CONTENT

 Evolution of Electric Power Grid

 Introduction to smart Grid, Concept, definitions, architecture and functions
of Smart Grid
 Need of Smart Grid
 Difference between conventional & smart grid
 Opportunities & Challenges of Smart Grid
 Introduction to Smart Meters, Real Time Pricing, Smart Appliances
 Automatic Meter Reading (AMR)
 Outage Management System (OMS)
 Home & Building Automation
 Substation Automation
 Feeder Automation
 Smart Sensors
 Geographic Information System (GIS)
 Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) & their application for Monitoring &
Protection.
Evolution of "Smart Grid": -

The first official definition of Smart Grid was provided by the Energy
Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA-2007), which was approved by the
US Congress in January2007, and signed to law by President George W. Bush in
December 2007. Title XIII of this bill provides a description, with ten
characteristics, that can be considered a definition for Smart Grid, as follows:

"It is the policy of the United States to support the modernization of the Nation's

electricity transmission and distribution system to maintain a reliable and secure

electricityinfrastructure that can meet future demand growth‖

To achieve each of the following, which together characterize a Smart Grid:

(1) Increased use of digital information and controls technology to improve

reliability,security, and efficiency of the electric grid.

(2) Dynamic optimization of grid operations and resources, with full cyber-
security.

(3) Deployment and integration of distributed resources and generation,

includingrenewable resources.

(4) Development and incorporation of demand response, demand-side resources,

andenergy-efficiency resources.

(5) Deployment of `smart' technologies (real-time, automated, interactive

technologiesthat optimize the physical operation of appliances and consumer
devices) for metering,communications concerning grid operations and status, and
distribution automation.

(6) Integration of `smart' appliances and consumer devices.

(7) Deployment and integration of advanced electricity storage and peak-
shavingtechnologies, including plug-in electric and hybrid electric vehicles, and
thermal storage airconditioning.

(8) Provision to consumers of timely information and control options.

(9) Development of standards for communication and interoperability of

appliances andequipment connected to the electric grid, including the infrastructure
serving the grid.

(10) Identification and lowering of unreasonable or unnecessary barriers to

adoption ofsmart grid technologies, practices, and services.

A common element to most definitions is the application of digital processing and

communications to the power grid, making data flow and information management
central to the smart grid. Various capabilities result from the deeply integrated use
of digital technology with power grids. Integration of the new grid information is
one of the key issues in the design of smart grids. Electric utilities now find
themselves making three classes of transformations: improvement of infrastructure,
called the strong grid in China; addition of the digital layer, which is the essence of
the smart grid; and business process transformation, necessary to capitalize on the
investments in smart technology. Much of the work that has been going on in
electric grid modernization, especially substation and distribution automation, is
now included in the general concept of the smart grid.

Smart Grid: -

A Smart Grid is an electricity Network based on Digital Technology that is used to

supply electricity to consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system
allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply
chain to help improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost and
maximise the transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain.

Concept, Definitions and Need for Smart Grid: -

A Smart Grid is an electricity Network based on Digital Technology that is used to

supply electricity to consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system
allows for monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply
chain to help improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption.

The term “Smart Grid” was coined by Andres E. Carvallo on April 24, 2007 at an
IDC energy conference in Chicago.

Definition: Smart grid is integration of an electric power system, communication

network, advanced Sensing, metering, measurement infrastructure, complete
decision support and human interfaces software and hardware to monitor, control
and manage the creation, distribution, storage and consumption of energy

The areas of application of smart grids include: smart meters integration, demand
management, smart integration of generated energy, administration of storage and
renewable resources, using systems that continuously provide and use data from an
energy network. A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can intelligently
integrate the actions of all users connected to it – generators, consumers and those
that do both – in order to efficiently deliver sustainable, economic and secure
electricity supplies.

➢ System (Generation, Transmission, Distribution) with an advanced two- way

communications system

➢ Enables real-time monitoring and control

➢ Provide greater visibility and transparency

➢ Consequently, enables cost reduction and efficiency improvement

Smart Grid is based on Digital Technology that is used to supply electricity to

consumers via Two-Way Digital Communication. This system allows for
monitoring, analysis, control and communication within the supply chain to help
improve efficiency, reduce the energy consumption and cost and maximise the
transparency and reliability of the energy supply chain

The flow of electricity from utility to consumer becomes a two-way conversation,

saving consumers money, energy, delivering more transparency in terms of end-
user use, and reducing carbon emissions.

A smart grid distribution system, whose objective is to develop a power grid more
efficient and reliable, improving safety and quality of supply in accordance with
the requirements of the digital age.

✓ Higher Penetration of renewable resources or distributed generation

✓ Extensive and effective communication overlay from generation to consumers

✓ Use of advanced sensors and high speed control

✓ Higher operating efficiency.

✓ Greater resiliency against attacks and natural disasters

✓ Automated metering and rapid power restoration

✓ Provided greater customer participation

Function of smart grid components

• Smart Devices Interface Component

Smart devices for monitoring and control form part of the generation components ’
real time information processes.

• Storage Component

Due to the variability of renewable energy and the disjoint between peak
availability and peak consumption, it is important to find ways to store the
generated energy for later use. Options for energy storage technologies include
pumped hydro, advance batteries, flow batteries, compressed air, super -conducting
magnetic energy storage, super capacitors, and flywheels. Associated market
mechanisms for handling renewable energy resources, distributed generation,
environmental impact and pollution are other components necessary at the
generation level.

• Transmission Subsystem Component

The transmission system that interconnects all major substation and load centers is
the backbone of an integrated power system. Efficiency and reliability at an
affordable cost continue to be the ultimate aims of transmission planners and
operators.

• Monitoring and Control Technology Component

Intelligent transmission systems/assets include a smart intelligent network, self -

monitoring and self - healing, and the adaptability and predictability of generation
and demand robust enough to handle congestion, instability, and reliability issues.
• Intelligent Grid Distribution Subsystem Component

The distribution system is the final stage in the transmission of power to end users.
Primary feeders at this voltage level supply small industrial customers and
secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers.

• Demand Side Management Component

DSM options provide reduced emissions in fuel production, lower costs, and
contribute to reliability of generation. These options have an overall impact on the
utility load curve.

Presently the Indian Electricity System faces a number of challenges such as: -

✓ Shortage of power

✓ Power Theft

✓ Poor access to electricity in Rural areas

✓ Huge losses in the Grid

✓ Inefficient Power Consumption

✓ Poor reliability

To overcome these problems; smart grid is needed.

Architecture of smart Grid :-

Difference between conventional & smart grid
grid: -
Opportunities & Challenges of Smart Grid
Grid: -

Opportunities:

1. Increased energy efficiency: Smart grid technologies can help utilities and
customers to monitor and manage their energy consumption, resulting in
reduced energy waste and lower energy bills.
2. Integration of renewable energy sources: Smart grid can enable the
integration of renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power into
the electricity grid,, making it possible to generate and distribute electricity
from a diverse range of sources.
 3. Improved reliability and resiliency: Smart grid can provide real-time
monitoring and control of the electricity grid, enabling utilities to quickly
detect and respond to power outages, minimize downtime, and improve the
overall reliability of the grid.
4. Enhanced grid security: Smart grid can improve the security of the
electricity grid by providing advanced cybersecurity measures to protect
against cyber-attacks.
5. Better customer engagement: Smart grid technologies can enable utilities to
provide customers with more detailed and personalized information about
their energy consumption, leading to better engagement and awareness.

Challenges:

1. High upfront costs: Implementing smart grid technologies can be expensive,

requiring significant upfront investments in hardware, software, and
infrastructure.
2. Interoperability and standardization: Smart grid technologies need to be
interoperable and standardized to ensure that different systems can
communicate and work together seamlessly.
3. Privacy concerns: Smart grid technologies can collect a lot of data about
customer energy usage, raising concerns about privacy and data security.
4. Cybersecurity risks: Smart grid technologies are vulnerable to cyber-attacks,
which can cause significant disruptions and damage to the electricity grid.
5. Regulatory challenges: The implementation of smart grid technologies may
require changes to existing regulatory frameworks, which can be complex
and time-consuming to implement.
Overall, while smart grid technologies offer significant opportunities to improve
the efficiency, reliability, and security of the electricity grid, they also present
significant challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their successful
implementation.

Introduction to Smart Meters: -

A smart meter is an electronic measurement device installed by the utility to

maintain a two-way communication between the consumer and the utility. Also
manage the electrical system of the consumer.

A smart meter is capable of communicating the real time energy-consumption of

an electrical system in very short intervals of time to the connected utility

In the electronic meters/electromechanical meters, the cumulative number of

electricity units was recorded at the end of a month (or more). whereas a smart
reader is connected to the utility which is capable of transmitting the electricity
usage on a real-time basis.

Smart meters do not save energy themselves but consumers do.

The purpose of smart meters is to change the behaviour of the consumers. It is

hoped that the consumers would save energy through awareness and the estimated
bills.
Advantages to Smart Meters
Meters: -

Accuracy in meter reading:

➢ In case of electromechanical/electronic meters, the meter readings have to be

read

by a representative of the utility.

➢ Smart meters automatically transmit the readings to the connected utility.

Data Recording:

➢ Conventional meters only record the elect

electricity
ricity consumption of a system, and
nothow and when the electricity is used.

➢ Smart meters record real

real-time
time data corresponding to the electricity
consumption. Itmeans that they also record the time and patterns of electricity
consumption

Real time tracking:

❖ What ‘s really nice about these meters is that consumers can go online and
checkout their electricity usage patterns and make changes to their
consumptionaccordingly.

❖ In this way, smart meters offer a strong control to the consumers over their
usage.

Automatic outage detection:

❖ A person having a conventional meter has to call the utility whenever there is
apower outage whereas in case of smart meters, there is automatic outage
detectionas they are constantly synchronised with the electric grid.

Better service:

➢ As smart meters are directly connected to the utility, it becomes much simpler
to connect/disconnect power for a particular house/property, saving the need of a
technician going to the house in person and connect/disconnect the supply.

Purpose & Benefits of Smart Meters

For utility companies: -

➢ Easy to match energy consumption and generation in both peak time and low
time .

➢ Smart meter can easily connect or disconnect the service .

➢ Customers can pay through internet by reading the meter themselves so the
labour cost is highly reduced .

➢ Misprint during billing should completely reduced .

➢ No more energy theft .

For customers: -

➢ They should aware about there energy uses so that they can reduce there

consumption.

➢ Real time pricing encourage people to adjust their consumption habit .

➢ Payment options like prepaid etc .

➢ A survey says this system reduce the energy consumption by 7 – 9 % .

➢ This is a win-win
win situation for both utility and customer.

REAL TIME PRICING

The benefits of real time pricing can be maximised by considering four main
criteria:

 Duration for which energy consumption pricing varies

 Ability to buy energy during low energy prices
 Ability to control appliances according to energy price at a given time.
 A smart meter that measures the total usage and time of usage of energy
 The occurrence of price variation can be determined by the load curve. The
load curve shows the load variation on the generating station with respect to
time. The load curve can be used to determine the maximum demand.
Electricity prices will be greatest when there is high demand on the grid.
This allows customers to limit their energy usage during the periods of
maximum demand and shift their electricity consumption to the hours of less
demand and thereby lower prices. This process of controlling the electric
energy usage during the hours of high demand in order to reduce the billing
amount is called demand side management to achieve peak shaving.

Advanced Metering infrastructure (AMI): -

The present system of energy metering as well as billing in India uses

electromechanical and somewhere digital energy meter. It consumes more time and
labour

One of the prime reasons is the traditional billing system which is very inaccurate,
slow, costly, and lack in flexibility as well as reliability.

Today accuracy in electricity billing is highly recommended. The ‘Smart energy

meter’ gives real power consumption as well as accurate billing. It provides real
time monitoring of utility of electricity.

AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) is the collective term to describe the

whole infrastructure from smart meter to two-way communication network to
control centre equipment and all the applications that enable the gathering and
transfer of energy usage information in near real-time. AMI makes a two-way
communication with customers possible and is the backbone of smart grid.

Outage Management System (OMS)

(OMS): -

An Outage Management System (OMS) is a computer

computer-based
based software system that
is designed to help electric utilities manage and respond to power outages. The
system is designed to provide utilities with real
real-time
time data on the status of their
distribution networks, allowing them to quickly identify and respond to power
outages.

The
he key features of an OMS include:

1. Fault detection: The OMS uses advanced sensors and communication

systems to detect faults on the distribution network. When a fault is detected,
the system automatically creates a trouble ticket and assigns it to the
appropriate crew.

2. Outage notification: The OMS notifies customers of power outages via

multiple channels such as text messages, phone calls, and emails.

3. Outage verification: The OMS uses customer reports and field crew
observations to verify the location aand scope of outages.
 4. Crew management: The OMS assigns crews to repair outages, tracks their
progress, and optimizes their travel routes.

5. Predictive analytics: The OMS uses historical data to predict the probability
of future outages and plan preventive maintenance.

6. Reporting and analysis: The OMS provides detailed reports and analysis of
outage events, enabling utilities to identify patterns and trends and improve
their outage response processes.

The benefits of an OMS are numerous, including:

1. Faster restoration times: The OMS helps utilities to quickly identify the
location and scope of outages, allowing them to dispatch crews more
efficiently and reduce restoration times.

2. Improved customer satisfaction: The OMS provides customers with real-

time information on the status of outages, reducing frustration and
improving satisfaction.

3. Enhanced operational efficiency: The OMS automates many of the tasks

involved in outage management, reducing the workload of utility staff and
improving operational efficiency.

4. Better decision-making: The OMS provides utilities with real-time data on

the status of their distribution network, enabling them to make more
informed decisions about outage response and preventive maintenance.

Overall, an OMS is an essential tool for electric utilities, helping them to improve
outage response times, enhance customer satisfaction, and optimize their
operations.
Home & Building Automation
Automation: -

Home and building automation are the use of technology to automate and control
various systems within a home or building, such as lighting, heating and cooling,
security, and entertainment systems. The aim of home and building automation is
to improve energy efficiency, comfort, convenience, and security, while reducing
costs and environmental impact.

Somee common examples of home and building automation systems include:

1. Smart thermostats: These devices can automatically adjust the temperature

of a home or building based on the time of day, occupancy patterns, and
other factors, reducing energy consumption and costs.
2. Lighting control systems: These systems can automatically adjust the
lighting of a home or building based on occupancy patterns, natural light
levels, and other factors, reducing energy consumption and improving
comfort.
3. Security systems: These systems can include cameras, motion sensors, and
other devices that can be used to monitor and control access to a home or
building, improving security and safety.
 4. Entertainment systems: These systems can include audio and video
equipment that can be controlled remotely, allowing users to easily stream
music and videos throughout the home or building.
5. Automated blinds and curtains: These devices can be programmed to open
and close automatically based on the time of day, weather conditions, and
other factors, reducing energy consumption and improving comfort.
6. Smart locks: These devices can be controlled remotely and allow
homeowners to monitor and control access to their home or building,
improving security and convenience.

Overall, home and building automation can provide numerous benefits to

homeowners and building managers, including improved energy efficiency,
comfort, convenience, and security. It is an increasingly popular trend in modern
homes and buildings, with a wide range of smart devices and systems available on
the market.

Feeder Automation: -

Feeder Automation Solution reduces capital investment in the distribution network

by limiting the replacement of legacy devices. It contributes to more direct cost
savings by facilitating preventative maintenance. Arctic Control is also ideally
suited to retrofitting into existing disconnectors. It enables remote control of these
devices and further extends the life cycle of the disconnectors themselves.

Feeder Automation Solution provides means for the utilities to reduce the
frequency of power outages and faster restoration time by remote monitoring and
control of medium voltage network assets such as disconnectors, load break
switches and ring main units in energy distribution networks. It provides an
always-on wireless connectivity together with the intelligence needed for
disconnector control and monitoring.

Wireless connectivity is implemented via commercial mobile networks, thus

reducing investment and operational costs. Used in conjunction with always-on
communication from a SCADA system, this method achieves an ideal combination
of local and centralized intelligence for real time systems in a cost-efficient way

Substation Automation: -

The number of distributed energy resources and new appliances with power
electronics in the distribution grid rapidly grows. This leads to power quality
problems and power flow fluctuations.

An Intelligent Distribution Station is designed to maintain power quality and

reliability in an economic way.

Station level includes sub-system like automation system, control system for
standing area, communication system and standard time system, etc. It is used to
meet the function of the primary device, to detective and control the whole or more
than one station device, and to perform the function of data collection, monitoring
control(SCADA), lockout operation, and synchronous phase collection, electric
energy collection, information protection and relevant function
Features of the Smart Station
Station: -

1. Improving power quality,

ality, reliability and load profile

2. Control of voltage pollution

3. Demand Response,

4. A system for local control and remote monitoring

5. An electricity storage system, consisting of a battery and a bi

bi-directional
directional

inverter (ESI)

6. Stepless control of the voltage level on the LV bus bar, performed by a

smart transformer

7. Bidirectional communication between home appliances and the Smart

MV/LV-station,
station, using a home automation system.
Smart Sensors: -

A smart sensor is a device that takes input from the physical environment and uses
built-in compute resources to perform predefined functions upon detection of
specific input and then process data before passing it on.

A sensor that includes a microprocessor that conditions the signals before

transmission to the control network. It filters out unwanted noise and compensates
for errors before sending the data. Some sensors can be custom programmed to
produce alerts on their own when critical limits are reached.

Smart sensors enable more accurate and automated collection of environmental

data with less erroneous noise amongst the accurately recorded information. These
devices are used for monitoring and control mechanisms in a wide variety of
environments including smart grids, battlefield reconnaissance, exploration and a
great number of science applications.

Sensors will be Key enabler for the Smart Grid to reach its potential. The idea
behind the ―Smart‖ Grid is that the Grid will respond to real-time demand, in
order to do this, it will require sensors to provide real-time information.

Basic measurements:

Voltage Sensing, Current Sensing, Temperature Sensing, Moisture

Sensing, Continuity Sensing and Phase Measurements

Wireless Sensor Networks for Automated Meter Infrastructure (AMI)

Smart Voltage Sensors

Smart Capacitor Control: That can Monitor and control Capacitor Banks

Remotely
Smart Sensors for Outage Detection

Smart Sensors for Transformer Monitoring

High Voltage Line Temperature and Weather Condition Sensors

Distributed Generation Sensors for Load Balancing

Potential advantages of the smart-sensor concept include:

 Lower Maintenance
 Reduced Down Time
 Higher Reliability
 Fault Tolerant Systems
 Lower Cost
 Lower Weight

Geographic Information System (GIS): -

Geographic Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool for storing,

analysing, and visualizing spatial data. It is used to collect, manage, and analyse
geographical information, and to create maps and other visual representations of
that information. GIS is based on a database of geographic information, which is
linked to a map or other visual display of that information.

GIS is used in a wide range of fields, including environmental management, urban

planning, transportation planning, public health, and emergency management. It
allows analysts to overlay different data layers, such as demographic information,
land use, and environmental features, to identify patterns and relationships that
might not be apparent otherwise
GIS software typically includes tools for data entry, data editing, data analysis,
and data visualization. Some GIS software also includes tools for modeling and
simulation, which allow users to test different scenarios and predict future
outcomes. There are many different GIS software packages available, ranging
from free and open-source options to commercial software with advanced features.

GIS has become an important tool in many industries, and its use is likely to
continue to grow as technology advances and more data becomes available.

Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED): -

The name Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) describes a range of devices that
perform one or more of functions of protection, measurement, fault recording and
control.

An IED consists of a signal processing unit, a microprocessor with input and

output devices, and a communication interface
. An intelligent electronic device (IED) is a device that is added to industrial
control systems (ICS) to enable advanced power automation

IED configuration consist of

➢ Analog/Digital Input from Power Equipment and Sensors

➢ Analog to Digital Convertor (ADC)/Digital to Analog Converter (DAC)

➢ Digital Signal Processing Unit (DSP)

➢ Flex-logic unit

➢ Virtual Input/ Output

➢ Internal RAM/ROM

➢ Display

In the electric power industry, an intelligent electronic device (IED) is an

integrated microprocessor-based controller of power system equipment, such as
circuit breakers, transformers and capacitor banks IEDs receive data from sensors
and power equipment and can issue control commands, such as tripping circuit
breakers if they sense voltage, current, or frequency anomalies, or raise/lower tap
positions in order to maintain the desired voltage level

IEDs are used as a more modern alternative to, or a complement of, setup with
traditional remote terminal units (RTUs). Unlike the RTUs, IEDs are integrated
with the devices they control and offer a standardized set of measuring and control
points that is easier to configure and require less wiring.

Most IEDs have a communication port and built-in support for standard
communication protocols (DNP3, IEC104 or IEC61850), so they can
communicate directly with the SCADA system or a substation programmable
logic controller. Alternatively, they can be connected to a substation RTU that acts
as a gateway towards the SCADA server.

Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are Microprocessor-Based devices with the

capability to exchange data and control signals with another device (IED,
Electronic Meter, Controller, SCADA, etc.) over a communications link. IEDs
perform Protection, Monitoring, Control, and Data Acquisition functions in
Generating Stations, Substations, and Along Feeders and are critical to the
operations of the electric network.

IEDs are widely used in substations for different purposes. In some cases, they are
separately used to achieve individual functions, such as Differential Protection,
Distance Protection, Over- current Protection, Metering, and Monitoring. There
are also Multifunctional IEDs that can perform several Protection, Monitoring,
Control, and User Interfacing functions on one hardware platform.

IEDs receive measurements and status information from substation equipment and
pass it into the Process Bus of the Local SCADA. The substation systems are
connected to the Control Centre where the SCADA master is located and the
information is passed to the EMS Applications.

IEDs are a key component of substation integration and automation technology.

Substation integration involves integrating protection, control, and data acquisition
functions into a minimal number of platforms to reduce capital and operating
costs, reduce panel and control room space, and eliminate redundant equipment
and databases.
IED technology can help utilities improve reliability, gain operational efficiencies,
and enable asset management programs including predictive maintenance, life
extensions, and improved planning.

Protection, Monitoring, and Control Devices (IED): -

Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) are microprocessor-based devices with the

capability to exchange data and control signals with another device (IED,
electronic meter, controller, SCADA, etc.) over a communications link. IEDs
perform protection, monitoring, control, and data acquisition functions in
generating stations, substations, and along feeders and are critical to the operations
of the electric network.

IEDs are widely used in substations for different purposes. In some cases, they are
separately used to achieve individual functions, such as differential protection,
distance protection, over current protection, metering, and monitoring. There are
also multifunctional IEDs that can perform several protection, monitoring, control,
and user interfacing functions on one hardware platform.

The main advantages of multifunctional IEDs are that they are fully IEC 61850
compatible and compact in size and that they combine various functions in one
design, allowing for a reduction in size of the overall systems and an increase in
efficiency and improvement in robustness and providing extensible solutions
based on mainstream communications technology.

IED technology can help utilities improve reliability, gain operational efficiencies,
and enable asset management programs including predictive maintenance, life
extensions, and improved planning.