Nodule-1

nequ Anihmate

a 44tons .

|at
inkgral
ingeu

integes

numhcus
:
aaihmb.
1h
rom
af
ugh v
tron nugaive
nlcgeA5.
cct

nhnu
and

danold

b
Aew

1,

(ou've
toa1is
tontain
in kniy.
all

exdading tvacions.

phd
dahiont
ru binag
Bnay uons: yrbqraphy.
th

takes two inpat

valus

to the at A binauy opuaton

intgeas. binay uahons
mmon
co
and trcak thru mulkplicahon
output and
addikon, subtaachon
defid o1 nk and c reátes
and b)
b inkgens
tatas fwo inpuk (a
Ecach 4hu uatio4
inkgeas
and
n pub tomi {rem thu
kwo

th inbo th
gos hwo outpu
PAoduas
Lakqony.
Nok: Dlvs ion dou no
Instaad onu.
(1uien and maindrA)

2: -,- 0,1,2, -.4|

oon

-..-2,-, 0,•, 2, 41

erampe:
54 (-5) +9 :4 54(-9) : -4 -54 (-4) - 4

:
9 14
A ddihon:
C-5)-4:., -t4
5-(-9) 14 (-5)-l-4) t4
sublrachon: 5-4 -4
-5 14: -45 6A-9 -45 -5i -4 45
Hulkplitahion :

Lntqu Divusion
and a.
dvide
inteqes
arih mh,
 "The belween thes Fous can
relatisnshit Intg he
Auntcda

wh, divident

ieot

n diviso

maindea.

Th dbave lahion hchwun a,9, n and calud division ulatog

a:255,
23
n
22

35
33

A, n 1, a :155, q :23. and A2

Aen ding to divesion

255 :23 X I|4 2

two utactions .
while uing d ev uron, we mpoe
1.
duvsos mut be pos ik've tnkgu (n0)
AmalndeA muu be a non- ngatve intequ (a>o)

| 2:--9,- 0, ,-3
2,-

joibe) non- gabve)

|3:{.- 4-. 0.5 3, -...

nok: gaßve. T6 pply

the esthickon that posiive, decre ment the va lus

4 by and ddd yalul ntoa to maka it poskve.

e9: - 255 (-13 * ) 4 (-2) (-23+1) xI| + -2+||

 and addud (| to.-2
to
mak it

Aaph

and
tan sho
divtsion

w
LLlab'o0

divesion Lako a with the

o ricbon on n

graphs.

In ca6e
fos itive o, We ud to mo ve 44n u nik o th
than sa me
diuchon.
Arqht and move 4xaa unik in the

255 - 2311 42

tase ta
2
Aaik th f
we ned to move Cq-1)%n
Casl aatve d,
dikction
fosik
and then move Aunik th

: -255 :-23 142 x

-155 3 -24 x 1) tq

(au - ve a

-2n
(4-1)n

ovisibitiby
whn a
2A0 and We diida

labon me,
So,

innt
4

Lan
he divuion

say
that n devi
beco

des a. 0A d dlvuoA [Link] (an

alio tay that dw sibu by n.

aln
Can nt this alabonshi

PYopLabes
1. i ai, thun a= t

[Link] and bla , then a tb

3 b qnd blc thun alc

m and n
iS ab and ae, 4he n al(mtb tnz) wheae
abilaany intkgeas.

<ine 3l 15 and isl us

uty. gl45

Sinu 3|I5

aLiovdchg
and

whch
3l4,

b means
rdt.
966
(B3+114)

AU dtvoAS
erample,
have Mo than on divso%. for
A (an
porikve mty
and 32
thu
sntqu
92 has Ci dv kOAS. ,3, 4,t,

.PTOPuhes

ntequ has onty

divuos, ikels

two dv4oAS. 1
4nd ittul
( but
has luast
Ay poike ntegu
Lan h ave mon)

Ueatut divisoa

0m mon divsoAs. but ony

have ma ny
posiive intgea may
0mmon duvesoA.
qrcakut weva
und
,2 and 4. Ho

o m mon
divuso u 4.

thh qrcalut ommon

dv isoAt 40 DivsoAS 12

6 12
10
I40 35 3
20

dn4OAS 12 40

Mmon devso posikve inkgeas

7h qrcalut
LO

can duvide both integeas

intgu that
Euclidean
Alqonithmltuchd's Alqoathm
Finding 4rcatyt Com mon duvuon
ruen Lqcd)
Lqcd) tuo 0xkre
posikve nqeA b
chag all
not Paaeheal whn bwo ntegeas
arl

tanqe Euchd an Alqoithm baud on tuo fak.

fati: qc4 a, o) :a
Amaln da
tad: ged( a.b) : qdCbo A),hun the

divid vng
the
thn
first fact 4elts that,
thh cond intcgeA 340,

grcatut Lo m mon divuos hrst one

a,6 un kl
the valuss
fact allows change

belo m 30
econd lact seval kmes
To Lalcala k qcd (36,10)
and tirst tact 0nce

qcd (36,10) : gd(to, 6)

qcd(6, 4 )

9cdc6,4) 9c4(4,2)

ged(4,2)
2
Jcdl2,0)

E ucliduan Alqorithm- roce$s

dd (a,6)e
 Alqovithm

while (ag >0)

valus
and

and
and

thu
.
14(a,b)
Hea

2
duing
In
use

by

mo munt
Lach

the

A.
two

ve
the
vaaLables

skp

ctop
(roess

skps

. Th
we
A

calulak
and

the vuu Lable

gda,6)
Lonhned
h9 to

Aed uchion.1huy

ALmain cle
A.

n
hold

We
ar

theo
2
the ehangíng

inikalijd

divided

lad

betonms 3u.
o
b A2,

by s2

At

L0m mon divso 2740 and 1760

:| hnd 11atat

2140 160

|760 480

4$0 200

3 780 200

200 20
20

20

9cd(214o, In4 0)= 20

find 9cd of 25 and Go

25 60 25

2 10
25

25 5
I0

1ed (35,6o) 5

Extnded Euc lidea n Alqorihm

two inieqeas
hnd othus
kn aud
qtvin fwo a and b.
inqeas
s and

exknded
t

Sxattb
$uch that.

Luclidean
: 9c4(Q,b)

algohm Lan taltalale 9cdto,b) and thu Samu

caleulak th valuss $ and t

S -0
t 0
S9

ta
ti

S Si
9cd La,b):

t - q t2
 Th erknded eucidean algoulhm thru h vaLablu s,ds
and t'. tn cach skp. a1, 2 and 4
have valus in the eucli dean

Alqovithro Thu vaLa bly qnd A2 4T 1nihall d valuus

a and Speehvaly. 1u valuu 5 and 5, nikal d to

7he vasasles t and ar b

I and 0 spechvly. inisahyd
Laltulahons h,5 and t
a Simlas.
0 and iperkvelg 1hu
I
Alihouqb

tuth Alonhip
th
bc
Amainda
hwun
dviding
uD s.

and uud
1hu

fos
u u
ofhes
quohtnt,

two
whuh u calula kd

ealulahons

Algouithm

Eie-0:b1:
while (a, >0)

1-/hs:

A- 2; 42 s;

SitS2 S24S
Ee-t-4t2 :
tie t2 , f-t;
ta

14 (0,b) h: Sfs,lft
 a : 6 b: 28 nd gc (9,b) dnd alu s and t.

Ans.

t:t- q,

S
161
21 0 -5
29 21
-5 6

3 21
-5 6 -23

23

to
vesity gcd(a,b) : $x + txb
1=-|X 161 + 6X28

Kia Diophant nu Equakon

A diohantne cquaton i (oly nom uad quatoa uyually

mo untnowns, sueh that the
nquind.
only nkgal
Laßls
An lho nd a soluthon Such hat atl thh 4nknown va
neqal to

nkgus.
im medak alaenhm to

utabon ekadud talidean

bu0 vaALablus.
find
thy solutas to the liuas diha ntn auaton

We saksfs
need to had thu intqu valus x and 9 that
th uathion

has eithe an inhnnk numha

$oluto ns . eq uation

d: ged( a, 6), i d doeu not divides c,then equat'on has

no solution.

i
d
d divideu c (dl) have unfnik numbu $olations. on
them u talud (astiulas solubon and th A all caled
 o lukog
qenaal

1ahtula kolution

luhon to thu q4abon a1+ by :c can be found

I 4le, (akula so

bilowinq skps
uràg the

1. ledua 4hu eq uatun a4 "C by diwding

d
oth

dividds
stdes

o, 6 and
hu ossible beeauss
th uaton
quaton by d.

by asumpbon

10lve S and t i9 the

quat'on u tng ekndad

eulidean a goaithm.

solu h'on (an he tou nd:

Pashcula

fasku lat soluton : Xo : (C|a)s

Yo : (la) t

Solubons:
can be bund,
gena solut'on
paztalas loluhi'on,
Ala hading

nra solukons: 10 + K( bla )

k ú an Intqu.
tan he solvcd
an: eq uahon
check whefh the fo low tng diophantn

Ans: 4 9cd(a,b)
quakon 414 by c

a :6, b 5, C: 22
use
b find gcd (6.51) euclidean Algoaithm.

6 51 6
6

2 6
 nu
Iartulau

a: 91,
4le,
b: l4,

so
C:
and

35 and

qu cuken
hsnu :
hau
#

soluke

bo th sidss 4abon ()unq 4 b al equahon

quation) beo ms. 31429:1 )

t such thot.
bind $ 4nd
erknded eucidean algorithm
354 2t

2
3

Yo
:
9c4C3,2)

paskialas

(uneaal
(la)s
:(a) .
solukon
2,

soluho
S:,

(35,)
t

(9/,)a1-5
:-|

:5
9. yo -K(4)
-5- K(3l) : -5-3k

A :5, y: -5
X: ,y -S
k:2 X: 9. y:

Modula
divsion
Arith me ke

relaton ha
m be
tuo i (a 0nd
Inkusted
)
and

two oufuk. and a). Modula asith

fha out put, th AL man des a. Thu tmpis that

uabs wih
above ulaton (nto binag
chang h.
a and n and oup
inpuk
posifve
an and
1nlegu
when
a mod n be the Lmaindes
to

"moduluy Thuu hr and n d,

as bllo ws ,
the cquah'on
a 0An; q an
[ah]xn + la modo)
Mo dulo atoA

Mo dulo uabs
shown a mod The ieeond i
esidue.
n(allad
aled
modulus The aut
2:{-,0',2,

(tve) ad |uaba
a:9An 4 Lbon

(non- negate)

labo. hg : MO dulo uaoA

 Q7 mod s
36

-I$
mod

mod
to
:019

4 :0 (
dwdenq
add he modulus Cy)
-8 by
to
l4
utk
matet
io :,
posifve)
-4.
howev

n: Nodulus numbu
- ve

o find modulu a negakve numbu,

suppose, -a mod b

We have Llo ast to -a, whieh 4

find ma les numbuy

to $
tha
mod ulus
to find
that numbu from -a
b Subvact

eg:-6 mod 5
clou -6,
numba to

-5
-5)-6 duvesibe by
s
to -6 whch u
closest

-lo <-6

-6+ LD 4
-6-l-10)

-6 mod 5 = 4

Aesidus 20) an

Thu Tuul
belwun o and
modulo
n-t.
to
abon
hu wok ds . 1h Tuul a
always
mod nd always

ues tan 9.
inkqu modulas asitimec
a noa-negafve whch io
(rcatu
modulo dation modulo n
(east Ausidues
d3
the
1aTLd

10,!,2,, :
25 :o,, 2,3,4}

Zio:{ o, I, 1, 3, 4,s, 6, 1, 8,9

tong uenu

uud he tont toAgAUn

Lypoqrap hy, oftea
 uolid

Io
Crampu

modula
, Iinik

As ut
aith
numba

mub
mod

intqeas
to
7 can

2, 12
he

mod

9, 12, 22
ma

lo
b one

2, 22
,memby
mod

ca led
lo
oL

:2

conguent
Zo.

and so on.

mod 10.

2{ -. -8, 2, (2, -. 22,

t0Hod mod

two intgas
Ze0,2,345,6,1,

o
, congiwnt
modulo o, ie,

4 a mod n
a and b
bmodn, 1hu
said
Lan hc wittn
be

a bmod )

13 =:4(mod 23)
21 =-4(mod to)
nok:
4Q0 (mod n ),thun a

Propuky t6n9Auantes

ab[mod o).j lla-b)

2.05blmod n) tmpl balmod n)

a)
8. a b (mod n) 4nd b: c( mod n) imply 4 ((mod

eg of4bs :
(mod 5) Accouding
b st
23 &

23- L5

he 5 |15
b
-|| (mod) Aording
-l6
-I|-5
mulbpl & (-16:€X2)
hane
divides -l6.
 Prpuhu modulan ovilh mfe

l(a mod n)+(b mod o)l mod o r (a16) m od 9

{(amed )
[tamed o)
- (bmod
(6 mod
)]

1
nad n. la-b)
modo : (aAb) mod
med 0

Ab
De fn la mod n): Aa and (b modn)
and
wik 4: &a4 jn h com igs
k
inkqa
7hun, tatb) mod n: (Aa i jn 4 6 ka) mol n

:
(aa

(Aa
tab(k+j) n) mod
tA6) mod n
n
a mulfpk n

[te modn ) Cb mod a)] mod n

I5 mod & ?

• [cu modi) :(15 mod

:2 c)]mod &

A( b Propuhi 15) :26 mod 2 (|4 mod &

[umod )-(15 mod ))mod : -A mod g $

fIy (1-5) mod : -4 mo4gs4 ;

L(u mod e) x(I5 mod &)]mod
: mod 5 & 21 &

mod 8: 5
ALe. to propuy:
374 (uK15)mod : I65

:
b fnd fcmalndal [0wus 10
arith metc we ofkn need

divided by an
ga Seuch 10`m0l -to mot)" Ay
thid nbmss
10 mo d 3 I
10 mod 3 (io mod3)

L0 mod 3 10" mod -lio mo 3) 3"mod

: | o
arith
ankaton u
ma k.
amd 44 rca muikGcaion, a 1o ondnay

3, We can pro eed as blo ws,

7o ind L mod
121 mod 13 =4
 4?
131 4(mod 13)

(mod 13)

$0, ux 4 x8 (32 = 2 (mod 3)

modulo n

Avh
Aith ouke

nu hc modulo
2
, 45 67
3 4 6

3 4 5 6

2 3 4 5 67 3 |4
3 6 2 4 4 6

3 3 4.5 6 1
3 4

4 4 5 6 4

5 5 6 5 6
6 6 1i0 6 2

:0 |} 2 }9 45|6 |0 6|5 4
7abu : A ddihien modulo 1asl i mulkplicaton modulo &

inveAse
tnvses. tath
addikve
Addibve Lnvease: I 2n, bwo numbus a and b

othe, a t6 o (mod n)

19 20, addikt 10vtAU a can he calculakd

addikve 10v(ASA A 2 10 l0-4 6

for cxamle,
has an ad dikve nvaSe. The
modula Lach intgun
to o mod ulo n.
and ad dive
Cum an intgu ib

ha an and
numba only
modu lau aith mube cach
nof may be 4h
4h numbu
eddikve Ho wevu thu invtA4
numbu ikal

all addifve

addiive InveAe a to,0),C,q), (1.).(3,7),(4,4) and

Sola Six ai4
(5,5)
addikvt nvCASU iul! and 60 5.
Lo this lst,
 HalhpliLakve

20, two ca
numbuS a and b 4
mulk?lrabvt 1nvuu
lhaA
a xb Itmod ^)

mo dulu mulkpli cabe veau

erample, i the I0, 4hen in

othea words, we have (3x4) mod lo I

n hav
modulau on may
arith may
intugu

| 4h Intga
mn hic,

mulkplicate whan t does th frodatt

modulo n.
to
and it (nveA nt 4nl
1nv Lu b
mulkplicab've congru

h {hat 4 mulbpliabve be
(an roved sad to

and
4c4 Ln,a) :1. In thú cau

alatvely m.
ml6pliLa bvc Invuu 216
9ed to,t )*2
V (nvuu ex sk. Becauu,
Ans: mulkpli cak

tnvuu and onlg

nok: Th has a mulkplicab've
inkqu

g(n,4) 1 Lmod n)
nvAu O6
kads the mulkp licakve

kndid tuclidan alqori4hm mulkpliabk

and 9d b)=1. Tk
(a,
when n and b ar 9iven
b in 20 mapcd b za.
MvUAS

2
 Alqovih

t f-0;ta l:
while (A >0)

tot - ta

fad malkplicatin invd i n Z26

&i :26

26 -2

2 4 5
5 -?

3 5 : 26

-?.26
mea ny mulkplicak tav u 11csk. Th

ukaded tuclidean

a 19.
mulkpliLabve inve (-:)mod 26

can say
that Ci 4) mod 26 26q mod 26 I
 26 {0, , 2,5, 4,5

Z3: 0,1. 3, 4, 5, 6 2'(,3.9,5, &}

210 o,!, ,3, 4,5,6,3,8,q3

Two mort as

erh graphy kn utL y0 mo7 ab, 2p and 2p*. 1he modu las

(Aim namba.
numbs.
here h u a PAim
2p 2n, erupt 4hat
ontains al
a mulkplicaße
addikve (nveAse. m m by Ea apt o has
Each

InveAL

1hu et 2p* 20 eaupt hat

ath mbu
2p contain all elru (tntqcw 1 tno3 fo l-p,

inveAd.
addibve and mulkplicat ve
in 2p has
that fuo bob
nued
candeda k when w
to VCA .
additve and multplicabve

P 13

21s :

2 13
f, 1,2,
o4, , , 4,S, 6,1, t, 9, 10,11 12j

9, 4,S, 6,7 ,9,10, ),12y

 Algebnau sthuchui*

A0 A 970 lo) eumns with a Gnay uotro

that saks hie fous routiu t0mmutaHv qou

callad abeluan
whuch fh cobbs
alo

saksfies thu u ro 110 lus

caled

commutakviby.
ollows
dafred
The fow r^uu rla com mukaHviy
and baa ela munk
the
ALul afplging
alko dn ehmuo means the
eemat i5 the

4fon

Associakivity:

uon
heA won ds,
|ang two

a, 6

morn fhan
dou nt
aamenk

q1 elimunk

two e
io

matla

amunk.
the 4t s

C, thun Cab)
whuch
a noths

•c
07 du
G-lb.c)

Lommatakvity: bi all 4
be satshed
dnd 610 ,
oA a to3mutohve
have
gAo
Thu nuds b only
npuy
LA an iu munf e
Erestana idaokhy: b4 all a i9 a, theA

eo mnt ,such that l•a:d.e - a.

calud tdenkhy

Exus tanu

eallad (nveA
(nveAse:

a futh
Lach

lhat, aa' : :e a!a

ation
Appli
puh Holed
ngk aaton, lh
Alkeugs
Involve

allow th u o a fais uaHong a long

imposd 0n {h ahon
cach o fhuh.
arr inveccs
Addihon .g704p S4p/e
defied aqb'on addibon
fos taml, thu
at hon, becau
and subA
blh addikon
additve
uiny and divus ion .
rut fo mulkgliah'on
 and
uaian
shown io th fabl 6elow

b b d

d d

al fve PAopubu
Th

elbcuA puh
Lsult
an abelan
:
anothua
plyrng
470up.

dahio any PaA ebnunh

Aoc Lakviby : (a .b).c : a.(bec)

(a:b) b (boc) d

b•c
saks Hres auocuakvity

tommutatviy: a-d : d.a

it sakshs ommutativity

ldankty aumnt: q704p ha t denkty ebment, a.

paia can be found us ing inding the

(nvenu
Lach
tdukh
tdenkhy eumunt
ta,a), bod), ,c)
Th paiAs
 Finik 9oup
A v04 ta led
hay a fnik numbu
el mos . o fhuiwlu an
intnik 9o
On dua

Tha oT das a ga0up lal à th numba sumunk h gour.

q0u Hnik, thun Hha od i hnie. th 91b

OdA .
.
not fnilk then 4hu nik

subvouts
A Ha 1704 iafubqroup.
u uped b tha uah0a
unddA $am
on u. hi
aoi
wo

on and
1ds i :<S,.)
1ua
fnihon
abok de

non- empy subct S, than 4 Subg7ouf 0.

Imple Hht.

msmbca bofh grous,

mumbu bb q70ups
1he mmoo tdont ehmnt.
q70us sha a
a
An vet
mambu soth qroups.

mambu both q70s

u H-<fet,.)& a sub -
idan mnt
The mada 6 the elk

You u.
a fubqrou hal.

yc lic subroups
Lan be wing the powu 4 an oemant,
a subqroup

f (ab36 ealled
th ycie
b
fuba70
th abmunt.
.
Powa

plgng the q1oa u0n

ua'on

d, a.a. -- •a (n mes)
made m thá fAAd d <q>

dupli at tomants must be ducordad.

Also d°@ (ido ebmu nt)

 uon addiboo
mulhli
,}
uion,
dano addi n Jem a,nhms. (
and i ih uaon it dnoty mulbplying the

n mes

that
gurak lie ukgroups

An: 16 : [0,,2, 3, 4,5 on ebed

ad dikon

as Ho,
• tok dunok cit (abq 104p gnratd
to fined Hh dhmunk cyelhc subqvou4 ga
addihon 0)
o mod 6: 0 (sinu idenkhy eumnt

mod 6 0
o md 6 0
0 mod 6 :0
o4 mod 6 :0

ment o, (0){o4
0, lit fu bqroup qcakd frog els

HI..
! do notd
gnu7e4 Fer ekmu
cirt u b9rou
mod 0 b

mod 6 =I
mod 6 : (1 +J)mod 6 2
3
CIt) mod 6
|3 mod 6 e

(ItI+IH) mod b :4
14 mod 6 5
I+l)mod 6
15 mod 6 e (lI+
<1:) = o,,2,3,4,s

H2.
mod 6 0
o' mod 6 2
4
22 mod 6 : (2+2) mod 6 =

(2 4242)mod 6 0
3 mod 6

(2+242+2)nod 6 = 2.
2)mod 6 4
25 mod 6 (2t2+2+2+
 similaly My

g' mod 6: 3

<3):f0,3

4 mod 6 4

4 mod 6 (4+4) mod 6: 2

:
(4) {o.4,23

6° mod 6= 0
5 mod 6 5
5' mod6 4

53 mod 6 3
5 mod 6 2
55 mod 6 :!
<5): (o,1, 2, 3,9,5 }

find yelic subqioup mad lw3 the q10p 0, X

Ans. 2 uo (nducak th tnk,lhat ha ve mulkpliah've invAu

0.

f el mnt ' ulit su bg10 unotud eH

(t repak)

eu2r3, dic cubgrouf dane d Hs.

3 mod 0 :3
 33 mod 10 :
cic
° mod 10 I

'mod 10 :7
mod 10 : 4
1 3 mod 0 3
Lyclic sub qoup rahe

q° mod 0
.
1

q' mod 0 4 tt rca)

Ldlee 9of
clie qroup u that ha ik own lhe Se39vou.
llumut

that ikal4.
qunrak the cqeit rubqroup can alo gcnrak the 9roup
4hi eument u 9rou an have
enra bod .

.
mang gNAqto
d aik clic
can

: a ou w 2 9uratoAS, g-1 and

e
9704p U:26,4> dlic

9NAa loAs v- g-3

110u
To 10', 4) clic

and 9 1

arngs
denotd &-<{--.*, algcbuau stauckun wih

ina ab ons ,and

uebons
o
d The first
abon mut ahk
ahelian guch a,
all ku fr0aB thu q10up

AMouat viby

onnnctviy

traanu 1dsnt
6ylank 4 toveAse.
 musl cahs hy hwo fh aber
hThe eiond aofon
ukon

mmakod fpuHe suck a.

dlosu nt]

Akto uabvity

muyt be dulaibuiK ovu th F uhioo(+)

cetond 4on ()

Du libukvit : ar a d, b andc elumu nb R..

aD(b1) : ta Db) * (àDc)

(a +b) oc : (aoc) +(6b)
wheh o nmutafk u
ropty i alse fohistd
sahsked

th ul0nd caton 4 Laled to m mutakve Ang.

with uaity ks mulkle

said b be a ALn9
A Ang (R, *,x) i

te e R,such that,
Ldanth ersh ie, i

ta€R
field

Lo M mufaiv ^g
A feld
whub acond (atshu au
4aton
h Hxt uabon. eaup 4hat
a coad
has no wih 4he
hst uokoe (nveASe

akon
e menk na lois,
Feld wi5 hoik numby uf

A faik held is

to be Boik, thu nu3bd

faite he ld
Gho wed 4hat
paime
and nà 4 posikve
should he

tnkqca
and deno td ay UF(e)
Thh knik felds asually ealled galo u feld

halo u held foik of fild wiH pallmots.

nrp) helds

havt
 wilh two ab of),

and modulo p
additon modulo p mulk pliai on

modulo ? and
wi bo abuhs additon
mulhpli (4hon modulo .

5 6 4
6
5 6

2 4 5 6

3 4 5 6 o I
0
tdonkhy eumat:
6 0 I
2

6 2
6 2
6 4 5
ta) additon modulo

2 5 6

6 3

3 3 6

6 2 6 3

5 3 2

6|o 6 5 3
6) malkpticaban modulo

5 6
2 3

6 5
5 2 6
inve mo dulo
() addifv and muthpliLahr

w.t uend
lda nkl umu 1 uaon has no Invuu

abio0.
fl) [Link]

qalois
.ids ar koik Held ntainng
woAds.

fow
has
dah nu o Of (2') hitd

00 10
tlo0 10
o0
81 00
00

00 10

00
I0 00

tdenkhy e lm nt 00 :0
ca m

Polynomials
d an eion 4h foAm,

:
dlg7u n-
raly no mial

¡ 4a m and ca lud o «lbuient

Aesm

t n hng G w0d 100100l un role namals .

n-bit wOAd

Folyao mial

fast simpüfcaton

sim püj cabi on.

th
2542't1,
To fad 5- bit wOAd ulatd playnomal
poly nomal

,
the
mcq 0s
Bnt fupely th o milkd ms. 3lna n-?.

olynomual i,
the cxpanded

4he NOTd u, 00i00 110.