A PROJECT REPORT

on

“ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for

Diabetic Retinopathy”

Submitted to
KIIT Deemed to be University

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of

BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

BY

Aayush Arora 22053654

Neelotpala Tudu 22053607
AryanKumar Sao 2205113
Aditi Vikey 2205091
Aryawardhan Srivastava 2205114
Urvashi Sinha 2205256

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Mainak Biswas

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA - 751024
March 2026
 A PROJECT REPORT
on
“ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Diabetic
Retinopathy”

Submitted to
KIIT Deemed to be University
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of

BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
BY

Aayush Arora 22053654

Neelotpala Tudu 22053607
AryanKumar Sao 2205113
Aditi Vikey 2205091
Aryawardhan Srivastava 2205114
Urvashi Sinha 2205256

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. Mainak Biswas

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA -751024
March 2026
KIIT Deemed to be University
School of Computer Engineering
 Bhubaneswar, ODISHA 751024

CERTIFICATE
This is certify that the project entitled
“ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Diabetic
Retinopathy“
submitted by

22053654
Aayush Arora 22053607
Neelotpala Tudu 2205113
AryanKumar Sao 2205091
Aditi Vikey 2205114
Aryawardhan Srivastava 2205256
Urvashi Sinha

is a record of bonafide work carried out by them, in the partial fulfilment of the
requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering (Computer Sci-ence
& Engineering OR Information Technology) at KIIT Deemed to be university,
Bhubaneswar. This work is done during year 2024-2025, under our guidance.

Date: 31 / 03 / 2026

Dr. Mainak Biswas

Project Guide
 Acknowledgements

We are profoundly grateful to Dr. Mainak Biswas of Affiliation for his expert
guidance and continuous encouragement throughout to see that this project rights its
target since its commencement to its completion. .....................

Aayush Arora
Neelotpala Tudu
Aryawardhan Srivastava
Aditi Vikey
Urvashi Sinha
Aryan Kumar Sao
 ABSTRACT
Ocular Disease Intelligent Recognition (ODIR) is an important
medical imaging advance that facilitates automatic identification and
classification of ocular diseases from retinal images. Early detection of Diabetic
Retinopathy (DR) is crucial for enhanced patient outcomes and avoidance of
vision loss. In this work, we propose ODIRNet, a light 20-layer deep network
model for efficient Diabetic Retinopathy classification based on fundus images.
In contrast to previous deep learning methods, our suggested model is not based
on pre-trained networks and utilizes a better feature extraction method based on
the Gaussian Filter of fundus images, enhancing disease detection rate accuracy.

To ensure real-world adoption, ODIRNet has been implemented

as an Internet-based platform that allows hospitals, clinics, and diagnostic
centers to perform automated eye screening tests. The site comes with out-of-
the-box integration with Digital Retinal Scanning (DRS) machines for direct
image extraction and real-time analysis without any human intervention. The
software delivers instantaneous diagnostic reports, has patient history tracking
capability, and maintains a secure cloud-based medical record database. Other
features added are multi-user functionality, analytics through AI, telemedicine
for remote consultation, and multi-language support to improve use by a wide
range of [Link] suggested ODIRNet model has a testing accuracy of
89.70%, precision of 89%, recall of 90%, and an F1 score of 89%, showing its
efficacy in coping with the intricacies of retinal images. These findings
highlight the potential of our system being a viable tool for automated ocular
disease diagnosis. By taking advantage of deep learning and web-based
deployment, this project offers a cost-effective, efficient, and scalable solution
to traditional diagnostic practices, making screening of ocular diseases faster
and more accurate, especially in rural and resource-scarce-areas.
Keywords: ODIR, Retinal Imaging, Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Learning, Automated
Disease Detection, Web-Based Diagnosis, DRS Machine Integration.
 CONTENTS

Certificate i
Acknowledgement ii
Abstract iii
Contents iv
List of figures v
List of tables x
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Project Overview 1
1.2 Proposed Solution: ODIRNet and Website Deployment 2
1.2.1 Key features of the Website 2
1.3 Comparative and Model Analysis 3

LITERATURE SURVEY 3
2.1 Existing System 4
2.2 Problem Identification

PROBLEM STATEMENT 7
3.1 Project Planning 7
3.2 Project Analysis 8
3.3 System Design 9
3.3.1 Design Constraints 10
3.3.2 Block Diagram 11

IMPLEMENTATION 12
4.1 Methodology 12
4.1.1 CNN Architecture used 16
4.2 Implementations & Results 22
CONCLUSION
28
REFERENCES 29
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 29
PLAGIARISM REPORT 31
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE

NO.
3.1 Workflow of ODIRNet 11
4.1 Dataset images 13
4.2 Sample Normalised image 14
4.3 Training Testing and Validation distribution 15
4.4 Architecture of ODIRNet 20
4.5 Home UI of Website 23
4.6 Prediction 24
4.7 Performance Metrics of different models 24
4.8 Prediction of actual labels 24
4.9 Comparative performance analysis with other 26
work
4.10 Ablation Study Analysis 27
 LIST OF TABLES

Table TABLE NAME PAGE NO

NO.

1 Tabular representation of Literature review 5

2 Parameters used for data Augmentation 13
3 Dataset distribution 15
4 Label distribution across train data 15
5 Models used in Transfer Learning 19
6 Performance Metrics For Models 22
7 Comparative Analysis With Other stateof art techniques 25

8 Comparative Analysis of Network with Different 27

Parameters

Page of
of 76
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
Ocular Disease Intelligent Recognition (ODIR) is an emerging area of research
that deals with automatic detection and classification of multiple ocular diseases
based on retinal scans. Among the most significant of these conditions is
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), which is strongly correlated with the rising
incidence of diabetes mellitus, especially in nations like India, where diabetes
prevalence ranks among the highest worldwide. Risk factors like lifestyle,
eating habits, lack of proper sleep, and overuse of screens have played a key
role in driving the increase in diabetes cases that further elevated the prevalence
of DR. The disease impacts patients of all age groups, and early detection with
proper treatment can avoid permanent vision loss as well as other complications
involving other organs.

With the globalisation and growing incidence of ocular conditions like

glaucoma, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the demand
for automated and precise diagnostic tools has become the top priority.
Conventional diagnostic methods are based on the manual analysis of retinal
images by medical professionals, which is usually time-consuming, subjective,
and susceptible to human error. The introduction of Computer-Aided Diagnosis
(CAD) systems has proven to be an answer to the above challenges by offering
computerized support to medical professionals, hence an improvement in
diagnostic speed and accuracy. This is especially useful in developing nations
and rural areas, where advanced ophthalmologists and healthcare facilities may
not be readily available.

This project aims to develop an automated Diabetic Retinopathy detection

system based on deep learning methodologies, which dispense with human
intervention in the classification process. The use of CAD systems not only
enhances diagnostic accuracy but also reduces the time taken for disease
detection by a large margin, making it a crucial tool for large-scale screening
and early intervention programs. Over the past two decades, Machine Learning
(ML) and Deep Learning (DL) techniques have advanced significantly,
particularly in the field of medical imaging, enabling the detection of disease-
specific patterns and anomalies in retinal images. These advancements have
paved the way for automated, accurate, and early-stage diagnosis of ocular
diseases.

In this work, we analyze and compare the performance of different

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, such as VGG16, VGG19,
ResNet50, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, AlexNet, SqueezeNet, MobileNet, and
our proposed light model, ODIRNet. The proposed model performs with a
classification accuracy of 89.70% on the ODIR dataset, proving its efficacy as
an efficient and dependable method for automatic disease recognition. In
addition, this project adds to the literature by presenting a comparative
evaluation of various deep learning architectures and determining their
suitability in actual clinical practice.
 1.2 Proposed Solution: ODIRNet and Website Deployment
In order to overcome these issues, we propose an automatic system based on deep
learning for Diabetic Retinopathy detection integrated into a clean, responsive
web-based application for hospital usage. The ODIRNet model, a 20-layer light-
weight deep learning network, is used in this website to enable hospitals, clinics,
and diagnostic centers to perform retinal screening tests effectively. The system
analyzes fundus images extracted from Digital Retinal Scanning (DRS)
machines, enabling real-time, easy-to-use examination of retinal health. The
website offers an easy-to-use interface by which hospital staff and
ophthalmologists can upload retinal photos directly from DRS machines, receive
instant diagnostic reports, and access patient history from previous visits.

1.2.1 Key Features of the Website

The ODIRNet platform is designed to deliver a comprehensive, real-time

diagnostic solution by combining advanced deep learning capabilities with
seamless clinical integration. Key system functionalities include:

● Automated Retinal Image Processing: Smooth integration with DRS machines

enables automatic image retrieval and analysis of retinal images.
● Instant Disease Classification: Real-time image processing using the ODIRNet
model identifies diseases like Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, and Cataracts.
● Patient Report Generation: The system creates comprehensive diagnostic
reports, including classification outcomes, probability scores, and condition
severity.
● Secure Patient Database: A cloud-based patient record system allows hospitals
to store and retrieve patient history for longitudinal tracking.
● Multi-User Access: Supports physicians, technicians, and administrators, each
with role-based access to maintain data security.
● AI-Powered Insights: Provides statistical trends and visual analytics, helping
physicians monitor disease progression and treatment effectiveness.
● Data Export & Integration: Provides compatibility with hospital management
systems to easily integrate with existing workflows.

1.3 Comparative Analysis and Model Performance

In this project, we compare and evaluate the performance of various
Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, including VGG16, VGG19,
ResNet50, InceptionV3, DenseNet121, AlexNet, SqueezeNet, MobileNet, and
our new lightweight ODIRNet. The new model achieves a classification accuracy
of 89.70% on the ODIR dataset, and its performance shows its potential to be a
good and effective solution for automated disease recognition. Moreover, this
study contributes to existing literature by providing a comparative analysis of
different deep learning architectures and analyzing their applicability in real-
world clinical practice.

2
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Wang et al. [5] in 2021 proposed a multi-disease classification model for ocular
disease detection using the Ocular Disease Intelligent Recognition (ODIR)
dataset. The model employed a deep learning model with ResNet50 architecture
and combined it with the application of some preprocessing techniques, such as
image normalization and histogram equalization to improve the performance of
the model. The model achieved an accuracy of 85.6% and the possibility of ocular
disease automatic detection in early treatment and diagnosis. Similarly, Zhang et
al. [6] also demonstrated a hybrid approach in 2022 with data augmentation and
transfer learning for the detection of ocular diseases. Their model used
DenseNet121 and GAN-based augmentation to solve data imbalance issues in the
ODIR dataset. This managed to achieve a classification accuracy of 88.1% that
surpassed the existing approaches and proved the use of augmentation in retinal
images to make the model more robust.

Another study by Liu et al. [7] (2023) proposed a novel Attention U-Net
architecture for segmenting the areas of the retina concerning several diseases.
The model enhanced segmentation as the attention was integrated in the system;
that is, the most significant pixels of the retinal images would focus on their
segmentation. The Dice coefficient was claimed by the authors to be 0.82 and the
IoU score to be 0.79, making the model significantly useful for real-world clinical
applications. Park et al. [8] (2022) explored the application of the hybrid CNN-
RNN model in multi-label classification of eye diseases. Among these, diabetic
retinopathy, glaucoma, and cataract were utilized here. It used the temporal
dynamics of the development of the disease within the retinal images to achieve a
success rate of 87.3 % classification. With this paper, the efficiency of integration
of timing with temporal data and deep learning methods towards improved disease
detection was exemplified.

Sharma et al. used a recent ensemble learning approach, leveraging the strength
of VGG16, ResNet50, and EfficientNetB0 architectures, for ODIR classification
in 2023 [9]. They achieved 90.2% diagnostic accuracy on the ODIR dataset,
establishing the possibility of developing multiple CNN architectures to meet both
in diagnostic accuracy. The authors further emphasized the importance of
ensembling in cutting down false positives by a huge margin in multi-disease
classification issues. Another highly cited contribution is that of Huang et al. [10]
in 2023, in which the research utilized XAI techniques to provide explanations for
CNN model predictions used for ocular disease detection. It was made clear using
Grad-CAM and SHAP values that the models focus on optic disc and macula
regions, which play a critical role in disease detection for glaucoma and diabetic
retinopathy. From their conclusion, XAI would make the model transparent and
thus foster trust among medical professionals.

Finally, Lee et al. [11] conducted in 2024, an optimization of model parameters

using a reinforcement learning approach that adapted dynamically to learning
rates and batch sizes from model feedback and reported an accuracy of 92.7%.
Reinforcement learning in such a scenario is capable of boosting model
adaptability as well as accuracy when employed in the clinic.

3
 Table1. Tabular representation of literature review.

Paper Merits Limitations

Wang et al. (2021) [5] Achieved 85.6% accuracy with ResNet50 for No comparison with other deep learning models.
multi-disease classification. Pre-processing Limited to a single architecture (ResNet50).
enhanced performance.

Zhang et al. (2022) [6] Combined DenseNet121 with GAN-based data High computational cost due to GAN and
augmentation to tackle data imbalance, reaching DenseNet combination. No focus on explainability.
88.1% accuracy.

Liu et al. (2023) [7] Used Attention U-Net for retinal disease Only focused on segmentation, no integration with
segmentation, achieving high Dice (0.82) and IoU classification models. Limited comparison.
(0.79) scores.

Park et al. (2022) [8] Hybrid CNN-RNN model improved multi-label Limited to ocular disease progression and did not
classification accuracy to 87.3%, utilizing temporal address other vital factors like image quality.
progression.

Sharma et al. (2023) [9] Ensemble learning approach with VGG16, High complexity due to ensemble models, making
ResNet50, and EfficientNetB0 achieved 90.2% it computationally intensive.
accuracy.

Huang et al. (2023) [10] Applied XAI (Grad-CAM, SHAP) for Focused only on explainability; did not propose
interpreting CNN predictions, improving new architectures for performance improvements.
transparency in disease detection.

Lee et al. (2024) [11] Reinforcement learning dynamically optimized Complexity of real-time parameter tuning may
model parameters, reaching 92.7% accuracy. limit practical applications in resource-limited
settings.

4
3. Problem Statement / Requirement Specifications

Ocular ailments like Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Glaucoma, and Age-Related

Macular Degeneration (AMD) are serious risks to vision if undiagnosed. Early
diagnosis followed by timely intervention can avoid major complications, but
automated retinal disease classification is a vital development in the field of
medical diagnostics. The conventional approaches demand highly trained
ophthalmologists and a heavy workload of manual image analysis, creating
delays, inconsistencies, and resultant costs. In addition, current deep learning
models like DenseNet121, VGG16, and Inception V3 either require high
computational cost or do not generalize well on various datasets. To overcome
these limitations, ODIRNet has been developed as a lightweight but efficient deep
learning model that is optimized for real-time retinal disease classification with
high accuracy and low computational expense. The system is embedded within an
easy-to-use web interface (hosted on Netlify) that enables clinicians to upload
retinal scans, process them in an efficient manner, and receive automated disease
predictions along with diagnostic reports. The interface also accommodates
storage of patient history for follow-up analysis, making it a seamless process in
clinical environments. Requirements include support for general medical image
formats (DICOM, PNG, JPEG), strong preprocessing methods, attention-
augmented convolutional layers for improved feature extraction, and efficient
inference with good precision and recall across various disease categories.
ODIRNet intends to close the gap between AI-mediated healthcare and real-world
clinical practicability, rendering ocular disease detection more convenient,
scalable, and accurate.

3.1 Project Planning

This project entails the creation and deployment of ODIRNet, a proprietary 20-
layer deep learning model optimized for real-time Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and
other eye diseases detection. The model is implemented within an easy-to-use,
web-based system that enables clinicians to upload retinal fundus images directly
captured from Digital Retinal Screening (DRS) devices—for automatic analysis.
The project was carried out in the following organized stages:

● Data Collection:
Retinal images were taken from publicly accessible datasets like ODIR, ensuring
diversity and representation in a multitude of disease types, age ranges, and
imaging settings. This ensured model generalization and reliability.

● Model Development:
The ODIRNet model was developed and deployed with the inclusion of more
efficient feature extraction methods, attention, and preprocessing methods to
ensure improved classification performance. The compact nature allows for
reduced inference time without compromising on diagnostic performance.

● Web Deployment:

5
 The model, trained on the given dataset, was incorporated into a complete web
application, which is optimized for real-time deployment. The platform facilitates
clinicians to upload images, obtain immediate diagnostic output, view patient
history, and create downloadable medical reports, thus optimizing the workflow
of diagnosis.

Key objectives of the project include :

The construction of ODIRNet is directed by a number of major goals that are
focused on improving clinical utility, system performance, and user accessibility:

● Enhanced Accuracy and Cost-Effectiveness:

ODIRNet utilizes state-of-the-art deep learning techniques, effective feature
extraction, and strong data augmentation methods for precise detection of various
ocular pathologies. The model's slim architecture provides high-velocity
diagnosis while keeping computational resource utilization to a bare minimum,
and hence it is a good candidate for deployment within clinical settings that have
limited access to high-performance GPU resources.

● Flexibility and Generalization:

To provide consistent performance in a wide range of clinical cases, the model is
trained on a large and diversified dataset. This improves its generalization across
a wide range of patient populations, such as age, medical background, and
imaging parameters.

● Scalability and Constant Upgrade:

The web-based deployment enables continuous software updates and easy model
retraining with every new data development. This facilitates continuous revision
of the system with updated clinical standards and technological developments.

● Convenient Access and User-Friendly Interface:

The diagnostic platform has a basic and intuitive user interface. It is easy for
medical practitioners to upload retinal images, check diagnostic results, and
review patient history, ensuring the use of AI-assisted diagnosis is easily adopted
by both urban and rural healthcare.

3.2 Project Analysis

Comparison with other state-of-the-art deep architectures like ResNet50,
DenseNet121, and ensemble methods revealed ODIRNet as being more precise
and computationally economical. In comparison to high-GPU-cost conventional
models, ODIRNet is efficiency-oriented light-weighted, and thus well-suited for
real-time clinical application. Using data augmentation, preprocessing, and
segmentation, the model deals efficiently with unbalanced datasets to ensure
robust disease detection for an assortment of eye ailments. To make the model
usable, we developed a web platform (hosted on Netlify), with users being able to

6
 upload retinal images and receive instant disease classification output. The
frontend was developed using [Link], with a simple-to-use interface, and the
backend was developed using Flask and TensorFlow, allowing for easy model
integration and processing. The system is scalable, with support for large datasets,
and allows for improvement through future updates.

3.3 System Design

The proposed system comprises the following key components:

Data Input:
Retinal fundus photos are taken directly from Digital Retinal Scanner (DRS)
devices and uploaded to the ODIRNet web portal for processing. For easy
integration with current clinical processes, the system accommodates standard
medical image formats, such as JPEG, PNG, and DICOM. This compatibility
ensures easy interoperability with a broad variety of ophthalmic imaging
equipment and electronic health record (EHR) systems, making easy adoption in
clinical settings possible.

Model Architecture:
ODIRNet is constructed on top of a light and efficient convolutional neural network
structure, designed specifically for ophthalmic image classification. The model
incorporates improved feature extraction methods, blending optimized
convolutional layers with attention mechanisms to concentrate on clinically
significant areas in retinal images. This architecture greatly enhances classification
accuracy for multiple disease classes. To ensure a balance between detection
capability and computational cost, the architecture is deliberately light, leading to a
faster inference time and retaining high detection ability. This renders ODIRNet
deployable in low-resource clinical environments.

In addition, robust preprocessing methods, such as channel normalization and data

augmentation, are included in the training pipeline and lead to improved
generalization and robustness against image variation typically found in real-world
retinal datasets.

Output & Features:

The ODIRNet-integrated system provides an arsenal of clinically practical features
specifically suited for clinical use:

● Automated Disease Classification: The model accommodates multi-class

classification of prevalent ocular conditions, such as Diabetic Retinopathy,
Glaucoma, Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD), and other retinal
disorders. The automation expedites diagnosis and decreases the workload for
ophthalmologists.

7
 ● Patient History Integration: The system retains longitudinal diagnostic histories,
making it possible to track chronic illness progression over time. Clinicians can
view past data for a patient, facilitating informed decision-making and return
visits.

● Diagnostic Report Generation: For every classification session, the system

produces a comprehensive, downloadable report that captures the results. The
reports are clinically formatted for easy integration into patient files,
streamlining workflow and documentation and reducing errors.

3.3.1 Design Constraints

To facilitate the actual implementation of ODIRNet in various clinical contexts,

some crucial aspects were resolved during system design and installation:

● Hardware Constraints: ODIRNet has been specifically optimized to be deployed

in low-resource environments, allowing effective operation on regular CPUs
without requiring powerful GPUs. This renders the model highly amenable to
primary care centers and rural clinics with limited computational resources.

● Data Security and Privacy: Patient confidentiality is ensured by strong data

encryption measures and secure access controls. The system adheres to standard
healthcare data protection laws, ensuring safe handling and storage of sensitive
retinal imaging and diagnostic information.

● Scalability: The design accommodates effortless integration with larger hospital

information systems and electronic medical record (EMR) databases. Scalability
allows the model to scale with increasing data volumes and institutional growth
without necessitating significant architectural redesigns.

● Real-time Processing: The architecture is designed to accommodate real-time

classification with low latency, providing fast diagnostic feedback while
maintaining model accuracy. This capability is essential for application in time-
critical clinical settings.

● User Accessibility: The platform is completely mobile-friendly and has an easy-

to-use interface, making it convenient for clinicians and patients to use. This
improves user interaction and enhances remote consultations, especially in
remote communities.

3.3.2 Block Diagram

8
 Fig. 3.1 Workflow of ODIRNet

4. IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 METHODOLOGY
In the following section, the dataset and the algorithms employed for
classification of ocular diseases from retina images in the ODIR dataset have
been discussed. In the present research work, a prediction model was
implemented using 6692 datasets altogether. The dataset was split into a
training dataset and a test dataset. The goal of this section was to train the
model on part of the data and then evaluate its performance on the rest of the
data. The dataset is then trained by various architectures of
CNN(Convolutional Neural Networks), processing images and producing
outputs.

A. Dataset Used – Gives information about the dataset and where it is

obtained from.
B. Dataset Visualization – Examines the distribution and features of the
dataset.
C. Data Augmentation and Segmentation – Documents preprocessing
methods like augmentation and segmentation for better model performance.
D. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) – Documents how CNNs extract
features from retinal images.
E. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) – Documents how ANNs classify
high-dimensional extracted features.
F. Transfer Learning Models – Documents how pre-trained deep learning
models boost classification accuracy.

9
 G. Proposed Model: ODIRNet – Presents our web-based AI system,
incorporating DRS machine compatibility and real-time diagnosis.
H. Deployment and System Overview – Describes the software, hardware,
and cloud-based infrastructure that underlies ocular disease classification.

DATASET USED
The data set was downloaded from Kaggle, which was already publicly
released by andrewmvd[12]. It is comprised of 6,692 images, which are
various ocular diseases, and was already preprocessed for better quality
enhancement prior to classification. Classification is already performed on
images of the data set based on some classes that depict ocular diseases.
Figure 1 depicts a sample image of the ODIR data set.

(a) (b)
Figure 4.1. Retinal images from data set

A. DATA AUGMENTATION & SEGMENTATION

Data augmentation addresses imbalanced classes because it brings in a

balancing element, in the form of data distribution. It achieves this by bringing
in various variations to the sample image, by variation of properties. From the
above analysis, it can be seen that the ODIR dataset is extremely imbalanced,
and the "Diabetes" and "Normal" classes are even in surplus. Balancing the
dataset was unavoidable through use of augmentation of the data. Shearing,
bright adjustment, zoom in/out, shifting, rotation, whitening, cropping, and
flipping are some methods applied for generating new samples; hence, the
architecture of the deep learning model became robust and unbiased. Table 2
illustrates some parameters applied for Data Augmentation.

Table [Link] used for Data Augmentation

10
 Parameters Values
Re scale 1./255
Rotation Range 20
Width Shift range 0.2
Height Shift range 0.2
Shear range 0.2
Zoom range 0.2
Horizontal flip True
Vertical flip False
Fill mode ‘nearest’

Along with these augmentation methods, channel normalization has been

utilized in pre-processing where the pixel values of the images have been
Gaussian-normalized throughout them. This process changed the characteristics
of the retinal images such that they were quite Noisy in nature because of filter
emphasis on specific channels. Gaussian-normalization adds certain noise to
retinal images and, thus, improves the generalization capacity of the model
across the conditions. The preprocessing operations, headed by which there are
channel normalization, were of paramount importance in the input optimization
for the model. Figure 5 illustrates a normalized image.

Figure 4.2. Sample Gaussian- Normalized image

The data set was split into three sets: training, validation, and testing set, to
ensure strong evaluation. To this end, 80-10-10 split was used where 80% of
data or 5,114 images were utilized for training, 10% or 639 images for
validation, and the remaining 10%, or 639 images, for testing. This created a
proper balance in checking the model's performance on the different subsets and
avoided over fitting. Data set distribution is presented in Table 3 and its
visualization is given in Figure 6.

Table [Link] set distribution

Splitting Size Percentage

Train 5354 80%
Test 669 10%
Validation 669 10%
Total 6,692 100%

11
 Figure 4.3. Training, Testing and Validation distribution

The proposed work flow for the classification of ocular diseases, which
integrates CNNs and Transfer Learning Models, is illustrated in Figure 7 and
Table 4 shows Label distribution across training data.

Table [Link] distribution across train data

Label No. of Images Percentage (%)

Normal 859 12.84
Cataract 729 10.90
Diabetes 2232 33.35
Galucoma 749 11.19
Hypermyopia 460 6.87
Myopia 588 8.79
Age 677 10.11
Other 398 5.94
Total 6692 100.00

4.1.1 CNN ARCHITECTURES USED

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are instrumental in diabetic

retinopathy (DR) detection by automating the analysis of retinal fundus images.
These networks excel at identifying subtle, complex patterns indicative of DR,
such as microaneurysms, hemorrhages, and exudates. By learning hierarchical
features from pixel data through convolutional layers, CNNs can accurately
classify images into different stages of DR severity. This enables early and
objective diagnosis, potentially preventing vision loss. Automated screening
using CNNs can efficiently process large volumes of images, making it a
valuable tool for large-scale DR screening programs.

Key Components

● Convolutional Layers: The core of a CNN, these layers apply convolution

operations using small filters (kernels) that slide over the input image. This
process helps in detecting local patterns, such as edges and [Link]
mathematical expression for this convolution operation can be defined as in
eq1,

(x∗ k)(i,j)=m∑n∑x(i+m,j+n)k(m,n) (1)

12
 Where x(i,j) are pixel values of the input image, while k(m,n) is the kernel,
and the output is a feature map that highlights important structures in the
image.

● Activation Functions: After convolution, an activation function like ReLU

(Rectified Linear Unit) introduces non-linearity, allowing the model to learn
complex patterns.

● Pooling Layers: These layers reduce the spatial dimensions of the feature
maps, making the model computationally efficient. Max pooling, which
selects the maximum value from a region, is a common technique [Link]
dimensions of the pooling layer can be calculated using the eq 2,
Dimout = (SH−F+2P+1)×(SW−F+2P+1)×D (2)

where H and W are the height and width of the input feature map respectively,
F the filter size, P the padding, S the stride, and D the depth of the feature map

● Fully Connected Layers: At the end of the network, fully connected layers
combine the features extracted by the convolutional and pooling layers to
produce the final output, such as class probabilities in image classification
[Link] is obtained through an activation function like softmax or sigmoid.
Mathematically, it is represented as in eq 3,

y=f(W⋅ x+b) (3)

In ODIRNet, the flattened feature map is passed through a dense layer

consisting of 128 neurons, leading to the classification into 8 categories of
retinal [Link] input vector is denoted by x, the weight matrix as W, bias term as
b, and activation function as f.

Different Architectures of CNN

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architectures vary significantly in their

design, each optimized for specific performance characteristics. VGG16 and
VGG19, renowned for their simplicity and depth, employ uniform 3x3
convolutional filters and max-pooling layers, differing primarily in the
number of convolutional layers (16 and 19, respectively). ResNet50 addresses
the vanishing gradient problem with residual connections, enabling the
training of deeper networks by introducing skip connections that facilitate
gradient flow. DenseNet121 further extends this concept by connecting each
layer to every other layer, promoting feature reuse and reducing the number
of parameters. InceptionV3 focuses on computational efficiency through
factorized convolutions and auxiliary classifiers, allowing for wider and
deeper networks without excessive computational cost. MobileNet is designed
for mobile and embedded applications, utilizing depthwise separable
convolutions to significantly reduce the number of parameters and
computational complexity, making it lightweight. SqueezeNet aims for a
similar goal, employing "fire modules" containing squeeze and expand layers
to achieve AlexNet-level accuracy with a much smaller model size. AlexNet,

13
 an early breakthrough in deep learning, pioneered the use of deep CNNs for
image recognition, employing multiple convolutional and fully connected
layers with ReLU activation functions and dropout regularization. These
architectures represent a spectrum of design philosophies, balancing accuracy,
computational efficiency, and memory footprint, each tailored to specific
application requirements and computational constraints. From the deep and
uniform structure of VGG to the efficient design of MobileNet and
SqueezeNet, the evolution of CNN architectures reflects the ongoing pursuit
of optimal performance in image analysis.

A. Transfer Learning
Transfer learning applies knowledge from a related problem to solve a different
but similar one. It reuses pre-trained models, reducing training time and
improving accuracy with smaller [Link], it transfers
knowledge from a source domain

DS = {XS, PS(X)}, TS = {YS, fS(X)}

DT = {XT, PT(X)}, TT = {YT, fT(X)}
where TS ≠ TT

fT(XT) = fS(XS) + Δf(XT) (4)

where Δf(XT) represents fine-tuning adjustments.

For ODIR classification, VGG19, pre-trained on ImageNet, were fine-tuned for

retinal disease detection. Other architectures, including VGG16, Inception,
AlexNet, SqueezeNet, and MobileNet, Dense Net were explored for
performance comparison. Table 5 summarizes the applied models.

Table [Link] used in Transfer Learning

Model Name Parameters Depth

(Million)
VGG 19 143 19
VGG 16 138 16
DenseNet121 8.0 121
Inception V3 23 48
Alex Net 61 8
Squeeze Net 1.25 18
Mobile Net 4.2 28

B. Proposed Model - ODIR NET

The ODIR Net is a self-suggested CNN that is specifically intended for the
classification of retinal images to yield identifications of different ocular
diseases. Its architectures are carefully designed to extract narrow features from
retinal images, which will enable further precise disease detection. Depending
on the number of convolutional layers, batch normalization, and pooling

14
methods, this will improve the accuracy and efficiency of automated ocular
disease identification for ODIR Net.

The network starts with an input layer accepting images of size 224×224×3
(height, width, channels). There is a common size for the retinal images, which
maintains the color and structural information so that analysis is efficient. Then
there are six convolutional layers sequentially with a kernel size of 3×3 kernels
to extract features such as edges, textures, and shapes from the retinal images.
These layers are used to detect various patterns that characterize different ocular
diseases, with filter configurations increasing step by step from 32 in the initial
two blocks to 128 in the final two blocks. ReLU activation function is used in
these layers to introduce non-linearity into the network, thereby enhancing its
capacity to learn intricate patterns. Following a number of convolutional layers,
batch normalization layers are added to regularize the training process and
accelerate the convergence rate. It mitigates internal covariate shift, thereby
allowing faster and superior learning by the model. Four max pooling layers have
been added that down-sample the feature maps. These layers diminish
computation at spatial resolutions with little information loss. This process
decreases the likelihood of overfitting considerably since later layers have fewer
parameters, but still maintaining significant features needed in the classification
process.

Figure 4.4. Architecture of ODIR NET

Following feature extraction, the following layer is a flattening layer that

converts the multi-dimensional output of convolutional layers into a one-
dimensional vector, which the data prepares for fully connected layers.
Subsequently, ODIR Net employs two dense layers of 128 units each to predict
from the extracted features. Once more, ReLU activation function is introduced
to the two layers to ensure the model remains non-linear. Lastly, after dense
layers, a batch normalization layer was applied to improve generalization ability
of the model and regularizes the training process. The architecture is completed
with an output layer, where softmax activation function is used. These functions

15
provide the probability distribution across ocular disease classes. Hence,
classification as well as decision-making are adequately performed. The
architecture of ODIR Net, as is depicted in Figure 8, is designed in a way to
manage all retinal image complexities very strongly. Hence, leveraging the
feature extraction with the assistance of convolutional layers, stable training with
the utilization of batch normalization, and classification with the aid of dense
layers, ODIR Net demonstrates excellent accuracy and efficacy in automatic
detection of ocular disease.

C. Deployment

ODIRNet model is deployed on [Link] with Flask to provide a lightweight

and horizontally scalable backend for real-time disease classification. The
trained model is saved in the.h5 format to allow fast loading and inference.
Deployment includes the setup of a Flask backend with a production server that
uses Gunicorn, installation through [Link] dependencies, and
executing the start command:gunicorn app:app. [Link] streamlines
containerization and deployment, with the backend being easily accessible and
efficient.

D. Web Technologies Use

Front-end development is done using [Link] to achieve a dynamic and

component-based UI. Key technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are
used to provide structure, styling, and interactivity. Vite offers quick builds and
optimized performance, and Tailwind CSS makes styling easier using utility-
first classes. This mix gives a responsive, visually engaging, and user-friendly
interface.

E. Hosting Process on Replit

The front end is deployed on Replit, but also available to run locally for
development. To host, it involves pushing the React project onto GitHub,
linking it to Replit, and building settings with vite build as a build command.
The system itself automatically deploys updates whenever the code is
modified, and there is continuous integration and maintenance with ease.

F. Software And Hardware Used

The software stack consists of Flask (Python) as the backend, [Link] as the
front end, and Gunicorn & [Link] as the backend deployment. Netlify
hosts the front end, and TensorFlow/Keras drives deep learning-based inference.

16
The coding is performed on a typical laptop/PC with 8GB RAM and multi-core
processor, while the backend is executed on [Link]'s cloud infrastructure
so that it's scalable without specifically dedicated physical hardware. All Deep
Learning executions were carried out and tested on Python 3 using Keras and
TensorFlow with the use of a Kaggle Jupyter notebook. The computer hardware
workstation is Intel i711th generation @2.80 GHz CPU and 16 GB RAM
running Windows 11.

17
 4.2 IMPLEMENTATION & RESULTS
ODIRNet presents superior performance in assessing retinal
disease classification tasks. It scores better generalization with a
Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) value of 0.8518, which
proves a balanced compromise between precision and recall among
varying disease classes. MCC is an accurate measure for multi-
class classification, supporting ODIRNet's ability to make precise
and reliable predictions. The model achieved a training accuracy of
90.37%, demonstrating its capacity to learn intricate patterns, while
retaining a test accuracy of 89.70%, providing robust
generalization for practical applications in healthcare.

A class-wise performance comparison indicates that ODIRNet

gives balanced precision, recall, and F1-score values across various
retinal diseases. The weighted average F1-score of 0.89 ensures
that the model does not show any bias towards any particular
disease class, thus lowering the risk of overdiagnosis or
underdiagnosis. This is particularly important in medical diagnosis,
where all the conditions such as Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma,
and Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are diagnosed
with high [Link] 6 presents performance statistics of
ODIR NET and other TL models utilized and graphically
represented in Figure 9.

Table [Link] Metrics for models

Model Precision Recall F1 Testing Accuracy Time Complexity

(secs)
VGG 19 0.77 0.77 0.76 78.52% 1224
VGG 16 0.41 0.56 0.45 56.48% 807
DenseNet121 0.34 0.49 0.38 48.89% 679
Inception V3 0.73 0.71 0.68 71.30% 334
Alex Net 0.62 0.65 0.63 69.12% 456
Squeeze Net 0.55 0.58 0.56 64.30% 398
Mobile Net 0.52 0.54 0.53 70.25% 315
ODIR NET 0.88 0.89 0.89 89.70% 526

Comparative Analysis with Existing Models

A thorough performance comparison of ODIRNet with popular
deep learning models ResNet50, DenseNet121, InceptionV3, and
VGG19 was performed to evaluate classification efficiency and
computational cost. Among the compared models, VGG19
recorded a high F1-score of 0.76 with an accuracy of 89.52%,
whereas InceptionV3 recorded a lower accuracy of 71.30%.
ODIRNet outperformed these models by recording an F1-score of
0.89 and a testing accuracy of 89.70%, showcasing better
generalization ability. Also, ODIRNet presented a decreased
inference time of 526 seconds that was way beyond VGG19, which
needed 1224 seconds under identical conditions.

Conversely, DenseNet121 did not generalize well on the dataset,

producing a low F1-score of 0.38 and a classification accuracy of
just 48.89%. These findings indicate that deeper architectures do

18
not always translate to better performance, particularly in the case
of domain-specific medical imaging tasks. ODIRNet's
architectural optimizations therefore provide a desirable trade-off
between accuracy and computational efficiency.

To facilitate practical deployment and clinician access, ODIRNet

was embedded in a web-based diagnostic platform, hosted on
Netlify. This real-time interface facilitates efficient diagnostic
workflows and is compatible with standard ophthalmic imaging
formats, such as DICOM, PNG, and JPEG.

The system deployed comprises three main modules:

Data Input: Retinal images are directly uploaded from Digital

Retinal Scanning (DRS) devices, with multiple imaging standards
supported.

Processing Pipeline: ODIRNet utilizes improved convolutional

blocks along with attention and sophisticated preprocessing
methods to improve pathological feature extraction.

Output and Reporting Features:

● Automated Disease Classification: Identifies diseases like

Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy, Age-related Macular
Degeneration (AMD), etc.
● Patient History Storage: Facilitates secure storage and
monitoring of patient records for subsequent consultations.
● Diagnostic Report Generation: Supports ophthalmologists
in clinical decision-making by offering detailed
classification results and interpretation summaries.

Figure 4.5 Home UI of Website

19
 Figure 4.6 Prediction

Performance Validation & Future Scope

The graphical comparison (Figure 9) and disease-wise
classification analysis (Figure 10) confirm ODIRNet’s high
predictive capability. Further evaluation of real-world patient data
validated the system’s reliability, proving its potential for scalable
deployment in clinical environments. The model’s modular
architecture allows for continuous improvement, adapting to new
diseases and larger datasets.

Overall, ODIRNet presents itself as a robust, efficient, and scalable

solution for automated ocular disease detection, bridging the gap
between AI-driven diagnosis and real-world medical applications.

Figure 4.7 Performance Metrics of different models

20
 Figure 4.8 Prediction of actual labels

I. COMPARISON WITH OTHER STATE OF THE ART

(SOTA) APPROACHES

Compared to the model developed by Srinivasulu et al. [26], which had

a training accuracy of 65%, and ODIR Net completely surpassed it.
ODIR Net has proven to generalize very well while training at a
substantial 90.37% training accuracy. Other than that, ODIR Net also
attained a superior test accuracy of 89.70%, which is superior in the
realistic performance. Again, it illustrates the effectiveness and
effectiveness of ODIR Net compared to the proposed model, mainly in
handling the complexities of the ODIR data set.

The article by Zhang et al.[27] suggests a kernel-based CNN model

specifically designed for the multi-label ophthalmic disease detection
task using the ODIR-5K dataset. Managing the class imbalance typical
of medical image datasets such as ODIR was one of the primary concerns
of the study. The kernel methods are utilized to enhance the
discriminative ability of the model and thereby deliver improved
performance. The model delivered below 75% since it's difficult to
manage the multi-label classification with imbalanced data. Comparing
with the ODIR Net model, which has integrated batch normalization and
over one convolutional layers, your model demonstrates better
performance for it achieves greater accuracy and better generalization
across the classification tasks.

In the paper Liu et al. [28] suggested a domain adaptation framework

specially designed to address domain shift problems for the ophthalmic
disease classification of the ODIR data set. Based on the ResNet-50
model, it attempted to reduce the gap among various imaging sources but
it is complexity in managing the outcome of domain adaptation and thus
its testing accuracy is less than 70%. However, the ODIR Net with a
customized architecture will perform better with an accuracy rate of
78.70% and significantly surpass this model with regard to generality
and flexibility with varying data distributions.

Table 7. Comparative Analysis with other state of the art techniques

Techniques Accuracy
Srinivasulu et al. [26] 65%
Zhang et al.[27] 75%
Liu et al. [28] 70%
Our Work 89.70%

21
In general, ODIR Net is much better in both its precision and adaptability
and robustness in most situations, and therefore it has a lot of potential
as a competitive candidate for ophthalmic disease classification versus
current models. This adaptability and strength will guarantee that it will
be able to meet the extremely varied demands of medical practitioners
for diagnosis and ODIR Net has a much more convenient approach to
dealing with all these variations as it incorporates custom architecture
that has been engineered in an effort to enhance adaptation and
generalization. Through the combination of both the batch normalization
and multiple convolutional layers, the result indicates that ODIR Net
learns effectively a greater number of feature representations that enable
it to adapt better to various imaging situations and conditions. This
flexibility in medical imaging is significant, as lighting, equipment, and
even patient populations can influence the quality and nature of such
[Link] also reflects positively on the validity of this model since the
ability to maintain testing accuracy at 89.70% indicates that it not only
learns to master pattern recognition within the ODIR dataset but
generalizes those patterns to unseen data. This level of performance is so
critical in clinical usage, as input data variability can be very difficult to
achieve with precise diagnosis. Architectural decisions taken in ODIR
Net improve its robustness against domain changes and optimize
performance, thus making it a more suitable option for real-world
clinical settings. Table 7 presents the objective perception of
comparative performance comparison with other state of the art methods
and figure 11 provides the graphical representation of the same.

Figure 4.9 Comparative performance analysis with other works

In general, ODIR Net works much better not only in accuracy but also
in adaptability and robustness in most conditions, and thus it has much
potential as a tough candidate for ophthalmic disease classification in
comparison with the current models. This robustness and adaptability
will guarantee that it can meet the very diversified demands of medical
professionals for diagnosis and treatment of ocular diseases.

[Link] Study

22
 In this section, we perform an ablation study to observe how different
architectural decisions impact the performance of the suggested network.
The goal is to test how altering certain parameters like numbers of filters,
batch normalization layers, dropout rates, and sizes of dense layers
influence the model's accuracy and robustness. We demonstrate, by
controlled variation of these parts that the devised network performs
better than alternative setups thereby vindicating its superiority over
existing models for the ODIR dataset. Each experiment in the following
relates to a version of the initial architecture and the manner in which
such modifications would decrease precision slightly, thereby again
validating the superior strength of the proposed network arrangement. In
the initial version, the number of filters in each convolutional layer was
minimized that resulted in a very reduced model with poor feature
extraction capability. This caused it to perform worse with test accuracy
at 77.04% and balanced precision, recall, and F1 at 0.77, showing
minimal impact but noticeable effect on model accuracy and overall
classification ability.

The second Model eliminated the Batch Normalization layer following

the second convolutional layer. Deleting this layer destabilized the
model during training and yielded a test accuracy of 75.74%. Precision
and recall were fairly preserved as 0.77 and 0.76, respectively, but the
F1 score dropped to 0.74, indicating that the lack of normalization had
an impact on the consistency of predictability.

In the Third model, dropout layers have been introduced for

regularization, particularly with the 0.2 and 0.3 dropout rates in various
layers. This aggressive regularization leads to extreme underfitting, and
test accuracy is just 42.22%. Precision, recall, and F1 score are also
significantly lower at 0.46, 0.42, and 0.40, respectively, indicating that
the dropout layers suppress the learning ability of the model. This fourth
model, decreases the dense layer size and therefore limits the capacity of
the network to learn the complex relationship in the feature space. It has
been discovered that the adjustment greatly degrades the performance
and achieves a low accuracy of 41.11% in the testing process. Precision,
recall, and F1 scores fell to 0.42, 0.41, and 0.34, respectively. All the
statistics are compared in Table 8.

Table 8. Comparative Analysis of Network with Different parameters

Model Test Precision Recall F1 score Training Time
Version Accuracy (secs)
Model 77.04 0.77 0.77 0.77 111
V1
Model 75.74 0.77 0.76 0.74 90
V2
Model 42.22 0.46 0.42 0.40 151
V3
Model 41.11 0.42 0.41 0.34 158
V4

23
 Figure 4.10 Ablation Study Analysis

Ablation study demonstrates the superiority of the developed network

over other configurations. All the variations of the modified network had
lower test accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score than the baseline
model. The best-performing variation was Model Version 1 with a test
accuracy of 77.04% compared to the baseline model at 78.70%. This
performance loss on all the modified networks shows that the specific
design decisions, such as certain filter numbers, batch normalization, and
dense layer configurations, were important to identify and classify the
intricate features in the ODIR dataset. This is to make sure that the
complexity and generalization trade-off in the network developed does
not have an underfitting or over-regularization problem as typical of
other setups. Thus, it guarantees resilience in the attainment of higher
accuracy and consistency levels in ocular disease recognition-related
tasks and thus offers a superior solution for the application in question.

III. CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK

This project designed and evaluated ODIR Net, a CNN model for
accurate and efficient ocular disease classification from retinal images.
The main goal was to have high classification accuracy while optimizing
computational cost and training time. ODIR Net was very impressive
with a training accuracy of 90.37% and a test accuracy of 89.70%, as
well as a Matthews Correlation Coefficient of 0.7418, proving high
generalization across all ocular disease classes. It performed better
compared to current state-of-the-art architectures such as DenseNet121
and VGG16, which had test accuracies of only 48.89% and 56.48%,
respectively. Large-scale evaluation measures, such as precision, recall,
and F1-score, validated its success, especially in detecting conditions
like diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.

Moreover, class balance analysis indicated that although some

imbalance existed in the data, ODIR Net was still able to robustly predict
less frequent conditions. Forthcoming improvements will include data
augmentation and transfer learning to counteract class imbalance and
more accurately predict. To deploy in real-world settings, ODIR Net was
integrated within a web application, where the backend was
implemented using Flask and deployed on [Link] to maintain
scalable and optimized inference. The front end, coded in [Link], Vite,
and Tailwind CSS, offers a user-friendly interface and is deployed on

24
Netlify. The arrangement ensures smooth access, instant updates, and
simplicity in deployment for clinical or remote use. In summary, ODIR
Net offers a compelling solution for computerized ocular disease
classification with the integration of deep learning technology and
effective web deployment. The project not only provides a valuable
contribution to deep learning in medical imaging but also paves the way
for additional work in localization tasks and further clinical integrations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to acknowledge and thank all the co-authors for
their kind support all the times.

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[4] D. Zhao, et al., "ODIR Dataset and Machine Learning Models for Multi-Disease
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[5]Wang, Y., et al., "Multi-Disease Classification Using ResNet50 on the ODIR
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[6]Zhang, Q., et al., "Hybrid Model with Data Augmentation for Ocular Disease
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[7]Liu, C., et al., "Attention U-Net for Retinal Image Segmentation in Ocular Disease,"
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 [21]Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., & Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning. MIT Press.
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[26]Srinivasulu, A., Varaprasad Karu, C., Sreenivasulu, G., R, G. Automatic Detection
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INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

26
 ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class
Ocular Disease Classification

AAYUSH ARORA
22053654

Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated
classification of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes
images into eight classes, including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia,
hypermyopia, normal, and other conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and
efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves high accuracy while maintaining low
computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables real-time diagnosis, report
generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates strong
performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused on defining the project methodology,
structuring the model architecture, and developing the backend infrastructure. I
was responsible for establishing the overall theoretical framework and designing
the core neural network architecture to align with our project objectives.
Additionally, I built the backend services, developing robust APIs to handle data
processing, manage system flow, and ensure the seamless integration of the
architectural model into the broader application.

This process significantly improved my understanding of end-to-end system

design and architectural planning. I gained valuable hands-on experience in
structuring complex project methodologies, evaluating structural trade-offs in
model design, and building scalable backend solutions to support demanding
computational frameworks.

Contribution to Project Report

I reviewed technical chapters and assisted with backend-related explanations.

Contribution to Presentation
I supported the technical implementation of the ODIR model and its architecture
with developing Flask API to enable the backend.

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

……………………………. ……………………………..

INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

27
 ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class
Ocular Disease Classification

NEELOTPALA TUDU

Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated
classification of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes
images into eight classes, including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia,
hypermyopia, normal, and other conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and
efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves high accuracy while maintaining low
computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables real-time diagnosis, report
generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates strong
performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused on defining the project methodology,
structuring the model architecture, and developing the backend infrastructure. I
was responsible for establishing the overall theoretical framework and designing
the core neural network architecture to align with our project objectives.
Additionally, I built the backend services, developing robust APIs to handle data
processing, manage system flow, and ensure the seamless integration of the
architectural model into the broader application.

This process significantly improved my understanding of end-to-end system

design and architectural planning. I gained valuable hands-on experience in
structuring complex project methodologies, evaluating structural trade-offs in
model design, and building scalable backend solutions to support demanding
computational frameworks.

Contribution to Project Report

I contributed to database-related descriptions and reviewed backend
documentation.

Contribution to Presentation
I supported the technical implementation of the ODIR model and its architecture
.

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

……………………………. ……………………………..

28
INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class Ocular

Disease Classification

ADITI VIKEY
2205091
Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated classification
of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes images into eight classes,
including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, hypermyopia, normal, and other
conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves
high accuracy while maintaining low computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables
real-time diagnosis, report generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates
strong performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused entirely on the data pipeline, specifically data
preprocessing, filtration, and feature extraction. I was responsible for cleaning the raw
datasets, systematically filtering out noise, and handling inconsistencies to ensure high
data integrity. Additionally, I extracted and engineered key features from the raw
information, transforming complex data points into clean, structured formats optimized
for the subsequent computational phases of the project.

This process significantly improved my practical understanding of data engineering

workflows and the critical importance of data quality. I gained valuable hands-on
experience in advanced data filtration techniques, exploratory data analysis, and isolating
the most relevant features to accurately represent the underlying patterns within our
dataset.

Contribution to Project Report

I reviewed and formatted some UI and workflow-related sections.

Contribution to Presentation
I was helped in collecting performances from various transfer learning models

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

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INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class Ocular

Disease Classification

URVASHI SINHA
2205256
Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated classification
of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes images into eight classes,
including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, hypermyopia, normal, and other
conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves
high accuracy while maintaining low computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables
real-time diagnosis, report generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates
strong performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused on the implementation and analysis phases of the
model, specifically selecting the optimal parameters for transfer learning. While the core
architecture was already established, I was responsible for fine-tuning the pre-trained
model, systematically testing various hyperparameters to maximize its performance, and
analyzing the outputs to ensure they aligned with our project's objectives. I also helped
ensure that the tuned model was properly evaluated within our overall pipeline.

This process significantly improved my practical understanding of deep learning

workflows and model evaluation techniques. I gained valuable hands-on experience in
hyperparameter tuning, interpreting complex performance metrics, and successfully
applying transfer learning to adapt existing models for customized tasks.

Contribution to Project Report

I reviewed smaller sections and helped refine language in certain chapters.

Contribution to Presentation
I handled a major part of the analysis conclusion and future research work.

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

……………………………. ……………………………..

30
INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class Ocular

Disease Classification

ARYAN KUMAR SAO

2205113
Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated classification
of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes images into eight classes,
including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, hypermyopia, normal, and other
conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves
high accuracy while maintaining low computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables
real-time diagnosis, report generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates
strong performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused entirely on the data pipeline, specifically data
preprocessing, filtration, and feature extraction. I was responsible for cleaning the raw
datasets, systematically filtering out noise, and handling inconsistencies to ensure high
data integrity. Additionally, I extracted and engineered key features from the raw
information, transforming complex data points into clean, structured formats optimized
for the subsequent computational phases of the project.

This process significantly improved my practical understanding of data engineering

workflows and the critical importance of data quality. I gained valuable hands-on
experience in advanced data filtration techniques, exploratory data analysis, and isolating
the most relevant features to accurately represent the underlying patterns within our
dataset.

Contribution to Project Report

I was responsible for most chapters, major editing, formatting, and final report
compilation.

Contribution to Presentation
I helped in data preprocessing.

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

……………………………. ……………………………..

31
INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTION REPORT:

ODIRNet: A Robust Deep Neural Network for Multi-Class Ocular

Disease Classification

ARYAWARDHAN SRIVASTAVA
2205114

Abstract
This project presents ODIRNet, a lightweight deep learning model designed for automated classification
of multiple ocular diseases using retinal fundus images. The system categorizes images into eight classes,
including AMD, glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy, myopia, hypermyopia, normal, and other
conditions. By integrating advanced preprocessing and efficient CNN architecture, the model achieves
high accuracy while maintaining low computational cost. Additionally, a web-based platform enables
real-time diagnosis, report generation, and patient data management. The proposed system demonstrates
strong performance and scalability, making it suitable for practical clinical applications.

Individual Contribution and Findings

My primary contribution focused on the implementation and analysis phases of the
model, specifically selecting the optimal parameters for transfer learning. While the core
architecture was already established, I was responsible for fine-tuning the pre-trained
model, systematically testing various hyperparameters to maximize its performance, and
analyzing the outputs to ensure they aligned with our project's objectives. I also helped
ensure that the tuned model was properly evaluated within our overall pipeline.

This process significantly improved my practical understanding of deep learning

workflows and model evaluation techniques. I gained valuable hands-on experience in
hyperparameter tuning, interpreting complex performance metrics, and successfully
applying transfer learning to adapt existing models for customized tasks.

Contribution to Project Report

I contributed to multiple documentation sections and helped refine and finalize the
complete report.

Contribution to Presentation
I assisted in implementing reviewing and finalizing models from results.

Full Signature of Supervisor: Full signature of the student:

……………………………. ……………………………..

32
PLAGIARISM REPORT

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