
Le. x=C, y=b-c, z=q-b. ..(1)
Putting a=3, b=-3, and c=3 in (1), we get
X=3, y-6 and z=6.
.:. T(1, 1, l)=3, -3, 3) =3 (1, 1, I)-6(1, 1,0) +6(1,0, 0).
Also T (1, 1,0)=(2, -3, 3).
Putting a=2, b=-3 and c=3 in (1), we get
TU, 1, 0)=(2, -3, 3)=3 (1, 1, I)-6 (1, 1, 0)+6 (1, 0, 0).
Finally, T (1,0, 0)=(0, 1, 3).
Putting a=0, b=land c=3 in (1), we get
T(U,0, 0) =(0, 1, 3)=3(1, 1, 1)-2 (1, 0, 0)-1 (1, 0, 0)
 176 LiNOr Transformatlon ordered basio for R),
177

3
solution. Suppose B is the standard be
-6 0, 00), (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 1)). Let A=(T|, le. let A
Then B(1,of T with respect to B. First we shall compute
A.
Tsramp{2) Let T be the linear operator on R defneda thematri:
Tai, x, X)=(3*1+x, -2x1+X, We have
What is the matrix of T in the ordered basis -X+271+ T(1, 0, 0)=(3, -2, -1),
T(0, 1, 0)=(0, 1, 2),
4=(1,0, 1), 4=(-1,2, 1) and ay=(2, 1, 1) ? T(0, 0, 1)=(1,0, 4).
(Meerut 192, 77, 0, and 3 0 1]
Solutioa. By def. of T, we have
TĪa)=TI, 0, 1)=(4, -2, 3).
Now T will be invertible if the matrix (T]o is inyertible. (Seo
Now our aim is to express (4, -2, 3) as a linear
of the vectors in the basis B={a4, «, «y}. Let combinain theorem 7 on page 165].
(9, b, c)=xa,+yat 243 3 01
=x(!, 0, 1)+ (-1, 2, 1)+z (2, 1, )
=(*-y+2z, 2y+z, *+y+z). We have đet 4=| 4 |= -1 2 4
Then x-y+2z=a,2y+z=b, *+y+z=c. -3(4-0)-+1(-4+)=9.
Solving these equations, we get Since det A#0, therefore the matrix A is invertible and
T-364s b+c-a b-cła consequently T is invertible.
4 2.
Now we shall compute the matrix 4-!, For this let us first
Putting a=4, b=-2, c=3in (1), we get ind adj. A.
x=,y=-,z=-} The cofactors of the elements of the irst row ofA are
T(«)=4-a;-a9.
Also T(z3) =T-1, 2, 1)=(-2, 4, 9). Putting
35
=-2, b=4, c=9 in (1), we get xe= 15
2=g Tbe cofactors of the elements of the second row of A are
35 15 7 -6.

Finally T(43)=T(2, 1, 1)=(7,-3,4). Putting The cofactors of the elements of the third row of A are
a=7, b=-3, c=4 in (1), we 11
get
4

17
3
Adj. A=transpose of thematrix i3
35
4 4 2
15
4 2
1
0 -3 -6
Let T be a linear Now (7-)e-((T])-lA-!, for T-!.(SeeLettheorem 7 page l65)
T(X,X, x;)=(3x+*s, -2x1+*, operator on R defined by We shall now ând a formula a=(a, b, c) be any
s invertible and finda formula for T-l,-X+2x1+t4x,). Prove that T vector belonging to R, Then
(Meerut 1976, 93)
178 179
LinerAlt Tansfornation
(See Note on page 17 35
1 4 4
2 4a+ 2b 3 (Note that this resalt
8 13 8a+136 3 15
"2 tallies with that of Ex. 2].
-3 -6 -30- 6b+3e 4
Since B is the standard ordered basis for R',
i-† -
1

.)=e, 6, c)=;(4a+2b-c, 8a+136-2:, the linear operator on R² defined by

Example 5. LetTT(%,bey)=(4x-2y, 2x+y).
DBrampl4) Let T be the linear operator on R? -34-6b43:,
to the basis fd, a2 where
Cammpute the matrix 0).of T relative (Meerut 1976, 93P)
defined by E(l, 1), a=(-1,
T (X1, *2, x)=(3xıtx, -2xı t2, -*+2x)+4x). Solution. By def. of T, we have
() What is the matrix of T in the standard ordered basis T («)=T (1, )=(2, 3).
for R ? our aim is to express (2, 3) as a linear
combination of
Now
(i) Find the transition matrix P from the ordered basis B to the vectors in the basis {1, «2}.
the ordered basis B'=fa, a, a3} where ay =(1, 0, 1), «;==(-1,2,1) Let (4, b)=x«|+ya2=x (1, l)+y (-1,0)=(-}, ).
and ay=(2, 1, 1). Hence find the matrix ofT relative to the ordered Then x-y÷4, x=b.
basis B' Solving these equations, we get .(1)
x=b, yb-a.
Solation. i) Let A=[T]B. Then Puttiog a=2, b=3 in (1), we get x=3,y=1. ..(2)
3 0 1] .. T(«1)=3a, + lag. a=-4,b=-2
Again T(a2) =T(-1, 0)=(-4, -2). Puting
(For calculation work see Ex. 3]
in (1), we get x=-2, y=2.
() SinceB is the standard ordered basjs, therefore the transi
tion matrix P from B to B' can be immediately written as .. T(a2) =-241+2ag. tbat the matrix .(3)
of T
From the relations (2) and (3), we see
relative to the basis
defined by :
Now (T]b'=P-1 (T]a P. Example 6. Let T be a linear operator on R'
[See note on page 172]) T(x, y) =(2y, 3*-y).
Inorder to compute the matrix P-1, we find that đet P=-4. T relativeto the basis {(1, 3),
Find the matrix representation of 85, 93P)
Therefore p-1= 1 3 (2, 5)}. (Meerut 1980, 89; S.V.U. Tirapati
By def. of T, have
we
detP Solution. Let ay =(1, 3) and a=(2, 5).
Tiaı)=T(1, 3) =(2.3, 3.1-3) =(6, 0) 1).
T(«2) =T(2, 5) =(2 5, 32--5)=(10,
3
21 and
vectors T(«1) and T(a2) as linear
Nowour aim is to express the basis {a, a}.
combinations of the vectors in the 5)=(p+24, 3p+ 5q).
Let (a, b) =paj +q4=P (l,3)+9 (2,
Then p +2q = 4, 3p+Sq=b.
2
-35 -221 equations, we ger
-15 Solving these
p-Sa+26, q3a-b, ()
14
180
LinearAlge Linear Tranformations 181
Putting a=6, b=0in (1), we get p= -30, g=18.
Ta)=(6, ) -30a1 +18a Note. Calculate the required matrix in two ways and check
Again putting a=10, blin (1), we get your answer.
p=-48, g=29. Example 9. Consider the vector space V(R) of all 2 x2 matrices
.. T()=(10, 1)=-48a1+29%2. aer the field R of real numbers. Let T be the linear transformation
From the relations (2) and (3), we see that the thi sends each matrix X onto AX, where A=| Findthe
matrix
relative to the basis (as, a) is-30-48)
is= 29
matrix of T withrespect to the ordrred basis B=(a1, a2, a3, a} for
Example Let T be the linear operato cn R² defined by Vwhere
T(, y)=(4x-2y, 2x+y.
(i) What is the matrix of T in the siandard ordered Soiution. We have
batit
for R??
(ii) Find the transition matrix P from the ordered basis B
the ordered tasis B'={a, a} where aj = (1, 1),
find the matrix of T relative to the ordered basisaz=(-1,
B'.
0). Heng
Solution. (i)We have T(1, 0)=(4, 2) and T(0, 1)=(-2, 1).
Since B is the standard ordered basis for R2, therefore
f4

(ü) Since B is the standard ordered

the transition matrix P from B to B' can be basis for R2, therefore
immediately writtena
and
Now [T'g=P-1 (Tl: P.
We have det
elements of the firstP=1x0-(1x-l)=1, The
row ofP are 0, -], Also cofactors of tbe
the elements of the second the
row of P are -(-1), 1 i.e.,cofactors 0 [1 0 1 0]1
10
Therefore are l, l .. (T]a=0
1
T on
Example 10. If the matrix of a linear trarsformation
det P

B={(1, 0), (0,

VaC), with respect to the ordered basis
to the ordered basis
-[3
Example 8. Let T be the linear oper
what is the matrix of T with respect
B'={(1, 1), (1, -1)) ? It is given that
Solution. Let us irst defne Texplicitly.
T(X, X2, x)=(*1+X1+X$, ator on R
defined by
What is the matrix ofT in the-X--4x, 2x,--) 1),
0)+1 (0, I)=(1, ).
ordered
aj=(1, 1, 1), 42-(0, I, 1), 4j=(1, 0, 1) ? basis (a, a2, ag} where TU, 0)=1 (1, (0, l)=(1,
and TO, 1) i (h 0)+1