Computer Software and

Unit: III
Operating System

3.1 Concept of Software

3.1.1 Definition of software
3.1.2 Categories of software: System, Utility, Application, Web Based, Mobile
Apps
3.2 Concept of Operating System
3.2.1 Introduction to Operating System
3.2.2 Role of Operating System
3.2.3 Functions of an Operating System
3.2.4 Operating system terminology: multiprogramming, multitasking,
multiprocessing and distributed
3.3 Windows Operating System
3.3.1 Introduction to GUI based Operating system and its features
3.3.2 Working in Desktop Application and Window Environment
3.3.3 Manage Files and Folders with File Explorer
3.3.4 Customize the start screen and desktop
3.3.5 Installing and removing devices
3.3.6 Manage passwords and privacy levels
3.3.7 Use of control panel, system tools and accessories
3.4 Open sources and Mobile Operating System
3.4.1 Concept of Open Sources Operating System
3.4.2 Introduction to Linux and UNIX
3.4.3 Linux Distributions
3.4.4 Concept of Mobile Operating System
3.3.8 Types of Mobile Operating System
Concept of Software
Software
Introduction
We can compare the computer system with human and human intelligence respectively. All the
activities of human body like running eating, speaking are based on the thoughts and feeling raised
by the brain. All these actions are initiated and controlled with our brain. If brain doesn’t raised such
feeling and control, we will be idle and cannot do anything. Similarly computer system (Hardware)
is also initiated and controlled with the set of programs called software. Programs are the collections
of data and instructions in a systematic order to perform some work. These programs are organized
and collected in a systematic order to tell the computer what to do and how to do it are called
programs. For example software instructs the hardware what to display on the users screen, what
kinds of input to take from the user, and what kinds of output to generate.
A set of program, which are specially written to provide the user a precise functioning like solving a
specific problems is termed as a software package. For example word processor package helps to
create the documents, save document, modify and print the documents.
“Software is the collections of program and other associated documents that helps to control, manage and
integrate the components of computer system to accomplish a specific task”

Computer system is nothing without the software. Hardware needs the software like driver for a car
to operate smoothly. These two are complementary to each other.
Type of software
In broad sense, we can classify the software into two types.
▪ System software
▪ Application software
▪ Mobile Apps and web based software
System Software
The software that helps to activate the computer system and provide operating environment for other
application software is called system software. Its primary work is to control, integrate and manage
the hardware components of the computer system. This software provides an operating and
programming environment where program or user can create the application and software for their
day-to-day application. It can be explained into four types.
▪ Operating system (OS)
▪ Device drivers
▪ Language Translator
▪ System utility software.
OS
Software that helps to activate the computer system and provide common platform to operate on the
computer system by the user is called OS.
It is the first layer of software loaded into computer memory on the time of booting (Starts Up). The
main function of OS is to manage the disk access, files process etc. Other software are loaded on the
environment of OS.
Eg. Windows, Linux, MSDOS etc.

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Device Drivers
As we discuss , system software helps to activate and recognize the computer hardware devices. To
recognize and activate and recognize the hardware devices computer system requires a special
software called device drivers. To work with all devices, we need these software. For example to
work with Modem, Printers we have to install their driver software then only these devices will
work.
Languages Translator
Computer are digital devices .it can work only on the digits which are 0 and 1. All types of
commands, data and instructions required to be converted into machine code which is the
combination of 0’s and 1’s. Different types of programming languages accept the data and
instructions on natural language like English. But computer can not process such data and
instructions on natural language. Therefore, they should be translated into machine code. To convert
such natural languages into machine code we need the system called the language translator.
Utility Software
It is a system software. Utility software helps to manage, maintain and control computer resources.
Operating systems typically contain the necessary tools for this, but separate utility programs can
provide improved functionality.
Examples of utility programs are antivirus software, backup software and disk tools. Antivirus
software, as the name suggests, helps to protect a computer system from viruses and other harmful
programs. A computer virus is a computer program that can cause damage to a computer's software,
hardware or data. It is referred to as a virus because it has the capability to replicate itself and hide
inside other computer files.
One of the most common ways to get a virus is to download a file from the Internet. Antivirus
software scans your online activity to make sure you are not downloading infected files. New viruses
are coming out all the time, so antivirus software needs to be updated very frequently.
Backup software helps in the creation of a backup of the files on your computer. Most computer
systems use a hard disk drive for storage. Backup software helps you copy the most important files
to another storage device, such as an external hard disk. You can also make an exact copy of your
hard disk.
Increasingly, backup software uses cloud storage to create backups. This typically means you pay a
fee to use the storage space of a third party and use their backup software to manage which files are
going to be backed up.
Disk tools include a range of different tools to manage hard disk drives and other storage devices.
This includes utilities to scan the hard disks for any potential problems, disk cleaners to remove any
unnecessary files, and disk defragmenters to re-organize file fragments on a hard disk drive to
increase performance.
Application Software
Application Software is software for specific purpose, so we can say that software developed for
user purpose is called- Application Software. This software are developed using High-level
Language in the form of creative project work in the software industries. There are many software
available for user purposes:
▪ Word Processing: MS-Word, Word Perfect, Word Star
▪ Spreadsheet: MS- Excel, Lotus-123, Quattro

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▪ Database Management: MS- Access, dBase-IV, Clippers, Oracle, OMNIS, Ingress, Integra,
FoxPro, FoxBASE, SQL
▪ Graphics and Presentation: MS-Paint, MS PowerPoint, CorelDraw, Adobe Photoshop,
Adobe Illustrator
▪ Animation: Macromedia Director, Macromedia Flash, Adobe Image Ready, Adobe Premiere,
Adobe After Effect
▪ Web Designing: Macromedia Dream weaver, Microsoft FrontPage Express
Types of Application Software
1. Packaged Software
Packaged Software is readymade, bug free, advance and standard software for special works.
All word processing, database Management, graphics and representation, animation, web-
designing software are packaged software. This software are equipped with all essential tools
and technology to enhance user productivity.

2. Tailored Software
Tailored software is small software, developed in higher level language for specific small
process. These types of software are developed for certain specific purpose. Example: Software
for Payroll for Specific organization, Software for specific Bank, Software for Railway
Reservation, Hotel Reservation etc. These software are developed for solving specific problems
of specific users or organizations. Generally, business purpose program is written in COBOL,
general purpose programs are coded in PASCAL, C, C++, Visual BASIC or Visual C. The
program related with web and internet coded into JAVA, Pearl, C# etc.
Mobile Apps and Web Based Software
An app is computer software or an application program developed for specific application and
operating system like android for mobile devices. The term app is mainly used on mobile or
desktop application programs that can be downloaded and installed all at once. There are
thousands of apps designed to run on today's smart phones and tablets. Some apps can be
downloaded free, while others must be purchased from an app store. There are two types of
apps: Mobile apps and web based software

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Mobile Apps
A mobile application, also referred to as a mobile app or simply an app, is a computer
program or software application designed to run on a mobile device such as a phone, tablet
etc. At the starting stage, Apps were developed to handle the email, calendar, and contact
databases, but now a day Apps are very popular for handling our day-to-day works. There are
different types of APPS used in mobile and other hand held gadgets. Major types are: Native
Apps, Web based Apps and Hybrid Apps. Native Apps are the mobile apps developed for the
targeted operating system like android and I-Phone environment. We can download such native
apps from the Play store. Web based Apps are available freely on the web store from where we
can download them and apply and the mixed apps are the applications which has both
characteristics like native and web based apps. These are applicable for general operating
system to special android-based operating system.
Web Based Software Applications
The Internet is widely used as a means of connecting between businesses and customers.
Whether you are subscribing to a newsletter from a website, or submitting an online application
form, you are communicating with an organization via a web application, or a web app for
short. Technically, a web app is an application stored on a remote or client server, its user
interface made available through the web browser.
Web application can be define as any element of a website, which performs a function for
example Google’s search engine is a web app. Application software includes media players,
database programs, word processors, web browsers and spreadsheets. These are all computer
programs designed to work in isolation for the benefit of the end user. They perform a group of
coordinated tasks, functions or activities. User can download such applications from the
website and install them to work.
Assignment 3.1
▪ What do you mean by computer hardware and software?
▪ Explain the types of computer software with examples.
▪ What is mobile apps? Differentiate it with web-based software with examples.
▪ Differentiate between assembler, interpreter and compilers with examples.
▪ Differentiate between Utility Software and Device Driver.

Concept of Operating System

Introduction to operating system
Computer system is the collection of input unit, output unit and processing unit with software. Large
numbers of programming languages are used to write a program. Computer not only uses high-level
language but also uses low level and machine level language. It consists of large number of devices
such as hard disk, microprocessor, monitor, key board etc. Operating system is the powerful program
that controls all things that mention above. The operating system is a result of many years devotion
of programmers working on different models of computer systems. The types of operating systems
are changed due to changing working environments and needs of users.
Operating system is an interpreter between user and computer. It is like a main gate to enter into
computer system. It provides environment to interact with other software and perform several types
of management and controlling functions. It runs all the times and provides platform for application

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software. The primary purpose of an operating system is to
Application Software / User
maximize the productivity of a computer system by
OS
operating in the most efficient manner. An operating
system minimizes the amount of human intervention Hardware
required during processing.
The operating system runs all the time, and provides a
software platform on top of which other programs, called
application programs, can run. It is responsible for bridging
the gap between the hardware and application needs. It
manages the hardware and supplies ‘service’ to application program. Example: Its services include
file management, memory management, processor management, process communication, and
networking.
Example:
UNIX, Mach, MS-DOS, MS-Windows, Windows/NT, Chicago, OS/2, MacOS, VMS, VM etc
Types of OS
There are many types of Operating systems. But we can divide them into different basis:
OS are divided into different types depends on their properties. Mainly OS are single user, multi-user,
multiprocessing, multiprogramming, multithreading, real-time, distributed.

▪ On the basis of mode of use

▪ On the basis of user interface
On the Basis of Mode of Use
According to the mode of uses and number of users we can classify it into two types.
1. Single User OS: It is usable by single user, at a time. It supports only one program at a
time. These are used on general PC and other hand held devices. The MS-DOS, PC-DOS
etc are single user OS.
2. Multi-user OS: OS that allows multiple users to access a computer system concurrently is
multiuser OS. When more than one user is processing data at a same time, using one CPU
is called Multi-user or Time- Sharing System.
Example
Windows, UNIX, LINUX
On the Basis of User Interface
Since we know that OS is the common place where user and system communicates to each
others. User interacts with OS through using two types of interface. These are character/
command based user interface that is called CUI and graphical elements based interface called
graphical user interface (GUI).
Command/ character based User Interface (CUI)
It is traditional user interface. At early time of computing, OS provided the interactive terminal
where user could enter the commands to interpret. Those were the only one common place to
communicate between a program and its user and so on. Now a day also, we are using such
interface. Popular OS having command Line Interface is MSDOS.
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
With the advancement of technology computer system has become quicker and cheaper.

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Operating environment also changed. This led the development of graphical user interface
where users can interact with computer system using picture and graphs, rather than character or
commands. It displays the icons, buttons, dialog box etc. and others on the screen. The user
sends the instruction and data by moving a pointer on the screen selecting certain objects by
pressing button on the mouse. Popular GUI is Microsoft Windows.
Differentiate Between GUI and CUI
S.N. GUI CUI
1 It is based on graphical user interface mode It is based on command user interface mode
and instructions are given using graphical and instructions are given using characters.
components like menu bar, toolbar etc.
2 It is graphical and user friendly and easy to It is more textual and less user friendly and
learn and operate. difficult to operate and learn. User should
memorise the commands to operate the
system.
3 It is very common and we can preview the It is less common and impossible to preview
contents before print. the contents like GUI.
4 It uses keyboard, mouse and other advance It uses only keyboard and not compatible
devices with other devices
5 It consists of different components such as It does not consist of different components
text box, icon, desktop, pointing devices such as text box, icon, desktop, pointing
etc. devices etc.
6 It supports multi user and multiprocessing It does not support the multi programming
system and it executes multiple programs and multi user concept.
simultaneously.
7 E.g. Windows OS E.g. MS-DOS OS
Role of OS

An Operating system is defined as a set of system programs that control and coordinate the overall
operations of computer system. It also acts as an interface between hardware and users.

An operating system manages and coordinates the functions performed by the computer hardware,
including the CPU, input/output devices, secondary storage devices, and communication and
network equipment. An operating system is the program that we see when computer is turn on and
again see when computer is turned off. Each general purpose computer must have OS to run other
programs. An operating system perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the key board,
sending output to the screen, keeping tracks of files and directories on the disk, and controlling
peripheral devices.
It is system software that keep track of each hardware resource, determine who gets what, determine,
when the user will have access to the resource, allocate how much of the resource the user will be
given, and terminate access at the end of the user period.
The primary purpose of OS is to maximize the productivity of a computer system by operating it in
the most efficient manner and minimizing the amount of human intervention required. An operating
system also simplifies the job of computer programmers. Some of the facilities provided by modern

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operating system are summarised below.
1. Easy interaction between humans and computers, also known as human computer interface.
2. Starting computer operation automatically when power is turned on.
3. Loading and scheduling users’ programs along with necessary compilers.
4. Controlling input and output.
5. Scheduling processes.
6. Managing various types of memories such as primary, secondary cache ets.
7. Managing and manipulating files i.e. Opening, writing, editing, and closing.
8. Providing security to users’ jobs and files.
9. Identifying, handling, and recovering files after a failure.
10. Accounting hardware resources and handling network communication.
11. Allowing users to share data and software among themselves.
12. Preventing the system from unauthorized uses, computer viruses etc.
13. Translating programs from one form in to another form.
Functions Of OS

OS acts as an interface between hardware and users. It controls overall operations of computer. It is
mainly used for job management, data management, virtual memory management, input/output
management, process management, security etc.

1. Job Management
OS manages the jobs waiting to be processed. It recognizes the jobs, identifies their priorities,
determines whether the appropriate main memory and secondary storage capability they require
is available, and schedules and finally runs each job at the appropriate moment.
2. Data Management
OS manages the storage and retrieval of data. As the system software handles many of the
details associated with this process, such details are not a primary concern for users or
programmers writing application programs.
3. Virtual Storage Management
OS is used for virtual memory management. Wit this software it is possible to increase the
capacity of main memory with out actually increasing its size. This is accomplished by
breaking a job into sequences of instructions, called pages or segments, and keeping only a few
of these in main memory at a time; the remainder are kept on secondary storage devices. As a
result large jobs can be processed in small memory.
4. Input/output Management
OS manages the input and output operation of computer. This applies to the flow of data among
computers, terminals, and other devices such as printers. Application programs use the
operating system to handle input and output devices as needed.
5. Processor Management
A processor is a hardware device that is capable of executing a sequence of instructions. The
CPU of any computer system is called a processor. One of major task of an OS module is to
manage and schedule the tasks effectively and efficiently by the processor. The main activities

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 of processor management are job queuing, job scheduling, keeping track of the status of each
process etc.
6. Protection and Security
OS job is to secure data inside the memory of computer. Any one program does not allow
capturing data space of other program. OS maintains the memory of each job. The memory is
allocated for each job and is controlled. It protects hardware and software from improper use.
Some large operating system provides password also for the purpose of security.
7. Controlling Resources
The resources are controlled by OS. For example the printer is shared among numbers of
computers. Similarly, hard disk is shared such that maximum resources are utilized by OS.
8. User Interface
The user interface is the part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so
you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks. Three main types of user
interfaces are the command-driven, menu-driven and graphical user interfaces. The trend in
user interfaces for operating systems, operating environments, and other software is moving
away from the entry of brief end user commands, or even the selection of choices from menu
options.
9. Communication
It communicates with all the hardware and software components of computers. It establishes
link between computer and operators, hardware and software, memory and software, I/O unit
and software. It has capacity to communicate with other computer also. This ability has opened
door of networking.
10. Time-sharing
The time-sharing is also a function of operating systems. It provides time slice to each terminal,
but on the same computer system, at the same time.
11. Command Interpreter
A command interpreter is an interface of the operating system with the user. The user gives
commands which are executed by Operating System. The main function of a command
interpreter is to get and execute the user specified command. In the MS-DOS operating system,
command. com is a command interpreter.

Assignment 3.2
▪ What is OS? Discuss it as the common interface between user and computer.
▪ Explain the types of OS with example. Differentiate between GUI and CUI.
▪ Discuss the functions of OS with examples.

Operating system terminology

Multiprogramming
The process of maximum utilization of CPU keeping it busy is called Multiprogramming or
Concurrent Programming. In this environment, processor processes several programs

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simultaneously. For this purpose, multi-programming operating system is used. We know that CPU
is much faster than I/O unit is, so after processing one program, it becomes ideal. To utilize CPU to
the maximum extend, multiprogramming concept is applied.
All the programs are kept in the job pool of mass storage device and these programs are ready for
processing but CPU is busy, so these programs are waiting their turns. When one processing is
completed, next ready program is load from main memory for processing.
Multitasking
A System able to process a number of tasks at a time is called Multi-tasking within a well-defined
fixed time constrain is called Real- Time System. The processing is enforced to complete within
given time constrains. In industries, multitasking real time systems are used to control processes like
as measurement of temperature of fluid, steam pressure, speeds etc. In this system, more than one
task is performed on the priority basis, a high priority tasks interrupt low priority [Link] advent of
multiprocessing Operating Systems has had a major influence on how people perform their work.
Multiprocessing Operating Systems can execute more than one program at a time. This enables
computers to use more user-friendly interfaces based on graphical representations of input and
output.
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing is the coordinated processing of programs by more than one computer processor.
Multiprocessing operating systems (OSs) perform the same functions as single-processor OSs. They
schedule and monitor operations and calculations in order to complete user-initiated tasks. The
difference is that multiprocessing Operating Systems divide the work up into various subtasks and
then assign these subtasks to different central processing units (CPUs). Multiprocessing uses a
distinct communication architecture to accomplish such task. A multiprocessing Operating System
needs a mechanism for the processors to interact with one another as they schedule tasks and
coordinate their completion. Because multiprocessing Operating Systems rely on parallel processing,
each processor involved in a task must be able to inform the others about how its task is progressing.
This allows the work of the processors to be integrated when the calculations are done such that
delays and other inefficiencies are minimized.
Distributed
Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications are running on multiple
computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network
operating system that supports higher levels of communication and integration of the computers on
the network.
A distributed system is managed by a distributed operating system. A distributed operating system
manages the system-shared resources used by multiple processes. The operating system in which
data is processed in several processors connected with communication media like high-speed bus,
telephone lines etc is called distributed system. The processor in a distributed system may be varying
in size and function. They may include small microprocessors, workstations, minicomputers, and
large general-purpose computer systems.
Spooling
There are large differences between speed of processors and I/O devices. When high-speed I/O
devices are designed and manufactured, the processor of very high speed and efficiency is designed
to win the race with I/O devices. The difference in speed causes processor idles for some time. The
problem of idle time management is solved by some technique offered by operating system.

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 S = Simultaneous
P = Peripheral
O = Operation
O = On
L = Line
The spooling technique is used in multiprogramming environment to offer first chance to the
program of higher priority and reduce processor idle time. Each application output files are spooled
to separate disk file called spool files and spooling system (spool is a buffer for holding output for
I/O devices) make queue for output process. In background, the Operating System sends documents
from spool files to printer for printing. The spool files are temporary files created on printer by
Operating System.
GUI Operating System

GUI OS is graphical user interface. The main components of OS are pointer, pointing devices, icons,
desktop, windows, menus etc. It is user friendly and easy to understand.

There are many operating system available with GUI (pronounced as goo-ye). The concept of GUI is
invented by computer scientists of PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) of Xerox Corporation in early
1970, but it is used in business sectors by Apple Corporation first time in 1983 and Macintosh
Computer introduced its updated form in 1984. In beginning, the apple has introduced GUI operating
system in market. The Microsoft has lunched operating system with GUI, after apple. The Microsoft
Windows operating system is an excellent example of GUI. The pointer, pointing devices, program
icons, desktop, windows, menu etc are main GUI components of operating system. Some features of
GUI operating systems are given below:
1. The Interface
It is a common boundary between the user and the computer system. The GUI interface is
equipped with clickable program icons.
2. Program Icon
The GUI operating system contains program icons which are linked with main program. Icon is
bitmapped graphics used to represent program, file, and windows. When program icon is
double clicked, program is executed.
3. Desktop
The desktop is a container in which program icons and other interface components are arranged
in attractive ways. It has users compiling background, animation, system tray etc.
4. System Tray
It contains date, time, explorer, printer, anti-virus and other icons on the try.
5. Excellent Desktop
The on screen work area is called desktop. The facility to change colon, fonts, wall papers and
others.
6. Menu
The program menu is also available with all the available facilities. We can open program by
clicking the program icons displayed on desk top or by opening pop up menu.
A Graphical User Interface (GUI) allows one to enter commands by pointing and clicking
objects appearing on the screen. Thus, the operating system hides the innermost details of the

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 working of computer hardware components and presents a simple, usable and effective model
of the computer to the user.
7. Control Panel
The Windows control panel is a real hardware and software engineer because all the problems
can be removed from here. So, it is names as Control Panel.
8. System Tools
The Windows Operating system is equipped with several tools to control several activities.
These tools are utilities program like as Disk Cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, Drive Converter
(FAT32), Maintenance Wizard, Scan Disk, Scheduled Tasks etc.
9. Recycle Bin
Deleted files of folders are stored in it. If any important files are deleted, you can restore these
files again from Recycle Bin. It is based on concept of dust bins in which litters, dusts, and
unwanted thins are collected for final disposal. The Recycle bin is similar to Trash icon of
Macintosh.

Some Technical Terms

Some technical terms related with memory and operating systems are described below:
Buffer
It is small, high-speed storage device, located in I/O units, used to hold data at the time of
input/output operations. So, divided into (a) Input buffer and (b) Output buffer. Input buffer accept
data at low speed and release it at high speed to CPU, Output buffer works in reverse orders. It
accepts data at high speed from main memory and release at low speed to Output devices.

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Virtual Memory
The memory which is not actually present but virtually available to support execution of large
program is called virtual memory. The available small physical memory is not enough to load and
execute all types of program, so concept of virtual memory is applied to enhance capability of
physical memory. The operating system manages memory of computer system. Suppose, you have a
bucket with capacity of 5 liters water, you can store 7 liters water in it, is not miracle? Have seen rat
swallowed snake?
Virtual memory is a hierarchy of two memory systems; a main memory of
size m1 and secondary, slower and cheaper memory of much larger size,
m2. The two systems are managed by an OS in such a way that it appears to
a user that a main memory of size m1+m2 and speed nearly equivalent to
that of main memory is available. The virtual memory is assigned in hard
disk at the execution of program.
Virtual memory is implemented by dividing the logical memory space into a
group of page frame. The term page frame is sometimes used to denote a block. Program is divided
into page of size 1K. Only those pages that were required at particular time were kept in main
memory and remaining pages were stored on hard disks A demand paging algorithm is used to place a
page required by user automatically in the main memory from the secondary disk memory.
Interrupt
Interrupt allows the current program to be suspended while a higher priority task is executed. The
real time and multi-tasking operating system follows interrupts technique. Interrupt I/O is a device
initiated I/O transfer. The external device is connected to a pin called interrupt pin on the processor
chip. When the device needs an I/O transfer with the computer, it activates the interrupt pin of the
processor chip. There are two types of interrupt: hardware interrupt (external), and software interrupt
(internal).
The external interrupt come from input-output (I/O) devices, from a timing devices, from a circuit
power supply, or from any other external sources.
Hardware or External Interrupt. External interrupts are initiated through the computer’s interrupt
pins by external devices. External interrupt can further be divided into: (i) Maskable, and (ii) Non-
maskable
The non-maskable interrupt has higher priority than the maskable interrupt. If both maskable and
non-maskable interrupts are activated at the same time, the processor will service the non-maskable
interrupt first. It is used as power failure interrupt.
Software or Internal interrupt: Internal Interrupts arise from illegal or erroneous use of an
instruction or data. Internal interrupts are called traps. Example of interrupts caused by internal error
condition are registered overflow, attempt to divide by zero, stack overflow and invalid operation
code. The interrupts caused by special type of micro- programmed instruction is called software
interruption also. In 8085 there are RST n instructions for this purpose. If RST n instruction is
inserted in a program, the program is executed up to the point where RST n has been inserted. Then
microprocessor stops. This is used in checking of program. In 8086 uses INT instruction for
interruption of microprocessor.
A processor is typically provided with one or more interrupt pins on the chip. Therefore, a special
mechanism is necessary to handle interrupts from several devices that share one of these interrupt
lines. The purpose of the interrupt is to attract attention of CPU so that it can take appropriate action.

CPU Scheduling
The scheduling is a fundamental function of operating system. Almost all computer resources are

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scheduled before use. The CPU is, of course, one of the primary computer resources. Thus, its
scheduling is central to Operating system design. The technique of maximum utilization of processor
is termed as CPU scheduling. It is basis of multi-programmed OS. The idea of multiprogramming is
very simple. A job is executed until it must wait, typically for the completion of some I/O request. In
a system the CPU would then sits idle. All of this waiting time is wasted. No useful work is
accomplished. Several jobs are kept in memory at one time. When one job has to wait, the OS takes
the CPU away from the job and gives it to another job. This method continues. Every time one job
has to wait, another job may take over the use of CPU. This type of OS is called multi-programmed
OS, in which maximum exploitation of CPU takes place. Some scheduling algorithms are: (a) FCFS
(First Come, First Serve, (b) SJF (Shortest Job First), (c) Priority scheduling, (d) Round Robin
Scheduling, (f) Multilevel Queue Scheduling, (g) Multilevel feedback Queue
Assignment 3.3
▪ Discuss the terms: Multiprogramming, Multi-tasking and Multi programming with example.
▪ What is virtual memory? Why it is important.
▪ What is interruption? Explain
▪ Define the terms : Buffer and CPU scheduling
▪ Discuss about the term SPOOL.

Windows Operating System

Overview
Windows 10 is the most recent version of the operating system from Microsoft. Officially it was
released in 2015 and was initially offered free of charge to legitimate users of Windows 7 and
Windows 8.1. This new version combines features from those two previous installments to suit the
users in a better way for both desktop/laptop computers as well as mobile devices.
The most notable change in Windows 10 is that Microsoft replaced the Start screen tiles from
Windows 8, and brought back the Start Menu. They also removed the vertical toolbars that appeared
from the sides of the screen. These changes make this
Windows version easier to use for users of both
desktop/laptops and mobile devices.
Installation
There are two approaches you can take for installing Windows 10 in your computer: Upgrade or a
Clean Install.
Typically, when you upgrade your operating system, all your documents and applications remain
unchanged, whereas with a clean install you would be starting again from scratch. But one
important thing to verify first is if your computer has the necessary hardware to support Windows
10.
System Requirements
Although most computers nowadays probably have the necessary requirements for Windows 10. It
will certainly be useful to know them in case you want to upgrade from an older system.
The main requirements are −
▪ A processor (CPU) with a clock rate of at least 1GHz.
▪ At least 1 to 2GB of memory (RAM), but Microsoft recommends 4GB.
▪ At least 16GB space in your hard disk.
One important thing to note is that the installation process itself will verify your computer hardware
and let you know if it qualifies for a Windows 10 upgrade or not. If not, then you will need to
upgrade your hardware.

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Getting Started
After you have installed or upgraded your
Windows, you will get a Welcome Screen with the
time and date. Just click anywhere to go to the User
Accounts Screen.

This screen lets you choose which user you

want to log in to from the lower-left corner.
After choosing the right user, and entering a
password if necessary, you will see the
Windows Desktop.
The Windows Desktop is simply your operating
system main screen. Here you have access to an
array of tools like the Start Menu, Taskbar, and
other icons. Windows 10 also introduces a search
box in the Taskbar, which facilitates browsing both
your computer and the Web.
Graphical User Interface Basics
Once you get to the Windows Desktop screen, here
are some basic features you will see.

One of the most important parts of your Desktop is the Taskbar. By default, it sits at the bottom of
your screen giving you access to the Start Menu, several application icons, and the Notification
Area.

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Windows
In Windows 10, if an application is active or opened, you will see a green line below its icon.
Clicking the icon will bring the application window up.
Every open window features three buttons in the upper-right corner.
These are used to minimize, maximize, or close the window −
▪ Minimizing means that the window will hide in the Taskbar.
▪ Maximizing will bring the window to a full-screen size.
▪ Windows can be moved around or resized as you please −
▪ To move a window, just click on its Title Bar on the upper side of the window and drag it.
▪ To resize a window, move your mouse to any corner until you see a double-sided arrow.
Then click and drag until you reach the desired size.
Icons
Most Windows versions will feature different icons on the
background. An icon is simply a graphic representation of an
application or a file. To open or access an icon, just double click
on it.
Although the amount and type of icons will vary, depending on the
computer, you can add more icons by following these steps −
Step 1 − Right-click on the Desktop Background.
Step 2 − Choose “New” and “Shortcut”.
Step 3 − Browse for the application or file you want to create a
shortcut to.
Step 4 − Assign a name to the shortcut and click “Finish”.
Icons can also be moved around by clicking on them and dragging
them to another place in the screen.

Desktop Background
Another component of your Desktop is the Background. This is
simply an image that appears at the back of your screen. Most
computers come with a pre-selected background, but you can
change it to any image you want.
To change the background, follow these steps −
Step 1 − Right-click on the background and choose “Personalize”.
Step 2 − From the Personalization window, choose from a series
of pre-selected pictures or browse for your own.
After choosing a picture, the Background will change
automatically.
Navigation
To navigate your Windows, you can simply type what you are looking for on the Taskbar search. It
can be the name of a document or application, or just any information you are looking for.

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Start Menu
If you are looking for a specific application, you can also open the Start Menu and click “All
Applications”. This will open an alphabetical list of all the applications installed on your computer.

File Explorer
If you are looking for a specific document, another alternative is to use the File Explorer by clicking
on the Folder icon on the Taskbar.

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In the File Explorer window, you can browse all your folders and documents.

Start Menu
The Start Menu is the main point of access to your applications. There are two main ways to open
it−
Step 1 − Use your mouse to click Windows icon in the lower-left corner of the taskbar.

Step 2 − Press the Windows key on your keyboard.

The Windows 10 Start Menu features two panes.

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The left pane resembles the traditional Start Menu from Windows 7 and earlier, while the right pane
features live tiles that were used in Windows 8.
Left Pane
Among the things you can do in the left pane are −
▪ Click the username at the top of the menu to change account settings or log in with
another user.
▪ Access the applications you use more frequently.
▪ A small arrow next to an application will open a sub-menu with a list of recent documents
opened with that application.
▪ Open the “File Explorer” to navigate your folders and files.
▪ Change the settings of your computer like your Internet connection or changing your
background.
▪ See different options to shut down your computer.
▪ See a list of all the applications installed in your computer.

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Search Box
The “Search box” on the Taskbar will allow you to search within your documents and files or on
the Web for anything you write. The initial results will appear within the Start Menu itself.
The results will be grouped according to the closest match (or matches) labeled “Best match” at the
top of the list.

The remaining results will be grouped according to what they are or their location −
▪ Web results
▪ Documents or folders
▪ Apps
▪ System settings
The icons on the left side of the menu do the following −

The Gear icon will allow you to configure the settings of your Search.

This icon will let you send Feedback to Microsoft on what you like or dislike about
Windows.

The Cortana icon will activate Windows’ new personal assistant.

Clicking “My stuff” or “Web” at the bottom will expand the Start Menu and limit your results to the

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location you choose, as well as streamlining the search.

Right Pane
The right pane features a varied array of tiles, similar to the ones that were seen on the Start Screen
of Windows 8.
These tiles can be moved and dragged to different places by holding the mouse button.

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You can also configure them by right-clicking on them to see options to resize them or “unpin”
them (remove them) from the Menu.
The whole Start Menu can also be resized by dragging the borders with the mouse to the desired
size.
Working with Taskbar
The Windows 10 taskbar sits at the bottom of the screen giving the user access to the Start Menu, as
well as the icons of frequently used applications. On the right-side, the Taskbar features the
Notification Area which informs the user of different things like the state of the Internet connection
or the charge of the laptop battery.

The icons in the middle of the Taskbar are “pinned” applications, which is a way to have a quick
access to applications you use frequently. “Pinned” applications will stay in the Taskbar until you
“unpin” them.
Pin an Application to the Taskbar
Step 1 − Search for the application you want to pin in the Start Menu.
Step 2 − Right-click on the application.
Step 3 − Select “More” option at the top of the menu.
Step 4 − Select the “Pin to taskbar” option.

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This will attach or “pin” the application icon to your
Windows Taskbar.
Unpin an Application from the Taskbar
To “unpin” it, just right-click the icon in the Taskbar and
select “Unpin from taskbar”. You can “pin” it back again
any time you want.
Notification Area
The Notification Area is located at the right side of
the Taskbar. It shows different types of
notifications from your computer like your Internet
connection, or the volume level.
At first, the Notification Area shows a limited
amount of icons. But you can click the upward
arrow on its left-side to see other icons as well.
Task View
Task View allows you to quickly move within your
open windows and applications. You can access it by clicking the “Task View” button from the
Taskbar.

You can also press and hold the Windows key, and then press Tab to achieve the same result.
By pressing the Alt+Tab keyboard shortcut also serves a similar purpose.

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Working With Tablet Mode
The Tablet Mode is a new feature in Windows 10, which allows the user to switch the system
interface, whenever a tablet is detached from a base or dock. When the Tablet Mode activates, the
Start Menu goes full-screen. During Tablet Mode, many other windows like the File Explorer or the
Settings window also open at full screen.
How to Activate the Tablet Mode?
Step 1 − Open the Start Menu and select “Settings”.

Step 2 − Select the “System” option.

Step 3 − Turn the Tablet Mode switch from “Off” to “On”.

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Working With File Explorer
File Explorer is the file management application used by Windows operating
systems to browse folders and files. It provides a graphical interface for the
user to navigate and access the files stored in the computer.
The main way to access the File Explorer is by clicking the folder icon in the Taskbar. After
clicking the icon, the File Explorer window will open.

The initial File Explorer window is comprised of the following sections −

▪ The File Explorer ribbon, which resembles the ribbon featured in Microsoft Office. The
ribbon contains buttons for common tasks to perform with your files and folders.
▪ The Navigation Pane gives you access to your libraries of documents and pictures, as

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 well as your storage devices. It also features frequently used folders and network devices.
▪ The Frequent folders section on the right features the folders you’ve worked with
recently to allow for quick access to them.
▪ The Recent files section in the lower part of the window features files and documents that
you’ve opened recently.
The File Explorer Ribbon
In Windows 10, the File Explorer features a new ribbon toolbar, similar to the one featured in the
recent versions of Microsoft Office. This ribbon contains buttons and commands for the most
common tasks.

The Ribbon features four tabs, each with different commands. Among the tasks you can perform
from the Home tab are −
▪ Copying and pasting files and folders from one place to another.
▪ Moving files and folders to another location.
▪ Copying files and folders to another location.
▪ Deleting a file or folder permanently or sending it to the Recycle Bin.
▪ Renaming a file or folder.
▪ Creating a new folder or other new items.
▪ Verifying or modifying the Properties of a document or folder.
▪ Opening a file or folder.
▪ Different options to select one or various files and folders.

The Share ribbon gives you different options to share your files and folders. For example −
▪ E-mailing or messaging a file.
▪ Compressing (“Zip”) a folder to take less space.
▪ Printing or faxing documents.
▪ Sharing with other users or networks.

The View ribbon allows you to change the way Windows displays your files and folders. Some of
the changes you can make here are −
▪ Adding additional panes to show a preview or details of your files.

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 ▪ Changing the layout of the files and folders from icons to list, and others.
▪ Sorting and arranging the contents of your folder.
▪ Hiding selected folders or files.
The File tab opens a menu with different options like −

▪ Opening an additional File Explorer window.

▪ Opening command windows for advanced users.
▪ Changing or configuring options about how File Explorer behaves.
Working with Users Management
Like most Windows versions since XP, Windows 10 allows you to log in to different user accounts
when using your computer. Like we discussed earlier, you can choose which account you want to
log in to after turning on the computer.

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But you can also configure or manage your user account after you’re logged in. To do this, follow
these steps −
Step 1 − Open the Start Menu.
Step 2 − Click on Settings.

Step 3 − From the SETTINGS window, choose Accounts option.

Step 4 − In the ACCOUNTS window, choose the account setting you want to configure.
If you want to change your sign-in options, like your password, select Sign-in options.

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Under Sign-in options, Windows 10 lets you change your password. It also lets you choose when
the computer will ask you to sign in.
How to Maintain Security
Windows 10 features a series of tools to help you protect your computer from threats like viruses
and other malware. The three main security tools are −
▪ User Account Control
▪ Windows Defender
▪ Windows Firewall
User Account Control
The Windows User Account Control is a tool that warns you when someone or something attempts
to change your computer system settings. When this happens, the screen will alert you until an
Administrator can confirm the change. This helps protect your computer against accidental changes
or malicious software altering your settings.
Initially, this User Account Control is set at a moderate to high level, which means it will notify you
only when an application tries to make changes to your computer. However, you can change this
setting to your desired level by following these steps −
Step 1 − Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

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Step 2 − After the Control Panel is open, choose User Accounts.

After choosing User Accounts, click on “Change User Account Control settings”.

In the User Account Control Settings, you can move the slider to the desired position. Windows
10 will give you a summary of how your system will behave under that level.

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Windows Defender
Windows Defender is an antivirus and malware protection included in your operating system. It
allows you to scan your computer for malicious software, while also checking each file or program
you open.
To configure Windows Defender, follow these steps −

Step 1 − Go to SETTINGS and select Update & security.

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Step 2 − In the UPDATE & SECURITY window, select Windows Defender.

Here you can customize settings like turning off real-time protection or activating cloudbased
protection, which allows Defender to send Microsoft information about security threats it finds.
Windows Firewall
Windows Firewall prevents unauthorized access from outside to get into your computer. By default,
it is turned on to protect your computer and your network.
If you want to customize your Firewall, follow these steps −
Step 1 − Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

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Step 2 − When the Control Panel is open, choose Windows Firewall.

Step 3 − In the Windows Firewall window, you can customize the settings of it by turning it on or
off or choosing when to protect your computer.

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Working With Windows Applications
Windows 10 lets you access your applications in several ways. The easiest way is to search for the
name of application using the Search box in Taskbar.

Another basic option is to open the Start Menu and click on All Apps.

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After selecting All Apps, Windows 10 will present an alphabetical list of all the applications
installed in your computer.

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Apps Management
Windows 10 offers you multiple ways to access your applications. Like discussed earlier, one of the
most basic ways is to open the Search menu and click All Apps.

This will present an alphabetical list of all the applications installed in your computer. If there is an
application that was recently installed, it will be labeled as “New” in the menu.

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Uninstalling Applications
There are three ways in which you can remove an unwanted application −
▪ From the Start Menu
▪ From the Settings window
▪ From the Control Panel
Here are the steps for each way.
Uninstalling an Application from the Start Menu
Perhaps the easiest way to uninstall an application is from the Start Menu. To do this, follow these steps–
Step 1 − Open the Start Menu and click on All Apps.

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Step 2 − Find the application you want to uninstall on the list, and right-click on it.

Step 3 − On the menu, choose Uninstall. After this, follow the steps needed to complete the process.
These steps will vary for each application.
Uninstalling an Application from the Settings window
A new and different way to uninstall an application is from the new Settings window. To do this,
follow these steps −

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Step 1 − Open the Start Menu and click Settings.

Step 2 − On the SETTINGS window, choose System.

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Step 3 − On the SYSTEM window, choose Apps & features.

Step 4 − On the Apps & features window, search for the application you want to uninstall in the
search box.
Step 5 − From the results, click on the application and choose Uninstall.
Uninstalling Applications from the Control Panel
The third way to uninstall an application is more traditional, because it uses the popular Control
Panel window. To use this method, follow these steps −
Step 1 − Open the Control Panel by searching for it in the Search bar.

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Step 2 − After the Control Panel is open, choose Programs and Features.

Step 3 − The Programs and Features window will present a list of all the applications installed in
your computer. To uninstall an application, just click on it and use the Uninstall button.

An alternate way is to right-click the application on the list.

This window also gives you other details about the applications you have installed like −
▪ The date it was installed.
▪ The size it occupies on the hard disk.
▪ The specific version of this application.

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Open Sources and Mobile Operating System
Concept of Open Sources Operating System
The software company owns most of the software's program code or source code. This software is
maintain and modify only by the person, team, or organization who created it. Such kind of software
are called proprietary or closed source software. Only the original authors of proprietary software
can legally copy, inspect, and alter that software. For example: MS Windows, Accounting Package,
Banking software etc.
The term open source refers to the program codes that users can modify and share because its design
is free and publicly accessible. The term defined in the context of software development to define a
specific approach for creating computer programs. Open source projects and products are based on
the principles of open exchange, collaborative participation and community-oriented development.
Open source software is the software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify and
customize according to their requirement. Source code is the part of software known as program
code that is accessed by different users and are allowed to manipulate and customize them. There
are some popular open source code operating system. For example: Linux and UNIX
UNIX
UNIX is an operating system which was first developed in the
1960s, and has been under constant development ever since. By
operating system, we mean the suite of programs, which make
the computer work. It is a stable, multi-user, multi-tasking
system for servers, desktops and laptops. UNIX systems also
have a graphical user interface (GUI) similar to Microsoft
Windows that provides an easy to use environment. However,
knowledge of UNIX is required for operations, which are not
covered by a graphical program, or for when there is no windows
interface available, for example, in a telnet session. There are
many different versions of UNIX, although they share common
similarities. The most popular varieties of UNIX are Sun Solaris, GNU/Linux, and Mac OSX.
Linux
Linux is one of popular version of UNIX operating System. It is open source as its source code is
freely available. It is free to use. Linux was designed considering UNIX compatibility. Its
functionality list is quite similar to that of UNIX.
Linux Distribution
A Linux distribution, and there are hundreds of them, is not like the next version of Windows and
macOS. Each Linux "distro" is a current version that has components that may differ slightly or
greatly from another Linux distribution. A Linux distribution is simply a collection of a specific
kernel with specific support programs. Most of the included software is free and open source
software. There are many distributions designed for personal computers, but there are also Linux
distributions designed for supercomputers or for a specific purpose, e.g. penetration testing (Kali Linux).
There are many distributions available (over six hundred), but two major distributions became the
foundation for many other distributions: Red Hat and Debian.
Components of UNIX and Linux System
Linux Operating System has primarily three components
▪ Kernel − Kernel is the core part of Linux. It is responsible for all major activities of this
operating system. It consists of various modules and it interacts directly with the underlying hardware.

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▪ System Library − System libraries are special functions or programs using which application
programs or system utilities accesses Kernel's features. These libraries implement most of the
functionalities of the operating system .
▪ System Utility − System Utility programs are responsible to do specialized, individual level tasks.
Basic Features of UNIX and Linux
Following are some of the important features of Linux Operating System.
▪ Portable − Portability means software can works on different types of hardware in same way.
Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of hardware platform.
▪ Open Source − Linux source code is freely available and it is community based development
project. Multiple teams work in collaboration to enhance the capability of Linux operating
system and it is continuously evolving.
▪ Multi-User − Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system resources
like memory, RAM and other application programs at same time.
▪ Multiprogramming − Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications can
run at same time.
▪ Security − Linux provides user security using authentication features like password protection
and controlled access to specific files.
Mobile Operating System
A mobile operating system, also called a mobile OS, is an operating system that is specifically
designed to run on mobile devices such as mobile phones, smart phones, PDAs, tablet computers and
other handheld devices.
Like the Windows, operating system controls our desktop or laptop computer, a mobile operating
system like android control the mobile devices. Mobile operating system is responsible for
determining the functions and features available on our device, such as apps management,
keyboards, Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), synchronization with applications, email, text
messaging and more.
Some popular mobile operating system are:
▪ Android OS (Google Inc.): The Android mobile operating system is Google's open and free
software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications for use on
mobile devices, including smart phones.
▪ Bada (Samsung Electronics): Bada is a proprietary Samsung mobile OS that was first
launched in 2010. The Samsung Wave was the first Smartphone to use this mobile OS. Bad a
provides mobile features such as multipoint-touch, 3D graphics and application downloads and
installation.
▪ BlackBerry OS (Research in Motion): The BlackBerry OS is a proprietary mobile operating
system developed by Research in Motion for use on the company’s
popular BlackBerry handheld devices. The BlackBerry platform is popular with corporate users
as it offers synchronization with Microsoft Exchange, Novell GroupWise email and other
business software.
▪ iPhone OS / IOS (Apple): Apple's iPhone OS was originally developed for use on
its iPhone devices. Now, the mobile operating system is referred to as IOS and is supported on
a number of Apple devices including the iPhone, iPad, iPad 2 and iPod Touch.
▪ Windows Mobile (Windows Phone): Windows Mobile is Microsoft's mobile operating system
used in Smart phones and mobile devices with or without touch screens. The Mobile OS is
based on the Windows CE 5.2 kernel. In 2010 Microsoft announced a new Smartphone
platform called Windows Phone 7.

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Workshop
Long Question Answer
1. What is computer software? Explain the types of computer software.
2. "An operating system is an interface between human operators and application software" Justify
this statement with examples of operating systems known to you.
3. Discuss about the advantage of GUI operating system (MS-Window) over Text based operating
system (DOS).
4. Discuss the role and functions of operating system.
5. Discuss the terms multiprogramming, multitasking and distributed operating system.
6. Discuss the types of operating system with examples.
7. Discuss the open source operating system. Explain about LINUX and UNIX.
8. Discuss the types of mobile operating system with examples.
9. Discuss the windows operating system. Define the components of GUI operating system.
Short Question Answer
1. Why windows are more popular?
2. Distinguish between batch processing and on-line processing.
3. What is an operating system? Why GUI operating system is more popular than text based
operating system? Justify clearly.
4. Describe the terms spooling and buffering.
5. Explain the term hardware interrupts and software interrupts.
6. What is an operating system? Explain its major functions?
7. What do you mean by the term “Virtual memory”? How does it differ from the main memory
and secondary memory? Discuss
8. Define an operating system. What is its purpose? List the functions.
9. Define following terms:
a. CPU Scheduling b. Spooling
d. Virtual memory e. GUI Operating System
10. 10. What do you mean by CPU Scheduling? Write name of some CPU scheduling Algorithms.
11. Write different types of operating system. Is MS-DOS multi-user OS?
12. Write short notes:
a. Multiprogramming b. Multitasking
c. Multithreading d. Distributed OS.
13. What do you mean by real time system? Explain
14. Write about various versions of Windows operating system.

Project work
1. Draw a labeled diagram of Windows Desktop Environment and the components of desktop.
2. Manage Files and Folders with File Explorer
3. Customize the start screen and desktop
4. Installing and removing devices
5. Manage passwords and privacy levels
6. Use of control panel, system tools and accessories

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