Exam Guide Solutions

Question 1: Vector Space Properties

Problem Statement: Let V be the set of all positive numbers with u, v ∈ V and let k be any
scalar. Define the operations on V to be u + v = uv and kv = v . Show that V is a vector
k

space.
Solution:
To show that V is a vector space, we need to verify the ten axioms of a vector space. Here, V =
(0, ∞), the set of all positive real numbers. The operations are defined as:

1. Vector Addition: u ⊕ v = uv (where ⊕ denotes the new addition operation)

2. Scalar Multiplication: k ⊙ v = v (where ⊙ denotes the new scalar multiplication
k

operation)
Let’s verify each axiom:
Axioms of Vector Addition
A1. Closure under addition: For all u, v ∈ V , u ⊕ v ∈ V . Since u > 0 and v > 0, their product
uv > 0. Thus, u ⊕ v = uv ∈ V . (Verified)

A2. Commutativity of addition: For all u, v ∈ V , u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u. u ⊕ v = uv v ⊕ u = vu Since

real number multiplication is commutative, uv = vu. Thus, u ⊕ v = v ⊕ u. (Verified)
A3. Associativity of addition: For all u, v, w ∈ V , (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w). (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w =
(uv) ⊕ w = (uv)w u ⊕ (v ⊕ w) = u ⊕ (vw) = u(vw) Since real number multiplication is
associative, (uv)w = u(vw). Thus, (u ⊕ v) ⊕ w = u ⊕ (v ⊕ w). (Verified)
A4. Existence of an additive identity (zero vector): There exists an element 0 ∈ V such that
V
for all u ∈ V , u ⊕ 0 = u. We need u ⋅ 0 = u. This implies 0 = 1. Since 1 > 0, 1 ∈ V . So, the
​

V V V
additive identity is 1. (Verified)
​ ​ ​

A5. Existence of an additive inverse: For each u ∈ V , there exists an element −u ∈ V such
that u ⊕ (−u) = 0 . We need u ⋅ (−u) = 1. This implies −u = 1/u. Since u > 0, 1/u > 0. Thus,
V
1/u ∈ V . So, the additive inverse of u is 1/u. (Verified)
​
Axioms of Scalar Multiplication
A6. Closure under scalar multiplication: For all u ∈ V and k ∈ R, k ⊙ u ∈ V . k ⊙ u = u . If k

u > 0, then u > 0 for any real scalar k . Thus, k ⊙ u ∈ V . (Verified)

k

A7. Distributivity of scalar multiplication over vector addition: For all u, v ∈ V and k ∈ R,
k ⊙ (u ⊕ v) = (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (k ⊙ v). k ⊙ (u ⊕ v) = k ⊙ (uv) = (uv) = u v (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (k ⊙ v) =
k k k

u ⊕ v = u v Thus, k ⊙ (u ⊕ v) = (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (k ⊙ v). (Verified)

k k k k

A8. Distributivity of scalar multiplication over scalar addition: For all u ∈ V and k, m ∈ R,
(k + m) ⊙ u = (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (m ⊙ u). (k + m) ⊙ u = u (k+m)
= u u (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (m ⊙ u) = u ⊕
k m k

u = u u Thus, (k + m) ⊙ u = (k ⊙ u) ⊕ (m ⊙ u). (Verified)

m k m

A9. Associativity of scalar multiplication: For all u ∈ V and k, m ∈ R, k ⊙ (m ⊙ u) =

(km) ⊙ u. k ⊙ (m ⊙ u) = k ⊙ (u ) = (u ) = u (km) ⊙ u = u Since mk = km, we have
m m k mk km

u = u . Thus, k ⊙ (m ⊙ u) = (km) ⊙ u. (Verified)

mk km

A10. Multiplicative identity: For all u ∈ V , 1 ⊙ u = u. 1 ⊙ u = u = u. (Verified)

1

Since all ten axioms are satisfied, V with the given operations is a vector space.

Question 2: Subspace Verification

Problem Statement: Show that W ⊂ R is not a subspace of R . Define W = {(x, y) ∈ R :
2 2 2

x + y = 1}.
2 2

Solution:
To be a subspace of R , a subset W must satisfy three conditions:
2

1. The zero vector must be in W .

2. W must be closed under vector addition.
3. W must be closed under scalar multiplication.
Let’s check these conditions for W = {(x, y) ∈ R : x + y = 1}. This set represents the unit
2 2 2

circle in R .
2

Condition 1: Does the zero vector belong to W ? The zero vector in R is (0, 0). For (0, 0) to be
2

in W , it must satisfy the condition x + y = 1. (0) + (0) = 0 = 1. Therefore, the zero vector
2 2 2 2

(0, 0) is not in W . This alone is sufficient to conclude that W is not a subspace of R . 2

Let’s also check the other conditions for completeness.

Condition 2: Is W closed under vector addition? Let u = (x , y ) ∈ W and v = (x , y ) ∈ W . 1 1 2 2
This means x + y = 1 and x + y = 1. Consider u = (1, 0) and v = (0, 1). Both are in W
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
since 1 + 0 = 1 and 0 + 1 = 1. Their sum is u + v = (1 + 0, 0 + 1) = (1, 1). Now, let’s check
​ ​ ​ ​

2 2 2 2

if (1, 1) ∈ W : 1 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 = 1. Thus, W is not closed under vector addition.

2 2

Condition 3: Is W closed under scalar multiplication? Let u = (x, y) ∈ W and c be a scalar.

This means x + y = 1. Consider u = (1, 0) ∈ W and a scalar c = 2. Then c ⋅ u = 2 ⋅ (1, 0) =
2 2

(2, 0). Now, let’s check if (2, 0) ∈ W : 2 + 0 = 4 =  1. Thus, W is not closed under scalar 2 2

multiplication.
Since W fails all three conditions (any one is sufficient), W is not a subspace of R . 2

Question 3: Linear Dependence/Independence of Functions

Problem Statement: Show that the following functions are linearly dependent or
independent: (i) f (x) = x cos x and g(x) = sin 3x (ii) f (x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = −4 + 6x (iii) 2 2

f (x) = 1 + e and g(x) = 2 + e x x

Solution:
Two functions f (x) and g(x) are linearly dependent if there exist scalars c and c , not both 1 2
zero, such that c f (x) + c g(x) = 0 for all x. Otherwise, they are linearly independent.
​ ​

1 ​

2 ​

(i) f (x) = x cos x and g(x) = sin 3x

Assume c (x cos x) + c (sin 3x) = 0 for all x.
1 ​

2 ​

If c = 0, then x cos x = − sin 3x. This would imply that x cos x is a scalar multiple of sin 3x.
1
c2 ​

However, these functions have different behaviors (e.g., x cos x has varying amplitude and
c1
​ ​

frequency, while sin 3x has constant amplitude and frequency). For example:
At x = π/2: c (π/2 cos(π/2)) + c (sin(3π/2)) = c (0) + c (−1) = −c = 0 ⟹ c = 0.
1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

2 ​

2 ​

If c = 0, then c (x cos x) = 0. This must hold for all x. For example, at x = 0,

2 1
c (0 cos 0) = 0, which doesn’t help. But at x = π , c (π cos π) = c (π(−1)) = −c π =
​ ​

1 1 1 1
0 ⟹ c = 0.
​ ​ ​ ​

1 ​

Since both c and c must be zero, the functions are linearly independent.
1 ​

2 ​

Alternatively, we can use the Wronskian. For two functions f (x) and g(x), the Wronskian is
) = f (x)g (x) − g(x)f (x). If W (f , g)(x) =  0 for some x in
f (x) g(x)
W (f , g)(x) = det ( ′ ′
′ ′
f (x) g (x)
​

the interval, then the functions are linearly independent.

f (x) = x cos x ⟹ f ′ (x) = cos x − x sin x g(x) = sin 3x ⟹ g ′ (x) = 3 cos 3x
W (f , g)(x) = (x cos x)(3 cos 3x) − (sin 3x)(cos x − x sin x) W (f , g)(x) = 3x cos x cos 3x −
sin 3x cos x + x sin 3x sin x

Let’s evaluate at x = π/2: W (f , g)(π/2) = 3(π/2) cos(π/2) cos(3π/2) − sin(3π/2) cos(π/2) +

(π/2) sin(3π/2) sin(π/2) W (f , g)(π/2) = 3(π/2)(0)(0) − (−1)(0) + (π/2)(−1)(1)
W (f , g)(π/2) = 0 − 0 − π/2 = −π/2 =
0 .
Since the Wronskian is non-zero at x = π/2, the functions are linearly independent.
(ii) f (x) = 3x 2
+2 and g(x) = −4 + 6x 2

We need to check if there exist scalars c , c , not both zero, such that c (3x + 2) + c (−4 + 1 2 1
2
2
6x ) = 0 for all x.
​ ​ ​ ​

Notice that g(x) = −4 + 6x = 2(3x − 2). This doesn’t look like a direct scalar multiple of 2 2

f (x). Let’s try to find c , c . 1 ​

2 ​

c1 (3x2 + 2) + c2 (6x2 − 4) = 0 (3c1 + 6c2 )x2 + (2c1 − 4c2 ) = 0

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

For this equation to hold for all x, the coefficients of x and the constant term must both be 2

zero:
1. 3c + 6c = 0 ⟹ c + 2c = 0 ⟹ c = −2c
1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

2. 2c − 4c = 0 ⟹ c − 2c = 0 ⟹ c = 2c
1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

From c = −2c and c = 2c , we must have −2c = 2c , which implies 4c = 0, so c = 0. If

1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2
c = 0, then c = 0.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 ​

1 ​

Since the only solution is c = 0 and c = 0, the functions are linearly independent. 1 ​

2 ​

Let’s re-examine the problem statement. Perhaps there’s a typo in my transcription of the
problem. If g(x) = 2(3x + 2) or g(x) = −2(3x + 2), they would be linearly dependent. As 2 2

transcribed, they are independent.

Let’s double check the image for Question 3 (ii). It appears to be f (x) = 3x + 2 and g(x) = 2

−4 + 6x . My transcription is correct. My conclusion of linear independence is also correct

2

based on the given functions.

(iii) f (x) = 1 + e and g(x) = 2 + e x x

Assume c (1 + e ) + c (2 + e ) = 0 for all x.

1 ​
x
2 ​
x

c1 + c1 ex + 2c2 + c2 ex = 0 (c1 + 2c2 ) + (c1 + c2 )ex = 0

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

For this equation to hold for all x, the coefficients must be zero:
 1. c + 2c = 0 1 ​

2 ​

2. c + c = 0 1 ​

2 ​

From (2), c = −c . Substitute this into (1): (−c ) + 2c = 0 ⟹ c = 0. If c = 0, then c

1 2 2 2 2 2 1 =
−0 = 0.
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Since the only solution is c = 0 and c = 0, the functions are linearly independent. 1 ​

2 ​

Question 4: Basis and Coordinates in R 3

Problem Statement: Given u = (2, 9, 0), u = (1, 2, 1), u = (3, 3, 4). (a) Determine whether 1 2 3
u , u , u form a basis of R . (b) If it does, find the dimension. © Find the coordinates of the
​ ​ ​

3
1 2 3
vector (5, −1, 9) related to S = {u , u , u }.
​ ​ ​

1 ​

2 ​

Solution:
(a) Determine whether u , u , u form a basis of R . 1 ​

2 ​

3 ​
3

For three vectors in R to form a basis, they must satisfy two conditions: 3

1. They must be linearly independent.

2. They must span R . 3

For n vectors in R , if they are linearly independent, they automatically span R , and vice
n n

versa. So, we only need to check for linear independence.

To check for linear independence, we can form a matrix with these vectors as columns (or
rows) and calculate its determinant. If the determinant is non-zero, the vectors are linearly
independent.
2 1 3
Let A = 9
​ 2 ​ 3 ​ .
​

0 1 4

Calculating the determinant of A:

2 3 9 3 9 2
det(A) = 2 −1 +3 = 2((2)(4) − (3)(1)) − 1((9)(4) − (3)(0)) +
1 4 0 4 0 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

3((9)(1) − (2)(0)) = 2(8 − 3) − 1(36 − 0) + 3(9 − 0) = 2(5) − 1(36) + 3(9) = 10 − 36 + 27 =

1

Since det(A) = 1 = 0, the vectors u , u , u are linearly independent. Therefore, they form a 1 2 3
basis for R .
​ ​ ​

3
(b) If it does, find the dimension.
Since u , u , u form a basis for R , the dimension of the vector space R is the number of
1 2 3
3 3

vectors in its basis. In this case, the dimension is 3.

​ ​ ​

© Find the coordinates of the vector (5, −1, 9) related to S = {u , u , u }. 1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

We need to find scalars c , c , c such that c u + c u + c u = (5, −1, 9). 1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

1 1
​ ​

2 2
​ ​

3 3 ​ ​

This leads to the system of linear equations: c (2, 9, 0) + c (1, 2, 1) + c (3, 3, 4) = (5, −1, 9) 1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

2c1 + c2 + 3c3 = 5
​ ​ ​ (1) 9c1 + 2c2 + 3c3 = −1​ ​ ​ (2) 0c1 + c2 + 4c3 = 9 ​ ​ ​ (3)

From equation (3), c = 9 − 4c . 2 ​

3 ​

Substitute c into equation (1): 2c + (9 − 4c ) + 3c = 5 2c − c = −4 (4)

2 ​

1 ​

3 ​

3 ​

1 ​

3 ​

Substitute c into equation (2): 9c + 2(9 − 4c ) + 3c = −1 9c + 18 − 8c + 3c

2 ​

1 ​

3 ​

3 ​

1 ​

3 ​

3 ​ = −1 9c1 − ​

5c3 = −19
​ (5)

Now we have a system of two equations with two variables (c , c ): 2c 1 ​

3 ​

1 ​ − c3 = −4 ​ (4) 9c1 − ​

5c3 = −19
​
(5)

From (4), c = 2c + 4. 3 1 ​

Substitute c into (5): 9c − 5(2c + 4) = −19 9c − 10c − 20 = −19 −c = 1 ⟹ c

3 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​ = −1

Now find c using c = 2c + 4: c = 2(−1) + 4 = −2 + 4 = 2

3 ​

3 ​

1 ​

3 ​

Now find c using c = 9 − 4c : c = 9 − 4(2) = 9 − 8 = 1

2 ​

2 ​

3 ​

2 ​

So, the coordinates of the vector (5, −1, 9) related to S = {u , u , u } are (−1, 1, 2). 1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

Question 5: Linear Combination of Vectors

Problem Statement: Let v , v ∈ R , v = (6, 4, 3) and v = (1, 1, 2). (a) Show that v = (9, 2, 7) 1 2
3
1 2
is a linear combination of v and v . (b) Show that (−1, 0, 3) is not a linear combination of v
​ ​ ​ ​

1 2 1
and v .
​ ​

2 ​

Solution:
(a) Show that v = (9, 2, 7) is a linear combination of v and v . 1 ​

2 ​

A vector v is a linear combination of v and v if there exist scalars c and c such that v = 1 2 1 2
c v +c v .
​ ​ ​ ​

1 1
​ ​

2 2 ​ ​
So, we need to find c , c such that: c (6, 4, 3) + c (1, 1, 2) = (9, 2, 7) 1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

This gives us the system of linear equations:

1. 6c + c = 9 1 ​

2 ​

2. 4c + c = 2 1 ​

2 ​

3. 3c + 2c = 7 1 ​

2 ​

Subtract equation (2) from equation (1): (6c + c ) − (4c + c ) = 9 − 2 2c = 7 ⟹ c = 7/2 1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

1 ​

Substitute c = 7/2 into equation (2): 4(7/2) + c = 2 14 + c = 2 ⟹ c = 2 − 14 ⟹

1 ​

2 ​

2 ​

2 ​

c2 = −12
​

Now, we must check if these values of c and c satisfy the third equation: 3c 1 ​

2 ​

1 ​ + 2c2 = ​

3(7/2) + 2(−12) = 21/2 − 24 = 21/2 − 48/2 = −27/2

However, the right side of the third equation is 7. Since −27/2 = 7, there is a contradiction.
This means that v = (9, 2, 7) is not a linear combination of v and v . 1 ​

2 ​

Correction: My calculation shows that it is not a linear combination, but the problem asks to
show that it is. This indicates a potential error in my understanding or calculation, or the
problem statement itself. Let me re-evaluate the calculation carefully.
Let’s try solving the system using an augmented matrix and row reduction:
6 1 9
4
​ ​ 1 ​ 2 ​ ​

3 2 7

3 2 7
R1 ↔ R3 ​ ​ 4
​ ​ 1 ​ 2 ​ ​

6 1 9

R2 ← R2 − (4/3)R1 R3 ← R3 − (6/3)R1 = R3 − 2R1

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

R2 : [4 − (4/3)3, 1 − (4/3)2, 2 − (4/3)7] = [4 − 4, 1 − 8/3, 2 − 28/3] = [0, −5/3, −22/3] R3 :

​ ​

[6 − 2(3), 1 − 2(2), 9 − 2(7)] = [6 − 6, 1 − 4, 9 − 14] = [0, −3, −5]

3 2 7
0
​ ​ −5/3 ​ −22/3 ​ ​

0 −3 −5

3 2 7
R2 ← (−3/5)R2
​ ​ 0
​ ​ 1 ​ 22/5 ​ ​

0 −3 −5

R3 ← R3 + 3R2 R3 : [0 + 3(0), −3 + 3(1), −5 + 3(22/5)] = [0, 0, −5 + 66/5] = [0, 0, −25/5 +

​ ​ ​ ​

66/5] = [0, 0, 41/5]

 3 2 7
0
​ ​ 1 ​ 22/5 ​ ​

0 0 41/5

The last row implies 0c + 0c = 41/5, which is 0 = 41/5. This is a contradiction. Therefore, the
1 2
system has no solution, and v = (9, 2, 7) is not a linear combination of v and v .
​ ​

1 ​

2 ​

It seems the problem statement for part (a) might be incorrect, as my calculations consistently
show that v is not a linear combination. I will state this finding clearly.
(b) Show that (−1, 0, 3) is not a linear combination of v and v . 1 ​

2 ​

We need to find scalars c and c such that: c (6, 4, 3) + c (1, 1, 2) = (−1, 0, 3) 1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

This gives us the system of linear equations:

1. 6c + c = −1 1 ​

2 ​

2. 4c + c = 0 1 ​

2 ​

3. 3c + 2c = 3 1 ​

2 ​

From equation (2), c = −4c . 2 ​

1 ​

Substitute c into equation (1): 6c + (−4c ) = −1 2c = −1 ⟹ c = −1/2

2 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​

1 ​

Substitute c = −1/2 into c = −4c : c = −4(−1/2) = 2

1 ​

2 ​

1 ​

2 ​

Now, we must check if these values of c and c satisfy the third equation: 3c 1 ​

2 ​

1 ​ + 2c2 = ​

3(−1/2) + 2(2) = −3/2 + 4 = −3/2 + 8/2 = 5/2

However, the right side of the third equation is 3. Since 5/2 = 3, there is a contradiction.
Therefore, the system has no solution, and (−1, 0, 3) is not a linear combination of v and v . 1 ​

2 ​

This result aligns with the problem statement.

Question 6: Kernel and Nullity of a Linear Transformation

Problem Statement: Find ker T and nullity of T where T : R3 → R2 is defined by
T (x1 , x2 , x3 ) = (x1 + x2 , x2 − x3 )
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ .
Solution:
Finding the Kernel of T (ker T )
The kernel of a linear transformation T : V → W is the set of all vectors v ∈ V such that
T (v) = 0 . In this case, V = R and W = R , so 0 = (0, 0).
W ​
3 2
W ​
We need to find all (x , x , x ) ∈ R such that T (x , x , x ) = (0, 0).
1 ​

2 ​

3 ​
3
1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

This gives us the system of equations:

1. x + x = 0
1 ​

2 ​

2. x − x = 0
2 ​

3 ​

From equation (1), x = −x . From equation (2), x = x .1 ​

2 ​

3 ​

2 ​

So, any vector in the kernel can be written in terms of x as: (x , x , x ) = (−x , x , x ) = 2 1 2 3 2 2 2
x (−1, 1, 1).
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 ​

Therefore, the kernel of T is the set of all scalar multiples of the vector (−1, 1, 1): ker T =
{t(−1, 1, 1) ∣ t ∈ R}

This means that ker T is the span of the vector (−1, 1, 1).
Finding the Nullity of T
The nullity of a linear transformation T is the dimension of its kernel. Since ker T is spanned by
a single non-zero vector (−1, 1, 1), and this vector is linearly independent, the dimension of
ker T is 1.

Therefore, the nullity of T is 1.

Question 7: Matrix Operations

1 −1 2 2 −6 −2
Problem Statement: Given A= 5 3 3 B= ​ ​ ​ ​ ,
​ ​1 0 ​ ​ 1 ​ . Find: (a) A
​
2 +B (b)
−1 2 3 1 −1 0
2A + 3B © (2A − B) (d)
T
(e) T
BA det(A + B) A−1 (f) (g) (B T )−1

Solution:
(a) A 2
+B

First, calculate A 2
=A⋅A :
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
A2 = 5
​ ​ 3 ​ 3 ​ ​ 5
​ ​ 3 ​ 3 ​ ​

−1 2 3 −1 2 3

A2 =
(1)(1) + (−1)(5) + (2)(−1) (1)(−1) + (−1)(3) + (2)(2) (1)(2) + (−1)(3) + (2)(3)
​(5)(1) + (3)(5) + (3)(−1) ​ (5)(−1) + (3)(3) + (3)(2) ​ (5)(2) + (3)(3) + (3)(3) ​ ​

(−1)(1) + (2)(5) + (3)(−1) (−1)(−1) + (2)(3) + (3)(2) (−1)(2) + (2)(3) + (3)(3)

 1−5−2 −1 − 3 + 4 2−3+6
A2 = 5 + 15 − 3
​ ​ −5 + 9 + 6 ​ 10 + 9 + 9 ​ ​

−1 + 10 − 3 1+6+6 −2 + 6 + 9

−6 0 5
A2 = 17
​ ​ 10 ​ 28 ​ ​

6 13 13

Now, calculate A 2
+B :
−6 0 5 2 −6 −2
A2 + B = 17
​ ​ 10 ​ 28 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 1 ​ ​

6 13 13 1 −1 0

−6 + 2 0−6 5−2 −4 −6 3
2
A + B = 17 + 1 ​ ​ 10 + 0 ​ 28 + 1 = 18 ​ ​ ​ 10 ​ 29 ​ ​

6+1 13 − 1 13 + 0 7 12 13

(b) 2A + 3B T

First, find B (transpose of B): T

2 1 1
B =
T −6 ​ ​ 0 ​ −1 ​ ​

−2 1 0

Now, calculate 2A and 3B : T

1 −1 2 2 −2 4
2A = 2 5
​ ​ 3 ​ 3 = 10 ​ ​ ​ ​ 6 ​ 6 ​ ​

−1 2 3 −2 4 6

2 1 1 6 3 3
3B = 3 −6
T
​ ​ 0 ​ −1 = −18 ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ −3 ​ ​

−2 1 0 −6 3 0

Finally, calculate 2A + 3B : T

2 −2 4 6 3 3
2A + 3B T = 10
​ ​ 6 ​ 6 + −18
​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ −3 ​ ​

−2 4 6 −6 3 0

2+6 −2 + 3 4+3 8 1 7
2A + 3B T = 10 − 18 ​ ​ 6+0 ​ 6 − 3 = −8 ​ ​ ​ ​ 6 ​ 3 ​ ​

−2 − 6 4+3 6+0 −8 7 6

© (2A − B) T

First, calculate 2A − B:
 2 −2 4 2 −6 −2
2A − B = 10 ​ ​ 6 ​ 6 − 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ 1 ​

−2 4 6 1 −1 0

2−2 −2 − (−6) 4 − (−2) 0 4 6

2A − B = 10 − 1
​ ​ 6−0 ​ 6−1 = 9 ​ ​ ​ ​ 6 ​ 5 ​ ​

−2 − 1 4 − (−1) 6−0 −3 5 6

Now, find the transpose of (2A − B):

0 9 −3
(2A − B)T = 4 ​ ​ 6 ​ 5 ​ ​

6 5 6

(d) BA
2 −6 −2 1 −1 2
BA = 1 ​ ​ 0 ​ 1 ​ ​ 5
​ ​ 3 ​ 3 ​ ​

1 −1 0 −1 2 3

BA =
(2)(1) + (−6)(5) + (−2)(−1) (2)(−1) + (−6)(3) + (−2)(2) (2)(2) + (−6)(3) + (−2)(3)
​ (1)(1) + (0)(5) + (1)(−1) ​ (1)(−1) + (0)(3) + (1)(2) ​ (1)(2) + (0)(3) + (1)(3) ​ ​

(1)(1) + (−1)(5) + (0)(−1) (1)(−1) + (−1)(3) + (0)(2) (1)(2) + (−1)(3) + (0)(3)

2 − 30 + 2 −2 − 18 − 4 4 − 18 − 6
BA = 1+0−1
​ ​ −1 + 0 + 2 ​ 2+0+3 ​ ​

1−5+0 −1 − 3 + 0 2−3+0

−26 −24 −20

BA = 0 ​ ​ 1 ​ 5 ​ ​

−4 −4 −1

(e) det(A + B)
First, calculate A + B:
1 −1 2 2 −6 −2
A+B = 5 ​ ​ 3 ​ 3 + 1 ​ ​ ​ ​ 0 ​ 1 ​ ​

−1 2 3 1 −1 0

1+2 −1 − 6 2−2 3 −7 0
A+B = 5+1
​ ​ 3+0 ​ 3+1 = 6 ​ ​ ​ ​ 3 4 ​ ​

−1 + 1 2−1 3+0 0 1 3

Now, calculate the determinant of (A + B):

3 4 6 4 6 3
det(A + B) = 3 − (−7) +0 = 3((3)(3) − (4)(1)) + 7((6)(3) − (4)(0)) + 0
1 3 0 3 0 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

= 3(9 − 4) + 7(18 − 0) = 3(5) + 7(18) = 15 + 126 = 141

(f) A −1

To find the inverse of A, we use the formula A −1

= 1
det(A) adj(A) , where adj(A) is the adjugate
matrix of A.
​

First, calculate det(A):

1 −1 2
A= 5 ​ ​ 3 ​ 3 ​ ​

−1 2 3

3 3 5 3 5 3
det(A) = 1 − (−1) +2 = 1((3)(3) − (3)(2)) + 1((5)(3) − (3)(−1)) +
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2((5)(2) − (3)(−1)) = 1(9 − 6) + 1(15 − (−3)) + 2(10 − (−3)) = 1(3) + 1(18) + 2(13) = 3 +
18 + 26 = 47

Now, find the matrix of cofactors C :

3 3 5 3 5 3
C11 = = 9 − 6 = 3 C12 = − = −(15 − (−3)) = −18 C13 = = 10 −
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(−3) = 13

−1 2 1 2 1 −1
C21 = − = −(−3 − 4) = 7 C22 = = 3 − (−2) = 5 C23 = − =
2 3 −1 3 −1 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

−(2 − 1) = −1

−1 2 1 2 1 −1
C31 = = −3 − 6 = −9 C32 = − = −(3 − 10) = 7 C33 = =3−
3 3 5 3 5 3
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(−5) = 8

3 −18 13
Matrix of cofactors C = 7
​ 5 ​ −1 ​ ​

−9 7 8

3 7 −9
Adjugate matrix adj(A) = CT = −18 ​ ​ 5 ​ 7 ​ ​

13 −1 8

3 7 −9
Finally, A −1
= 1
47 ​ −18
​ ​ 5 ​ 7 ​ ​

13 −1 8

(g) (B T )−1

First, we already found B in part (b): T

2 1 1
B T = −6 ​ ​ 0 ​ −1 ​ ​

−2 1 0
Now, calculate det(B ): T

0 −1 −6 −1 −6 0
det(B T ) = 2 −1 +1 = 2((0)(0) − (−1)(1)) − 1((−6)(0) −
1 0 −2 0 −2 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(−1)(−2)) + 1((−6)(1) − (0)(−2)) = 2(1) − 1(−2) + 1(−6) = 2 + 2 − 6 = −2

Now, find the matrix of cofactors for B : T

0 −1 −6 −1 −6 0
C11 = = 1 C12 = − = −(0 − 2) = 2 C13 = = −6 − 0 = −6
1 0 −2 0 −2 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1 1 2 1 2 1
C21 = − = −(0 − 1) = 1 C22 = = 0 − (−2) = 2 C23 = − = −(2 −
1 0 −2 0 −2 1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(−2)) = −4

1 1 2 1
C31 = = −1 − 0 = −1 C32 = − = −(−2 − (−6)) = −(−2 + 6) = −4
0 −1 −6 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 1
C33 = = 0 − (−6) = 6
−6 0
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1 2 −6
Matrix of cofactors for B = 1 T ​ ​ 2 ​ −4 ​ ​

−1 −4 6

1 1 −1
Adjugate matrix adj(B T ) = (CB T)
T​ = 2 ​ ​ 2 ​ −4 ​ ​

−6 −4 6

1 1 −1 −1/2 −1/2 1/2

Finally, (B T )−1 = 1
−2 ​ 2
​ ​ 2 ​ −4 = −1 ​ ​ ​ ​ −1 ​ 2 ​ ​

−6 −4 6 3 2 −3

Question 8: Determinant and Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix

Problem Statement: Given A = [−22 ​
3
7
] ​
, find: (a) det(A) (b) A −1

Solution:
(a) det(A)
For a 2x2 matrix A = [ac ​
b
d
] ​ , the determinant is given by det(A) = ad − bc.
Given A = [−22 ​
3
7
​] :
det(A) = (2)(7) − (3)(−2) = 14 − (−6) = 14 + 6 = 20
(b) A −1

For a 2x2 matrix A = [ac ​

b
d
​] , the inverse is given by A −1 = 1
det(A) ​ [
d −b
−c a
​ ]
​
.
Using det(A) = 20 from part (a):
7 −3 7 −3
A−1 = 1
[ ]= 1
[ ]
20 −(−2) 2 20 2 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

7/20 −3/20 7/20 −3/20

A−1 = [ ]=[ ]
2/20 2/20 1/10 1/10
​ ​ ​ ​

Question 9: Matrix Properties (3x3 Matrix)

2 3 −4
Problem Statement: Given that A= 0 ​ ​ −4 ​ 2 ​ . Find: (a) Matrix of Minors (b) Trace of A
​

−1 −1 5
© Matrix of Cofactors (d) (e) det(A) A −1

Solution:
2 3 −4
Given matrix A= 0 ​ ​ −4 ​ 2 ​ .
​

−1 −1 5

(a) Matrix of Minors

The minor M of an element a is the determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting the i-
ij ij
th row and j -th column.
​ ​

−4 2
M11 = = (−4)(5) − (2)(−1) = −20 − (−2) = −18
−1 5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

0 2
M12 = = (0)(5) − (2)(−1) = 0 − (−2) = 2
−1 5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

0 −4
M13 = = (0)(−1) − (−4)(−1) = 0 − 4 = −4
−1 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

3 −4
M21 = = (3)(5) − (−4)(−1) = 15 − 4 = 11
−1 5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 −4
M22 = = (2)(5) − (−4)(−1) = 10 − 4 = 6
−1 5
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 3
M23 = = (2)(−1) − (3)(−1) = −2 − (−3) = 1
−1 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​
 3 −4
M31 = = (3)(2) − (−4)(−4) = 6 − 16 = −10
−4 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 −4
M32 = = (2)(2) − (−4)(0) = 4 − 0 = 4
0 2
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

2 3
M33 = = (2)(−4) − (3)(0) = −8 − 0 = −8
0 −4
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

−18 2 −4
Matrix of Minors M = 11 ​ ​ 6 ​ 1 ​ ​

−10 4 −8

(b) Trace of A
The trace of a square matrix is the sum of the elements on its main diagonal.
extT race(A) = a11 + a22 + a33 = 2 + (−4) + 5 = 3 ​ ​ ​

© Matrix of Cofactors
The cofactor C of an element a is given by C
ij ​

ij ​

ij ​ = (−1)i+j Mij .
​

C11 = (−1)1+1 M11 = 1(−18) = −18 C12 = (−1)1+2 M12 = −1(2) = −2 C13 = (−1)1+3 M13 =
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1(−4) = −4

C21 = (−1)2+1 M21 = −1(11) = −11

​ ​ C22 = (−1)2+2 M22 = 1(6) = 6
​ ​ C23 = (−1)2+3 M23 =
​ ​

−1(1) = −1

C31 = (−1)3+1 M31 = 1(−10) = −10 C32 = (−1)3+2 M32 = −1(4) = −4 C33 = (−1)3+3 M33 =
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

1(−8) = −8

−18 −2 −4
Matrix of Cofactors C = −11
​ ​ 6 ​ −1 ​ ​

−10 −4 −8

(d) det(A)
The determinant of A can be calculated using the cofactors along any row or column. Let’s use
the first row:
det(A) = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13 = (2)(−18) + (3)(−2) + (−4)(−4) = −36 − 6 + 16 = −26
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Alternatively, using the definition of determinant:

−4 2 0 2 0 −4
det(A) = 2 −3 + (−4) = 2((−4)(5) − (2)(−1)) − 3((0)(5) −
−1 5 −1 5 −1 −1
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(2)(−1)) − 4((0)(−1) − (−4)(−1)) = 2(−20 − (−2)) − 3(0 − (−2)) − 4(0 − 4) = 2(−18) −

3(2) − 4(−4) = −36 − 6 + 16 = −26

(e) A −1

To find the inverse of A, we use the formula A = adj(A), where adj(A) is the adjugate
−1 1
det(A)
matrix of A, which is the transpose of the matrix of cofactors.
​

−18 −2 −4
From part ©, the Matrix of Cofactors C = −11 ​ ​ 6 ​ −1 ​ ​

−10 −4 −8

−18 −11 −10

Adjugate matrix adj(A) = C = −2 T ​ ​ 6 ​ −4 ​ ​

−4 −1 −8

From part (d), det(A) = −26.

−18 −11 −10
Therefore, A −1
= 1
−26
​ −2
​ ​ 6 −4 ​ ​

−4 −1 −8

−18/(−26) −11/(−26) −10/(−26) 9/13 11/26 5/13

−1
A = −2/(−26)
​ ​ 6/(−26) ​ −4/(−26) = 1/13 ​ ​ ​ ​ −3/13 ​ 2/13 ​ ​

−4/(−26) −1/(−26) −8/(−26) 2/13 1/26 4/13