Module 3
KEY FEATURES OF FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION
1. The basic principle of fiber optic data transmission is that light is used to carry
information through a thin glass or plastic fiber. This is done by transmitting pulses
of light down the fiber, which are then received and converted back into electrical
signals at the other end.
2. Fiber optic cables consist of one or more strands of optical fibers that are
surrounded by protective coatings. These coatings are designed to protect the fragile
fibers from damage
3. Advantages of Fiber optic data transmission over traditional copper wiring,
including greater bandwidth, faster data transfer speeds, and longer transmission
distances.
4. There are two types of fiber optic cables: single-mode and multimode.
Single-mode fibers have a small core diameter and are designed for long-
distance transmission.
Multimode fibers have a larger core diameter and are better suited for shorter
distances.
5. Fiber optic data transmission is immune to electromagnetic interference. It is
also less susceptible to signal loss over long distances, which can degrade the
quality of the signal and slow down data transfer speeds.
6. Fiber optic data transmission is commonly used in telecommunications
networks, including long-distance telephone, cable television, and internet
infrastructure, medical imaging, military communication, and industrial
automation.
7. The installation and maintenance of fiber optic data transmission systems can
be more complex and expensive than traditional copper wiring.
Fiber Optic Communication System
• Basic block diagram of optical
fiber communication system
consists of following important
blocks
• 1. Transmitter
• 2. Information channel
• 3. Receiver.
• The light beam pulses are then fed into a fiber– optic cable where they are
transmitted over long distances.
• At the receiving end, a light sensitive device known as a photocell or light
detector is used to detect the light pulses.
• This photocell or photo detector converts the light pulses into an electrical
signal.
• The electrical pulses are amplified and reshaped back into digital form.
Pneumatic Transmission
• Pneumatic transmission is transfer power by gas pressure or information
fluid by compressed gas as the working medium.
• The system of transfer power is to transfer the compressed gas through the
pipe and control valve to the pneumatic actuator, which can transform the
pressure of the compressed gas into the work of mechanical energy.
• The system of transmitting information is to use the pneumatic logic
element or the jet element to realize the function of logic operation, also
called pneumatic control system.
Characteristics of Pneumatic Transmission
• Low working pressure, the average of 0.3 - 0800000 mpa, gas viscosity is
small, a small loss in pipelines is advantageous for the gas supply and middle
distance transportation, the use is safe, no explosion and shock hazard, with
overload protection ability; but the air pressure is low and needs an air
supply.
Composition of Pneumatic Transmission
• Pneumatic transmission consists of air source, pneumatic actuator, pneumatic control valve
and pneumatic auxiliary.
• Air sources are generally supplied by compressors.
• The pneumatic actuator converts the pressure of the compressed gas into mechanical
energy used to drive the working parts, including the cylinder and the pneumatic motor.
• The pneumatic control valve is used to adjust the direction, pressure and flow of the air,
which is correspondingly divided into directional control valve, pressure control valve and
flow control valve.
• There are also aerodynamic sensors that are used to sensor and transmit information in a
pneumatic transmission.
Advantages of Pneumatic Transmission
• 1. Use air as the medium, inexhaustible, source is convenient, direct discharge after use, do not
pollute the environment, do not need to go back to the windpipe so the pipeline is not
complicated
• 2. Small air viscosity, small flow energy dissipation, suitable for centralized gas supply and long-
distance transportation
• 3. Safe and reliable, do not need fire and explosion protection, can work in an environment such
as high temperature, radiation, humidity, dust and so on
• 4. The pneumatic transmission is quick;
• 5. The structure of pneumatic components is simple, easy to process, long service life, easy to
maintain, the pipeline is not easy to clog, and the medium does not have the problem of
metamorphic replacement.
Disadvantages
• 1. Air compressibility is large, so the dynamic stability of the pneumatic
system is poor, and the impact of load change on working speed is great.
• 2. Low pressure of the pneumatic system, not easy to make large output and
torque;3. Air control signal transmission is slower than the electron and the
speed of light, not suitable for high-speed and complex transmission system;
4. Large exhaust noise.
Process control Network (PCN)
• A process control network (PCN) is a specialized type of computer network
used in industrial process control and automation. It is designed to support
the operation of critical infrastructure, such as chemical plants, oil refineries,
and power stations.
Features of PCN
• Process control networks are used to monitor and • Due to the critical nature of the systems being
control industrial processes, such as the controlled by a process control network, reliability
production of chemicals or the generation of and availability are key design considerations. This
electricity. They typically consist of a combination includes redundancy in hardware and
of hardware and software components, including communications pathways, as well as the use of
sensors, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), fault-tolerant architectures.
human-machine interfaces (HMIs), and other
• Process control networks are typically isolated
specialized devices.
from other types of computer networks, such as
• The primary goal of a process control network is corporate IT networks or the Internet. This
to ensure the safe and efficient operation of isolation helps to prevent external threats from
critical infrastructure. This requires strict control compromising the integrity of the network.
over the flow of data and the access to control
systems, in order to prevent unauthorized access
or malicious attacks.
Contd…
• Despite their isolation from other networks, process control networks can still be vulnerable
to cyber attacks. Malicious actors can exploit vulnerabilities in software, hardware, or
communications protocols to gain unauthorized access to control systems, potentially causing
physical damage or disrupting operations.
• To mitigate these risks, process control networks often incorporate a range of security
measures, such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and access controls. Regular security
audits and testing are also important to ensure that the network remains secure over time.
• As the demand for automation and digitalization in industrial processes grows, process
control networks are likely to become increasingly complex and interconnected. This will
require ongoing efforts to balance the benefits of automation with the need for security and
resilience in critical infrastructure.
Contd…
• So a process control network is a specialized computer network used to
monitor and control industrial processes. Due to the critical nature of these
systems, security and reliability are key considerations in the design and
operation of these networks. Ongoing efforts to balance automation and
digitalization with security and resilience will be essential as these networks
continue to evolve.
Components of PCN network
Functions and Characteristics of PCN
Contd…
5. Security: As mentioned earlier, security is a critical function of a PCN. This
includes measures to prevent unauthorized access, detect and respond to
security incidents, and ensure the integrity and availability of the network.
6. Maintenance and troubleshooting: PCNs require ongoing maintenance and
troubleshooting to ensure that they continue to operate effectively. This may
involve software updates, hardware upgrades, or diagnostic testing
Profibus And Field bus
• Fieldbus and PROFIBUS are two common industrial communication protocols used in
process control networks (PCNs) to enable communication and control between devices
such as sensors, actuators, controllers, and other industrial equipment.
• Fieldbus is a generic term used to describe a family of industrial communication protocols
that use digital signaling to enable communication between devices in a PCN.
• Fieldbus protocols are designed to operate over a single two-wire cable, allowing multiple
devices to share the same physical communication network. Fieldbus protocols can
support a wide range of functions, including control, data acquisition, and device
diagnostics.
• PROFIBUS, on the other hand, is a specific type of Fieldbus protocol that was developed by
Siemens in the early 1990s. PROFIBUS uses a master/slave architecture to allow a controller (the
master) to communicate with multiple devices (the slaves) on the network. PROFIBUS supports a
wide range of applications, including process control, motion control, and safety systems.
• PROFIBUS is widely used in many industrial applications, including manufacturing, process
automation, and building automation. It has been adopted as a standard by many organizations,
including the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the European Committee for
Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC).
Radio Communications
• In radio communication systems, information is carried across space using radio
waves. At the sending end, the information to be sent is converted by some type
of transducer to a time-varying electrical signal called the modulation signal.
• The modulation signal may be an audio signal representing sound from a
microphone, a video signal representing moving images from a video camera, or
a digital signal consisting of a sequence of bits representing binary data from a
computer.
• The modulation signal is applied to a radio transmitter.
In the transmitter, an electronic oscillator generates an alternating current oscillating at a radio
frequency, called the carrier wave because it serves to "carry" the information through the air.
The information signal is used to modulate the carrier, varying some aspect of the carrier wave,
impressing the information on the carrier.
Information such as sound is converted by a transducer such as a microphone to an electrical signal,
which modulates a radio wave produced by the transmitter.
A receiver intercepts the radio wave and extracts the information-bearing modulation signal, which is
converted back to a human usable form with another transducer such as a loudspeaker.
Different radio systems use different modulation methods:
1. AM (amplitude modulation) – in an AM transmitter, the amplitude (strength) of the radio carrier
wave is varied by the modulation signal;
2. FM (frequency modulation) – in an FM transmitter, the frequency of the radio carrier wave is varied
by the modulation signal;
3. FSK (frequency-shift keying) – used in wireless digital devices to transmit digital signals, the
frequency of the carrier wave is shifted between frequencies.
4. OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing) – a family of digital modulation methods widely used in
high bandwidth systems such as Wi-Fi networks, cellphones, digital television broadcasting, and digital audio
broadcasting (DAB) to transmit digital data using a minimum of radio spectrum bandwidth. It has higher spectral
efficiency and more resistance to fading than AM or FM.
Wireless LAN Network
• A WLAN (wireless local area network) is a network that enables devices to connect and
communicate wirelessly. In contrast to a standard wired LAN, where devices connect via
Ethernet cables, WLAN devices interact via Wi-Fi.
• While a WLAN differs from a standard LAN in appearance, it performs the same services.
• DHCP is commonly used to add and set up new devices. They can communicate with other
network devices in the same manner as wired devices can.
• The fundamental distinction is in the manner in which data is conveyed. In a LAN, data is sent in
a sequence of Ethernet packets through physical connections. Packets are transmitted over the air
in a WLAN.
WLANs have expanded in popularity in tandem with wireless gadgets. In fact, wireless routers
currently account for the majority of router sales. A wireless router acts as a base station, allowing
any Wi-Fi-enabled device within range of the router’s wireless signal to connect wirelessly. Laptops,
tablets, smartphones, and other wireless devices, such as smart appliances and smart home
controllers, are included in this category. Wireless routers are usually connected to a cable modem
and perhaps another Internet-connected device in order to enable Internet access to connected
devices.