1. What is test case? How to design it? Which techniques are used for designing a test case? A test case is a set of inputs, preconditions, test steps, and expected results developed to verify that a specific feature or function of the software works as expected. How to design a test case: First understand the requirement. Identify the function or module to be tested. Study the specification and design documents. Determine test conditions and create test scenarios. Prepare test data for all possible conditions. Write test steps with expected results, Review and finalize the test case, ‘Techniques used for designing test ca The commonly used techniques are Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Value Analysis, Decision Table Testing, State Transition Testing, Use Case Testing, Error Guessing, Cause-Effect Graphing and Pairwise Testing, 2, What is software testing? Why it needed? Also explain its purpose. Software testing is the process of evaluating a software product to find defects and to ensure that it satisfies the specified requirements and works as expected. Itis needed because software may contain errors, or defects. Testing helps to find these defects before delivery, reduces risk of failure, improves quality, saves cost and time in the long run and increases customer satisfaction. Purpose of software testing is to detect defects, verify and validate the software, ensure compliance with requirements, improve reliability, performance and security, and provide confidence that the software is ready for use. 3. What is test tool? What is its purpose? Also give name of popular testing tools. A test tool is a software application used to support and automate the testing activities. It helps in test case management, test execution, defect tracking, test automation, performance testing and reporting. Purpose of test tools is to improve productivity, save time, reduce manual effort, increase accuracy, reuse test asscts, support automation and provide detailed reports and analysis. Popular testing tools are: Selenium, QTP (UFT), TestComplete, JUnit, TestNG, Postman, LoadRunner, JMeter, Appium, Jira, HP ALM (Quality Center) and Katalon. & Which are the different features to be considered while doing software testing, explain it? ‘While doing software testing, the following features should be considered: Completeness: Testing should cover all functional and non-functional requirements. Correctness: The software should work as per the specified requirements. Clarity: Test cases, data and expected results should be clear and unambiguous. Reusability: Test cases and test data should be designed in a way that they can be reused. ‘Traceability: Each test case should be traceable to a requirement. Maintainability: Test cases should be easy to update and maintain when requirements change. Independence: Test cases should be independent of each other. Repeatability: Tests should produce the same results when repeated in the same environment. Draw and explain in short, IEEE 829 Test Case Specification Template outline. IEEE 829 Test Case Specification Template Outline |—+[ Test Case Specification |—+[_1a. Introduction |—+[ 12, Test Cases [+(e ne etn —] | eee eee AEs (irs Fee Pal ees ‘This is the standard outline of IEEE 829 document which is used to specify test cases in a structured and uniform manner. Explain the various fields of a basic test case template in excel that can be used for either manual or automated testing. Ng, | FieldName Description 1 | Tea Case 1D Unique inter for each west cass 2-_[Test Case Tile | Short description ofthe test ease. 3-_| Module Feare | Module or feature being tested. 4 [ Requirement 1D — | inked requirement or user story TD. | Preconditions Conditions that must Be true Before executing the test [Tea Sepe Step-by-step actions 19 be pevonmed. [Test Data Taput data required for execution. [Expected Result | Expected outcome foreach step. [Actual Result | Actual resull observed ater execution, 10 | Stas Final status ofthe testcase (Pas/Faivlocked) T1_| Priory ‘riorgy evel igh MediunvLow). 1 [Type Type of testing (Sansa Automate) TH] Namer Name | Name ofthe pewon who executed. 14 | Execution Date | Date on which the test was executed. 15 | Comments ‘Additional notes or remarks,1, Explain Entry Criteria by giving an example. Entry Criteria are the conditions that must be satisfied before the start of the testing phase. They ‘ensure that testing is effective and can start in a planned and organized manner. ‘Common entry criteria are: Requirements are reviewed and baselined, Test plan is approved, Test cases are prepared and reviewed, Test environment is ready, Build or version is stable, Necessary tools and data are available, Key modules are unit tested. Exampl For an online banking application, before starting system testing the entry criteria may be: all modules (Login, Fund Transfer, Bill Payment, etc.) are ‘unit tested, build 1.0.2 is available, test environment (server, database) is configured, test data (valid users, accounts) is prepared and the test plan is approved. 2. Which are different bug tracking tools? Explain any two. Bug tracking tools are used to log, track, manage and report defects found during testing. Popular bug tracking tools: JIRA, Bugzilla, MantisBT, Redmine, YouTrack, ‘Azure DevOps, Trac, ServiceNow. @ JIRA: JIRA is a widely used bug tracking tool developed by Atlassian. It helps teams to log bugs, assign. them, set priority, track status and generate reports. It supports workflows, dashboards, attachments, filters and integration with other tools. It is suitable for agile as well as traditional projects. Gi) Bugzilla: Bugzilla is an open-source bug tracking tool used to record and manage defects. It allows creation of bug reports, assigning to developers, setting severity, priority and status. It supports email integration, advanced search and customizable fields. It is simple, flexible and widely used. 3. Elaborate Exit Criteria with an example. Exit Criteria are the conditions that determine whether the testing phase can be completed and the product is ready for the next phase or release. ‘Common exit criteria are: Alll test cases are executed, High and critical defects are fixed and retested, Defect density is within acceptable limit, Test coverage is achieved, No open critical defects, Test deliverables are completed, Stakeholder sign-off is obtained. Example: For an e-commerce application, system testing exit criteria may be: 100% test cases executed, all high and critical defects are closed, defect density is less than 5%, test coverage is 95%, test summary report is prepared and client accepts the build for User Acceptance Testing. 4. How to identify errors, bugs in the given application. Errors or bugs can be identified by the following systematic approach: © Understand Requirements: Read and understand functional and non-functional requirements. ‘+ Review Design and Code (if possible): Helps in understanding application flow and logic. ‘+ Prepare Test Cases: Design test cases covering normal, boundary and negative scenarios, ‘+ Execute Test Cases: Run the application as per test cases. + Observe Actual Results Compare actual result with expected result. ‘+ Identify Deviation: If there is any mismatch, itis a bug. Log the Bug: Record bug with steps to reproduce, expected result, actual result, severity, prioit screenshot and environment. + Retest and Verify: After fix, retest the bug and verify the fix. Example: Ina login page, if user enters valid username and. password but system shows “Invalid credentials”, this is a bug. It is logged with steps, expected (‘Login should be successful”) and actual result (Error message displayed”). 5. How to design test eases in MS Excel? Describe with example. MS Excel is widely used to design and manage test cases. Each row represents a test case and columns store different details. Common columns in Excel test case design: Test Case ID, Test Case Title, Module/Feature, Description, Preconditions, Test Steps, Test Data, Expected Result, Actual Result, Status, Priority, Remarks. Example: Tet Coe Expected | Acta ‘rem | TCH] Modoc] Tet Steps | Tat Duta] Ee Stator 1. Open app xe. 2 Enter valid | User: | should be | peu | Valid Logi ‘username | user! — = a tage [0% | Eervats [Pax |Home | pe] Pas pecowned | pusiza | | Seve 4. Ge Lapa aeupel 1. Open app Ere sa Pmereas [ser |mesiee | ‘Tem2 | Pacword | Loum |, vem creenta"| messes, | Past = Stout | opted 4 GiekLoga ipa 1 Open app Valen cremos| 208 | togin | tomemece [MSE | manage |S) ae Pes elds) | dowd | ™ pase ents | aipapes 3. Chek Login 6. Write a note on path coverage testing. Path Coverage Testing is a white box testing technique in which test cases are designed to execute every possible path in the program at Jeast once. A path is a sequence of statements from the entry point to exit point without repeating any node. Key points: ‘= Based on program control flow graph. ‘+ Provides higher test coverage than statement or branch ‘coverage. ‘+ Helps in finding logical errors, incorrect conditions and dead code. ‘+ Suitable for complex programs with multiple decisions. Example: If a program has two decisions, it may have 4 possible paths. ‘Test eases are designed to execute all 4 paths to ensure complete path caverage.What is meant by test case design techniques? Enlist them. Test case design techniques are systematic methods used to derive test cases from the requirements and specifications of the software. These techniques help the tester to design effective test cases that can uncover defects. ‘Test case design techniques: Equivalence Partitioning Boundary Value Analysis Decision Table Testing State Transition Testing Use Case Testing Cause-Effect Graphing Error Guessing Pairwise Testing Random Testing SEI AAeVNE 2. What is decision coverage testing? Explain with an example, Decision Coverage Testing (0/1 Coverage) is a white box testing technique in which each decision (condition) im a program is evaluated to be both True and False at least once. It ensures that every decision point takes all possible outcomes. Example: Consider the following program segment i> 10) if (8 > 5) x21; else x else x=25 ‘There are two decisions: (A> 10) and (B > 5). For decision coverage, cach must be True and False at least ‘Tet Cae | A [| B | A>w | B>s | Pam | x Tel is | 6 | Te | Te | tT | 1 Tez 1 [3 | te | Fase | tr [ 2 Tes 3s | — | Fae | — F [3 All decisions take True and False outcomes at least once. Hence, decision coverage is achieved. 4. Explain in brief, branch coverage testing. Branch Coverage Testing is a white box testing technique in which every branch (outcome) of each decision point in the program is executed at least once. It requires that each decision takes both True and False outcomes, Example: Consider the following program: if (X> 0) Yel; Tre False else ¥=2 Y= Y=2 ‘There are two branches: 1 1, True branch (X > 0) 2. False branch (X <0) ‘Test cases to achieve branch coverage: Test Case |X Branch Taken ¥ Tel 5 ‘True. 1 Tez 0 False a Both branches are executed at least once. Hence, branch coverage is achieved. 5. Give the classification of loop testing. Explain any one in detail. (Classification of Loop Testing: 1. Simple Loop Testing 2. Nested Loop Testing 3. Concatenated Loop Testing 4. Unstructured Loop Testing (1) Simple Loop Testing (Detailed): A simple loop is a loop structure that does not contain any other loop inside it. Example: = white (1 < 5) t statenent(s); pete > For a loop with n iterations, test eases generally include: Explain statement coverage testing with an “Test Case [[Link] ferations Purpose example. Tr 0 Loop body is skipped: Statement Coverage Testing is a white box testing Teo 1 Loop body executed once technique in which every executable statement in the TCs 2 Loop body executed twice program is executed at least once. Tes a “Typical number of trans ‘Example: rs met “One more than typical Consider the following program: "Tce 2a “Twice the pica number TC7 al ‘One less than typical ‘To achieve statement coverage, we need test cases that execute all the above 7 statements al least once. Tet Case | A |B Statements Executed Ter is | 0 12,347 Te 3 [10 12.35.67 ‘All statements (1 to 7) are executed by at least one test case. Hence, statement coverage is achieved. ‘This helps to uncover errors related to Joop boundaries and iterations. 6. What is unstructured loop testing? Unstructured Loop Testing is a type of loop testing applied to loops that do not follow a well-defined entry and exit condition (.¢., loops with multiple entry or exit points, ‘break’, ‘goto’, etc.). In this type, the number of iterations cannot be determined statically. Test cases are designed to ensure: + The loop executes zero, one, and many times. # Allexit points are tested. ‘© The program does not get stuck in an infinite loop. It is used mainly in legacy or unstructured code where the loop control is complex.1. What are components of test plan? Explain in detail. ‘A Test Plan is a document that describes the scope, approach, resources, schedule and deliverables of the testing activities. Tracts as a roadmap for testing Components of Test Plan: 1. Test Plan Identifier: Unique ID of the test plan such as version number, date, author and reference. 2, Introduction: Purpose of the test plan, scope of testing, and overview of the project. 3. ‘Test Objectives: What the testing effort intends to achieve. 4, Seope of Testing: Features, modules and functionalities that will be tested and those that are out of scope. 5. Test Strategy: Overall approach to testing including types of testing (Unit, Integration, System, UAT), test design techniques and tools to be used. 6. Test Deliverables: Test plan, test cases, test data, test scripts, test summary report, defect reports, etc. Features to he Tested: Detailed list of functionalities 10 be tested. 8, Features not to be Tested: Out of scope items. 9. Approach: How testing will be performed, entry and exit criteria, test design approach, 10. Item Pass/Fail Criteria: The conditions under which a test ease will be considered Passed or Failed. 11, Test Environment: Hardware, software, network configuration, tools and data required for testing. 12, Responsibilities: Roles and responsibilities of the team. ‘members. 13, Staffing and Training Needs: Number of resources roquired and training if any. 14, Schedule: Start date, end date, milestones and effort estimation. 15, Risks and Contingencies: Possible risks and their ‘mitigation plan, 16. Approvals: Sign-off from stakeholders. 4, Explain test steps with example. ‘Test steps are a sequence of actions that a tester performs to verify a functionality. Each step is written in simple, clear and concise language. Example: ‘Test Scenario: User Login ‘Test Case ID: TCO Step Na. ‘Test Steps ‘TestData | Expected Result 1 | Open the application in =| Application login web browser page is displayed. 2 | Enter valid wemame ia | wrermame: | Usemame is the Username Bel. ser entered 3 | Enter valid password in| password: | Paseword is the Password ld passi23 | entered 4 [Click onthe Login button. | — | System validates the credential ‘S| Verify wer is navigated — | Home page is to Home page. Aisplayed 6 | Verity wer mame is = | Longed in user displayed on Home puge ame is displayed. ‘These steps help to execute the test in an orderly manner and verify the expected results. ‘What is test scenario? What is the difference between test cases and test scenario? ‘Test Scenario: ‘A test scenario is a high level description of a feature or functionality to be tested. It describes what isto be tested but ‘not how to test. It acts as a basis for writing test cases. Difference between ‘Test Case and ‘Test Scenario: 2. What is test case? Explain general test case = — = tei, = Scenario = A test case is a set of conditions or variables under which a Befakioo ‘High level description of feamure | Detailed est of condidons and tester will determine whether an application or system. tobe wed, ape testa sonario. under test behaves 1s expected. Purpose | Toidemifywhatnceds tobe | To verify hat he ese works General Test Case Template: seed asexpzcted, Feta Level of Dea | Low evo ei High vl of de ete 1D: Kiesicgae ident ‘Who Creates | Business Analyst / QA Lewd Tes Engineer “Test Cuse Tide | Short description of what is being ed. - - Tisdale Peas —[ Biostle or tonotcnalie andes a ‘Conte | Bee escrpion of fincdomaliy | Pre conlions. wt ep ek Requirement ID | Linked requirement or user story ID er benaviot, ata expected rel, te, Sapeees, ‘Purpose of this test case, Example “Verify login functionality” ‘Steps to enter username, re-conditions | Conditions that must be tue ofore asonot and vate on xccuting the test. Tea input data used for exesaton “Tet Steps Step-by stop actions io be executed Expected Rexall | The expecied oulcome after execution is ‘Actual Result “The actual ouicome observed. © Explain paramicters'of test report, — Status Pase/Fail) —| Pass or Fall status of the tsi cama ‘Test Report provides information about the testing activities and Priori High 7 Medium / Low results, It helps stakeholders to understand the quality of the Type MansalFAvtomled. application. Commane Addlional nows or emai pease 3. Design test cases for an application “login page activity”. 1, Report ID: Unique identifier for the test report. “FCID] Test Seeario | Tetum | Step Summary) | BeecedResus || 2 Project Name: Name ofthe application or project. ae teen tiene = 3. Test Environment: Environment in which testing was Fon iar | pec wait | catpommechcr | adverts on performed. Leia Bone mee 4. Test Dates: Start date and end date of wsting Teor | tovalid ‘User: valid | Enter valid usermime | Error message ‘5. Testing Type: Type of testing performed (System, UAT, Paword | Poe ved | andi peor, | a oeemib Regression, et). = oe 6, Summary of Testing: Bricf summary of testing activities. eos | toni | Ceara | Boer nv scan | Bor mesnge 7. Test Execution Summary: Usemame | Pas vad | a valid power | “nares Total test cases, Executed, Passed, Failed, Blocked, Not Run. Shek bain isarpined : 8. Defect Summary: TEM | Bom Felts | User invalid | Enter invnld wsemame | Emer messes Total defects logged, Open, Closed, Fixed, Reopened. tovaid | Paowald | and waht pneword | "ova erdemae fet toga ‘sale 9. ‘Test Case Pass Percentage: ‘TCAs | Empy Usemume | User: blank | Leave usemame btunk, | Brror message Overall pass percentage, Pasco | emervatapurvors | "Userae 10, Bulld/ Version Tested: Version or build number tested. abe sequiced” 1, Major Issues / Observations: Important issues observed. “ove | Emp Raver | User vat | Enervald werame, | Enor mesa 12, Conclusion: Overall quality status and readiness for release. ee SS 13, Recommendations: Suggestions for improvement. TOT | Ba Fei | Uo Beak | Lene te sD | Bier mesagetor | | 14. Prepared By: Name and role of the person preparing report — ae | both Gelds _____| | 15, Approved By: Name and role of the person approving report. FER | Remerbar Me] User vd Get elo age Gece | ase: vats tnomext vie1. Explain test incident report in detail. ‘A Test Incident Report is « document used to record any Seviation or event that occurs during the testing process ‘which affects the execution or completion of testing Ithelps in tracking issues that are not bugs in the application but problems in the testing process, Environment, tools or data, To inform the team about incidents, analyze root eause, take corrective action and prevent reoccurrence. ‘Typical Contents / Fields: Field Description Tecident 1D Unique identifier for the incident Tocident Tile ‘Short summary of the incident. Date & Time ‘When the incident occurred. ‘Reported By ‘Nam of the person reporting Environment Environment in which ineldent Secured “Tool / Component] Tool, system or component related to the incident ‘Severy Low / Medium High 7 Gael riority ‘Low 7 Medium / High. ‘Deseription ‘Dettiled description of the incident ‘Sieps to Reproduce | Stepr followed when incident occured: Expected Result | What was expected to happen. ‘Actual Result ‘What actually happened. Tmpact ‘fect of incident on testing 7 projec ‘Workarcond “Temporary solution, ia ‘Satu New / Open/ tn Progress / Resolved / axed ‘Resolaion, Root cause and permanent Ox (Closed By Dae | Name of person who cloved and dae Example: ‘While executing test cases, tester could not 1og into the application because the test server was down, This incident is recorded in the Test Incident Report with all above details and reported to the concerned team. 2. How to prepare test report far test cases executed? Describe in detail ‘A Test Report summarizes the execution of test cases and provides the status of testing. Ic is prepared at the end of testing cycle. ‘Steps to Propare Test Report: L Collect Information: Gather data of executed tt eases, defects, environment, starvend date. 2. Summarize Execution: Count total, passed, failed, blocked and not execied test eases. 3. Defect Summary: Summarize defects by severity and status, ‘© Anetpmy Rene Ciel poe peoenings. Lemay 5. Provide Summary & Conclusion: Overall quality. readiness for release. 6. Attachments: Defect report, incident report, metrics, logs, ‘Typical Test Report Template: ‘Section Desciption Details Report 1D. ‘Unique report identifier ‘Name of ihe application under test ‘ersion or build number tested (OS, Brower, DB, Tools, ec ‘System Testing. UAT. Regression. Ge Mann Autonsttion ‘Suit date of execution pd dae of execution Toa Test Cae To0se Pused Cy Fale 1 Blocked 4% ‘Nor Bessie 10% To Dee Soar Summary by ser TH. —Teat Case Ps ‘Passed / Exectted) = 100 Tz 7 Conciuaion —[ Overall quality and sendin 13 Resonators Suggasion: for improvement 18. Prepared B Hams, Role, Date 15. Reviewed Tae, Role: Date 16. Approwed By Name Role: Date ‘This report is shared with stakeholders to communicate {esting status and suppor release decision. 3. What is manual testing? What are limitations of manual testing? ‘Manual Testing isthe process of testing software manually ‘without using any automation tools. Test cases are executed by the tester by providing inputs and verifying outputs. Limitations: “Time Consuming: Takes more time for repeated executions Human Error: ‘Chances of mistakes are high. Costly for Large Projects: Requires more resources. [Not Suleablo for Repetitive Tasks: Tedious and boring. Ditmcult t Perform Load / Stress Testing. [Lees Rensability: ‘Test cases cannot be reuscd automatically. Limited Coverage: Large number of west eases cannot bbe exeouted in lesa time, 4, Explain different types of testing tools. Explain four of them in short. ‘Testing Tools are software applications that support testing, activities such as test management, rutomation, defect tracking, performance testing, security testing, etc. ‘Types of Testing Tools: 1. Test Management Tools 2, Test Automation Tools 3. Defect Tracking Tools 4. Performance Testing Tools 5. Security Testing Tools 6. Static Tasting Toots 7. Monitoring / Logging Tools Explain any four: 1. Test Management Tools: ‘These tools help in planning, organizing, managing and tracking testing activites, test cases, defects and reports. Example: TestRail, Zephyr, HP ALM. 2, ‘Test Automation Tools: “These tools are used to automate the execution of test cases, ‘They support script creation, test execution and result comparison. Example: Sclenium, QTP (UFT), TestComplete. 3. Defect Tracking Tools: ‘These tools are used 10 log, track, manage and report defects throughout the lifecycle Example: JIRA, Bugzilla, MantisBT. 4 Performance Testing Tools: ‘These tools are used to test the performance, load, stress, scalability and reliability of applicatfons. Example: JMeter, LoadRunner, NeoLoad. 5. What are the major criteria for tool selection? ‘The following are the major criteria to select the right tool: L. Funetionality: The tool should support required features and testing types. 2. Ease of Use: Tool should be user-friendly and easy to learn. Compatibility: Should be compatible with our environment (0S, technologies, tools). 4 Scalability: Should support current needs and future grovth. 5. Integration: Should integrate with other tools used in SDLC. 6. Cost: Should be within budget (license, maintenance, training). 7. Support & Vendor Reputation: Good support and reliability of vendor. 8. Customization: Should allow customization as per need. 9. Reusability: Should support reusable components and scripts. 10. Reporting & Analytics: Should provide good reporting and analysis. 6. Define Automation testing tool. How to make use of Automation tools? ‘Automation Testing Too! is a software used 1 automate the {execution of test cases, compare actual results with expected results and generate reports Without manual intervention. How to make use of Automation tools? 1. Toot Selection: Select the right tool as per requirement sand application. 2. Too! Installation & Setup: Install tool and configure environment. 3. Create Test Scripts: Identify test cases and create automation scripts using tool. 4, ‘Test Data Preparation: Prepare test data required for execution. ‘3. Execute Seripts: Run scrips and verify results. 6. Analyze Results: Compare actual vs expected results 7. Report Generation: Generate test execution reports, 8 Maintenance: Update scripts as application changes to ensure reusability Benefits: ‘Saves time and manual effort. Increases accuracy and coverage. ‘Supports vegression testing. Reusable scripts and resources. ‘etter reporting and productivity.|. Describe features of Selenium testing tool. Selenium is an open source automation testing tool used for web applications. It supports multiple programming languages such as Java, Python, C#, JavaScript, Ruby and others. Selenium supports all major browsers including Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari and IE. It provides a suite of tools—Selenium IDE, Selenium WebDriver, Selenium Grid and Selenium RC. Selenium WebDriver allows writing powerful and flexible test scripts. It supports parallel test execution using Selenium Grid, which helps in saving time and effort. Selenium is platform independent and can run on Windows, Linux and macOS. Ithas strong community support and regular updates. .. What are the benefits of Automation testing? Automation testing improves the efficiency and accuracy of software testing. It reduces ‘manual effort and saves time, especially for repetitive and regression tests. It allows execution of test cases multiple times with consistent results, which improves reliability. Automation enables early detection of defects, reducing the cost of fixing bugs. It supports parallel execution and cross-browser testing, which speeds up the testing process. It also helps in better test coverage and provides detailed reports. Overall, automation testing increases productivity and improves the quality of the software. . Explain key features of any three popular open source automation software testing tools. Selenium: It is the most popular open source tool for web application testing. It supports multiple browsers and programming languages. It provides flexibility, parallel execution through Selenium Grid and integrates well with other tools. Apache JMeter: It is an open source tool used for performance and load testing. It can test various types of applications such as web applications, databases and servers. It supports multiple protocols and provides detailed performance reports. Appium: It is an open source tool used for automating mobile applications. It supports both Android and iOS platforms. It uses Selenium WebDriver API and allows writing tests in various programming languages. It is suitable for native, hybrid and web mobile applications, 4, Write the detail steps for using selenium to test the application. The detailed steps for using Selenium to test an application are as follows: Step 1: Install Java Development Kit (JDK) on ‘your system, Step 2: Download and configure your preferred IDE (e.g., Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA). Step 3: Add Selenium WebDriver libraries to the project using build tool (c.g.. Maven) or by adding JAR files. Step 4: Download the appropriate browser driver (e4g.. ChromeDriver for Chrome) and set its path in the system. Step 5: Launch the browser using WebDriver and open the application URL. Step 6: Identify web elements using locators such as id, name, class name, xpath or css selector. Step 7: Perform actions on the web elements such as click, send keys, select, etc, Step 8: Verify expected results using assertions. Step 9: Capture screenshots or logs if required, Step 10: Close the browser and end the test session. 5. Write note on Selenium tool. Selenium is a widely used open source automation testing tool for web applications. It was originally developed by Jason Huggins in 2004 and is now maintained by the Selenium. community. Selenium supports multiple browsers and platforms, making it highly flexible. It provides a suite of tools including, Selenium IDE (for record and playback), Selenium WebDriver (for advanced scripting), Selenium Grid (for parallel execution) and Selenium RC (now deprecated). Selenium supports multiple programming languages, making it suitable for testers and developers. It integrates well with tools like TestNG, ‘TUnit, Maven and Jenkins. Its major advantage is that itis free, open source and has a large community support, 6. Write test script to check login credentials. import [Link].*; inmport org opengn. selenium chrome. ChromeDriver, public class LoginTest{ public static void main(String} args) ( Mf Set path of ChromeDriver System. setProperty("[Link]", "CAWDrivers\\[Link]"): WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(): [Link](). window().maximize(); diver get("hitp://[Link]/VA0"), driver findElement([Link]("uid”)).sendKeys(" admis driver findElement([Link]("password")).sendKeys(*admin"); [Link]([Link]("btnLogin”)).click(); ‘String title = driver gerTitle(); [Link]("Guru99 Bank Manager HomePage") ( ‘System. out printin("Login Successful”); Velse { ‘System. out printin("Login Failed"); driver quit;1. Describe features of Selenium testing tool. Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool mainly used for testing web applications. It supports multiple programming languages such as Java, Python, C#, Ruby, and JavaScript, allowing flexibility for testers. Selenium supports all major browsers including Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Intemet Explorer. It provides a suite of tools such as Selenium IDE for record and playback, Selenium WebDriver for advanced scripting, and Selenium Grid for parallel test execution. It is platform-independent and can run on Windows, Linux, and macOS. Selenium enables flexible and reusable test scripts and has strong community support with frequent updates. 2, What are the benefits of Automation testing? Automation testing improves the efficiency and accuracy of software testing by reducing manual effort. It saves time, especially for repetitive and regression testing tasks. Automated tests can be executed multiple times with consistent results, which increases reliability. It helps in early detection of defects, reducing the cost of fixing bugs. Automation supports parallel execution and cross-browser testing, speeding up the testing process. It also improves test coverage and provides detailed test reports, leading to better software quality and productivity. 3, Explain key features of any three popular open source automation software testing tools, Selenium: Selenium is a widely used open-source tool for web application testing. It supports multiple browsers and programming languages and allows parallel execution using Selenium Grid. It is highly flexible and integrates well with other tools. Apache JMeter: Apache JMeter is an open-source tool mainly used for performance and load testing, It can test web applications, databases, and servers. It supports multiple protocols and provides detailed performance reports. Appium: Appium is an open-source tool used for mobile application testing, It supports both Android and iOS platforms and allows writing tests using various programming languages. It is suitable for native, hybrid, and web mobile applications. 4, Write the detail steps for using selenium to test the application. To use Selenium for testing an application, follow these detailed steps: Step 1: Install Java Development Kit (JDK) on your system. Step 2: Download and install an IDE such as Eclipse or IntelliJ IDEA. Step 3: Add Selenium WebDriver libraries to your project using Maven or by adding JAR files. Step 4: Download the appropriate browser driver (e.g-, ChromeDriver for Chrome) and set its path in the system. Step 5: Launch the browser using WebDriver and open the application URL. Step 6: Identify web elements using locators such as id, name, class name, XPath, or CSS selectors. Step 7: Perform actions on web elements such as click, send keys, select, etc. Step 8: Verify the results using assertions. Step 9: Capture screenshots or logs if required. Step 10: Close the browser and end the test session. 5. Write note on Selenium tool. Selenium is a popular open-source automation testing tool used for web applications. It was originally developed by Jason Huggins and is now maintained by a large community. Selenium supports multiple browsers and platforms, making it highly flexible. It includes tools like Selenium IDE for recording tests, Selenium WebDriver for writing advanced scripts, and Selenium Grid for running tests in parallel. Selenium supports multiple programming languages and integrates easily with tools like TestNG, JUnit, Maven, and Jenkins. Its major advantages include being free, flexible, and widely supported. 6. Write test script to check login credentials. import [Link].*: Import [Link]; public class LoginTest { public static void main(String] args) { ‘System. setProperty("webdriver chrome driver", “CANDrivers\\[Link]"); WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(); driver. manage().window().maximize(); driver get(*https:/demo.guru99.comiV4/"); river sindElement([Link]("“uid")).sendKeys( admin"): driver indElement([Link] password") sendKeys("admin"); diver findElement([Link]("binLogin")) clicks String title = driver getTitle(); if (Gile-equals("Guru99 Bank Manager HomePage") ( ‘[Link] printin("Login Successful”); } else { ‘System. out printin("Login Failed"); } [Link]();1. What is defect? List it’s causes in # software. A defect (or bug) is a flaw or error in a software application that causes it to behave incorrectly or differ ftom the expected result. It may lead to failure of a function, incorrect output, or system crash. Causes of defects in software: Incomplete or unclear requirements Misunderstanding of requirements Errors in design or architecture Coding mistakes or logic errors Lack of proper review and walkthroughs Changes in requirements Integration issue Inadequate testing Environmental or configuration issues Human errors 2. Explain defect life cycle with help of detailed diagram. Defect Life Cycle (DLC) describes the various stages that a defect goes through from the time it is found until it is closed. New [|—+{ aAssignea |—s[ Open 4, Explain the attributes of defect report. A good defect report should contain the following attributes: ‘Attribute Description Defect ID ‘Unique identifier for the defect. Titde/Summary ‘Short description of the defect. Description Detailed description of the defect. Project Name Name of the projec¥/application, ‘Moadule/Component | Module or component where defect is found. Severity Impact of the defect on the system (Critical, Major, Minor, Trivial). Priority Priority of fixing the defect (High, Medium, Low). ‘Status ‘Current state of the defect (New, Open, Fixed, etc.). Reported By ‘Name of the person who reported the defect. ‘Assigned To: ‘Name of the developer assigned Environment Environment details (OS, Browser, Build, etc.). ‘Steps to Reproduce | Step-by-step instructions 10 reproduce the defect. Expected Result | What was expected to happen. £ ‘Actual Result ‘What actually happened. In Progress Date Reported Date when the defect was logged. i ‘Attachments ‘Screenshots, logs oF other Fixed documents T Comments/Notes | Any additional information. Reopen je—| Retest Verified t Closed Explanation of stages: New: Defect is logged by the tester. Assigned: Defect is assigned to the developer. Open: Developer starts analyzing the defect. In Progress: Developer is working on the defect. Fixed: Developer has fixed the defect and submitted for testing. Retest: Tester retests the fixed defect. Verified: Tester verifies and confirms the defect is fixed. Reopen: If defect is not fixed or issue still exists, it is reopened. Closed: Defect is successfully verified and closed. 3. Explain different states of defect in defect workflow. Different states are: New: Defect is identified and logged. ‘Assigned: Defect is assigned to a developer. ‘Open: Developer acknowledges and starts analyzing the defect. In Progress: Developer is working on the fix. Fixed: Developer has fixed the defect. Retest: Tester retests the fixed defect. ‘Verified/Closed: Defect is verified and closed. Reopen: If issue is still reproducible, defect is reopened. ero ae 5. Explain functional defect in detail. Functional defects occur when the software does not perform its intended functions as per the requirements or specification, These defects are related to functional requirements of the system. Characteristics: ‘Application does not behave as expected. Incorrect calculations or validations. ‘Wrong output or results. Missing functionality, Data not saved or retrieved properly. ‘© Login with valid credentials fails. ‘© Incorrect total in a shopping cart. © Search function returns wrong results. «Submit button does not work. Functional defects affect user experience and business ‘operations; hence they are of high priority. Explain classification of defects. Defects can be classified in different ways: . By Severity (Impact) Critical: System crashes or data loss occurs. Major: Major functionality is not working. Minor: Minor functionality or Ut issue. ‘Trivial: Cosmetic issues, spelling mistakes. By Priority (Urgency) High: Needs immediate fix. Medium: Should be fixed in next release. Low: Can be fixed in future releases. By Type Functional Defect Non-Funetional Defect (Performance, Usability, Security, etc.) Interface Defect Data/Database Defect By Origin New Defect Reopened Defect 3. Regression Defect Rraeyr peer1, Explain components of Defect Report. ‘A defect report is a formal document used to record and track a defect, It helps the development team to identify, fix and verify the issue. The main components are: 4, Write short note on testing defect, Testing defects are those defects that occur due to mistakes in the testing process itself, These are not related to the application code but to the testing activities. Examples include incorrect test cases, missing test scenarios, wrong test data, incorrect, expected results, or environment setup issues. Testing defects can lead to false results, such as defects being missed or incorrect defects reported. ‘To minimize testing defects, test cases should be reviewed, test data should be validated, and environments should be properly configured. 5. Explain defect report template with example. A defect report template standardizes the way defects are logged and ensures all necessary information is captured, ‘Component Description Defect ID Unique identifier automatieally generated by the tool Title/Summary | Short and precise description ofthe defect Description Detailed explanation of the defect, including what is wrong. Project Name ‘Name of the project or application. ‘Module/Component | Module or component where the defect is found. Environment Environment details (OS, Browser, Version, Build, Database, etc.) “Steps to Reproduce | Step-by-step instructions to reproduce the defect. Expected Result | What was expected to happen. ‘Actual Result ‘What actually happened. Severity Impact of the defect on the system (Critical, Major, Minor, Trivial). Priority Priority for fixing the defect (igh, Medium, Low). ‘Status ‘Current state of the defect (New, Open, Fixed, Closed, et.) Reported By [Name of the tester who reported it. ‘Assigned To ‘Name of the person/developer assigned. Date Reported | Date when the defect was logged. ‘Attachments Screenshots, logs, error messages, or other relevant files. ‘Comments/Notes | Any additional information or remarks, 2. Write short note on coding defect. Coding defects are defects caused by errors in the source code written by developers. These defects occur due to mistakes in logic, syntax, algorithms, or improper implementation of requirements. Examples include incorrect calculations, wrong variable usage, null pointer exceptions, memory leaks, and boundary condition errors. Coding defects are usually found during unit testing, integration testing, or code reviews. Fixing these defects, improves code quality, performance, and reliability of the software, 3. What are software defects by severity? Severity indicates the impact of a defect on the system. ‘Common severity levels are: © Crifical: Causes system crash, data loss, or complete failure of major functionality. The application becomes unusable. + Major: Significant functionality is not working as expected. Workaround may exist but impacts business operations. © Minor: Small functionality issue or UV cosmetic issue. Does not affect core functions ‘but needs to be fixed. * Trivial: Very minor issue, such as spelling mistakes, alignment, or logging messages. No impact on functionality. Defect Report Template Defect ID AUTO-101 Title/Summary Login button not working Project Name Online Banking System: Module/Component | Login Module Environment Windows 10, Chrome 120, Build 1.0 Severity Major Priority High Status Open Reported By Anita Sharma Assigned To Rahul Verma Date Reported 20-May-2025 Description ‘After entering valid username and password, the login button does not redirect to the dashboard. Steps to Reproduce | 1. Open the application 2. Enter valid username 3. Enter valid password 4, Click on Login button Expected Result User should be logged in and redirected to the dashboard. ‘Actual Result Nothing happens on clicking Login button. Attachments, login_issue,png, console_log.txt Comments/Notes Occurs every time with valid credentials. This template helps the team to understand, reproduce, and fix the defect efficiently.iH 2) 3) 4 5) © nD 8) » 10) What is software testing? Software testing is the process of evaluating and verifying that a software application or system meets the specified requirements and works as expected. It helps to find defects and improve the quality and reliability of the software. Enlist any two features of Bugzilla tool? 1. Bugzilla supports advanced search and filtering to easily track and manage bugs. 2. It provides detailed bug reports with comments, attachments, and tracking of bug status. State any two advantages of statement coverage. 1. It is simple to understand and implement. 2. It helps in finding errors in executable statements that are not executed during testing. Define test Plan. A test plan is a document that describes the testing scope, objectives, resources, schedule, test strategy, environment, and deliverables for a testing effort. Define entry criteria and exit criteria in a test case. Entry criteria are the conditions that must be met before testing starts, such as requirement review completion, test environment readiness, etc. Exit criteria are the conditions that determine when testing is complete, such as all test cases executed, all defects fixed, and test objectives achieved. Define error. ‘An error is a human mistake made during the development process, which may lead to a defect in the software. Enlist the types of defects, 1. Requirement Defects 2. Design Defects 3. Coding Defects 4. Testing Defects ‘Define Manual Testing. Manual testing is a type of software testing in which test cases are executed manually by a tester without using any automation tools. ‘Whaat is test suite? A test suite is a collection of one or more test cases that are grouped together to testa specific feature, function, module, or the entire application, ‘Whaat is a test report? A test report is a document that summarizes the testing activities and results. It includes information about test execution, defects, test coverage, and ‘whether the application is ready for release. 1) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) 20) ‘The purpose of test case is to determine whether software application is working as per customer requirement or not? state true or false. True. What is static testing? Static testing is a type of testing in which the software is tested without executing the code. It includes reviews, walkthroughs, inspections, and static code analysis. Enlist any two features of backlog tool. 1. Backlog allows prioritization and categorization of issues for better tracking. 2. It provides customizable workflows and field ‘management. Define test planning by IEEE standard. According to IEEE standard, test planning is the process of establishing the scope, objectives, approach, resources, schedule, and deliverables of a test effort. Write the formula for calculating branch coverage percentage. Branch Coverage (%) = (Number of branches executed / Total number of branches) x 100 Enlist the types of requirement defect. 1. Ambiguous Requirement 2. Incomplete Requirement 3. Incorrect Requirement 4, Inconsistent Requirement Write any two objective of writing test cases. 1. To provide a set of detailed steps to verify that the software works as expected. 2. To ensure test coverage and help in identifying defects early in the development cycle. Define static taste tool. A static testing tool is a tool that analyzes software documents, code, or design without executing the program to find defects. Examples: SonarQube, CCheckstyle, PMD. Define coding defect. Coding defect is a defect caused by mistakes in the source code written by developers, such as syntax errors, logical errors, or incorrect calculations. ‘What is selenium? Selenium is an open-source automation testing tool used for testing web applications. It supports multiple browsers and programming languages and provides tools like WebDriver, IDE, and Grid.Dd 2) Xd 4 5 2D 8) » 10) Define Test Automation. Test automation is the process of using automation tools and scripts to execute test cases automatically on a software application to verify its functionality and compare expected and actual results. What is Test scenario? A test scenario is a high-level description of a feature or functionality to be tested. It describes ‘what is being tested and why, without detailing the step-by-step test cases, ‘What is grey-box testing? Grey-box testing is a type of testing where the tester has partial knowledge of the internal code structure and system architecture. It is a combination of white-box and black-box testing. ‘What is test incident report? A test incident report is a document used to record and communicate any issues or incidents encountered during the testing process that cannot be classified as defects, such as test environment issues or data problems. What is structural testing? ‘Structural testing is a white-box testing technique that tests the internal structure of the code, including control flow, loops, and paths, to ensure all parts of the code are executed at least once. Define Acceptance testing. Acceptance testing is a type of testing performed to determine whether the software meets the business requirements and is acceptable to the end-user or customer. ‘Win Runner is an automated End-to-End testing tool. State TRUE of FALSE. TRUE. ‘What is extra coding? Extra coding refers to writing additional code that is not part of the actual application functionality, typically added for testing purposes such as test drivers, stubs, or instrumentation code. What is a syntax defect? A syntax defect is a defect caused by violations of the programming language rules, such as missing semicolons, unmatched brackets, or incorrect use of keywords. Enlist any two characteristics of Selenium tools, 1. Selenium is open-source and supports multiple programming languages and browsers. 2. It provides a suite of tools like WebDriver, IDE, and Grid for effective test automation and execution. 1) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) 19) Define Test Automation. Test automation is the use of automation tools to execute test cases automatically on the application to validate functionality, reduce manual effort, and increase testing efficiency and accuracy. ‘What is extra coding? Extra coding is the additional code written by testers to create a test environment, such as test drivers, stubs, or data setup code, which is not part of the actual application. ‘What is simple loop testing? Simple loop testing is a white-box testing technique that tests loops with a single decision point. It focuses on executing the loop zero, one, and many times to validate the loop logic. What is logical bug? A logical bug is a defect in the program’s logic where the program runs without errors but produces incorrect results or does not perform as per the requirements. ‘What is structural testing? Structural testing is a white-box testing method that focuses on the intemal structure of the code, such as control flow, data flow, and path coverage, {© ensure thorough testing. Define coverage in white-box testing. Coverage in white-box testing is a measure that indicates the extent to which the source code has been executed during testing, such as statement coverage, branch coverage, and path coverage ‘Whenever any new defect is found in application it define as ‘Start’ state. State TRUE or FALSE. FALSE. ‘What is Test scenario? A test scenario is a brief description of what is being tested and the purpose of testing a particular functionality, without including detailed steps. ‘What is test incident report? A test incident report is a document that records issues encountered during testing that are not defects, such as environment issues, test data problems, or tool failures. Enlist any two characteristics of Redmine tools. 1. Redmine is an open-source project management tool that supports issue tracking and project ‘management. 2. It is highly customizable and supports multiple plugins, roles, and reporting features.1. Create a case study for verify the functionality of amazon login page ‘Objective: To verify the functionality of Amazon login page with valid and invalid data, Scope: Amazon website login functionality, ‘Test Environment: Browser: Chrome, OS: Windows 10 Pre-condition: User must have a valid Amazon account. ‘Test Scenarios and Test Cases: Myntra login page Create a case study for verify functionality of ‘Objective: To verify the functionality of Myntra login age. Scope: Myntra website login functionality, ‘Test Environment: Browser: Chrome, OS: Windows 10 Pre-condition: User must have a valid Myntra account. ‘Test Scenarios and Test Cases: All test cases should work as expected and the login functionality should be verified. 2, Explain advantage of branch coverage Branch coverage is @ white-box testing technique that ensures every decision (branch) in the program execute atleast once. Advantages: 1 Improves Test Effectiveness: Ensures both true and false paths of every decision are tested, increasing the chance of finding defects. Better Code Quality: Helps in identifying logical errors in decision-making and control flow. 3. High Fault Detection: Detects defects related to incorrect. conditions and branching logic. 4, Ensures Complete Decision Testing: Verifis all possible ‘outcomes of decisions, which is important in business logic. 5. Foundation for Other Coverage: Its the basis for more ‘advanced coverage criteria like path coverage and MC/DC. 6. Improves Confidence: Increases confidence that the code behaves correctly under different conditions. ‘All test cases should work as expected und the login functionality should be ver ret 7 Toe vaoe | moon catty] Tet Sema | Tet Step ‘Test Dia | Raped Rew cme | Ft Seer Pevesst Rest || roo |iagawih | Opn Mime [Mobis | Ursin ie valid cena |2. Click on Login| 9676543210 | logged in and toxin wi 1, Opm Amann | Ena nr shod be reo Pie eaeeee eSan| Se eect [fs |SEna 2S emsvasten |acwot | ac dia ima parent | home “eal pd] VaPst25 | My Accum ag. aiete 5. Cen Signin es TOR | Lagiawih [1 Open Myers Mabie: | Ene manage Tom |Lasiawih [1 OpwAraucm | Ena: rer mesa ‘vad mobil |2. Clk on Login |co00000000 | shoul be invalid email |2: Cickensignin | malit@gmatcrn| toute dope oval 3 Enernvad tity | Pasowort: | dphye: 4. 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Opn Amaze | rat: Passe tink oe 1 ee tele Pasuent tok |2 Ci on Simin | merOgmalcom | shold be sem 0 or 3 Boreuke aaa On. 3 Clk eer em ft Get on tege est Prower ‘ih OTF 4. Ene nal 5. Emer OTP recs 5 Cis Coin 6 Click on Vents . Expected Outcome: 4, Explain nested loop and understructured loop testing ‘A. Nested Loop Testing: 1B, Understructured Loop Testing: [Nested loop testing focuses on loops inside other loops. The inner loop is tested completely for each iteration of the ouier Joop. This helps in finding errors in complex looping structures. [Exumple: Consider the following code: fr=ie aint ferig nt) 3 Assigned > in system environment variable. Fixed > Retest — Closed. 4) Choose IDE: Install Eclipse/IntelliJ IDEA for writing * Proper defect management helps improve software quality. Soe per 9 ps impr quality. 5) Add Selenium Libraries: Add Selenium client libraries Explain defect report template with example. to the project build path, Defect Report Template: 6) Launch Browser: Start the browser using WebDriver —_ Tea (ChromeDriver, GeckoDriver etc.) a ee 7) Open Application: Open the URL of the application Te Short summary ofthe defect. using driver get("URL") ean ese dscinnof i dea—— 8) Perform Operations: Locate web elements and perform ep te Reprodce | Sap tr step proceshra to raped the dock actions like click, sendKeys, submit etc. Sela Reedt | wnat sca pened 9) Verify Results: Validate expected results using methods Severity Impact ofthe detect (rial Major, Minor tc] like getText(),isDisplayed0, assert*0 et. Priority Urgency of fing the defect (High, Med, Low) . Erronment Envronnent in which defect occured 10) Close Browser: Close the browser and end the session = ae feat Saad a Coad using [Link]() [Cassigned Te Peron reponsble fr fing the defer. Date Reported | Dato when defect wat porte. 3. Write note on Selenium tool. Example: Sel pop open sure ato Bate Bar sed or testing web appicatons eves orighaly dewioped | Ra toy ara i by incon Hugg and ier Became» Selena prec agian —[ tga nt mip we Component of Sen Sept fesaaas | | opnappeton «Selenium IDE: Record and payback tool for cresting test Lace scripts, Tipected Result | User shouldbe logged in and dashboard should open + Selenium WebDriver: Used for writing test scripts in ‘Actual Result Nothing happens on elcking Login button, programming lrgages a Tir '* Selenium Grid: Used for running tests in parallel on Priority High mute rechines tesa — [Weiss 0 Game 1 Satu sippres ta progrning wrongs San re tytn ca ny asi ce aa wea on ae nei —— | Bp cnc tyataks diacincts W's lsh nat bein | PASSER Grae Is open source, flexible, extensible and integrates well with other frameworks and tools.1. What is manual testing? What are limitations of manual testing? Manual testing is a type of software testing in wi testers execute test cases manually without the use of automation tools to find defects and verify the functionality of the application. Limitations of manual testing: 1) Itis time consuming and requires more human, effort, especially for large and complex applications. 2) It is prone to human errors and mistakes, which can lead to missed defects. 3) Itis not suitable for repetitive, regression and data-driven testing. 4) Manual testing has limited test coverage compared to automation testing. 5) Itis dificult to generate detailed and consistent reports. 6) It becomes costly and impractical for large scale projects and short release cycles. 2. Explain different types of testing tools. Explain four of them in short. Testing tools are software applications that support various testing activities and help improve the efficiency, accuracy and effectiveness of testing. Types of testing tools: 1) Test Management Tools 2) Test Automation Tools 3) Defect Tracking Tools 4) Performance Testing Tools 5) Load Testing Tools 6). Security Testing Tools Explain four of them in short: 1) Test Management Tools: These tools help in planning, organizing, tracking and managing test activities, test cases, resources and defects. Example: TestLink, Zephyr. 2) Test Automation Tools: These tools are used to automate test case ‘execution, compare expected and actual results and reduce manual effort. Example: Selenium, QTP. 3) Defect Tracking Tools: These tools are used to log, track, manage and report defects throughout the software development life cycle. Example: Bugzilla, MantisBT. 4) Performance Testing Tools: ‘These tools are used to test the performance, under various loads. Example: JMeter, LoadRunner. 3, What are the major criteria for tool selection? The major criteria for selecting a testing tool are: ‘+ Functionality: The tool should have all the features required for testing activities. ‘+ Ease of Use: The tool should be easy to learn, understand and use. + Cost: The tool should be cost-effective and fit within the budget. + Compatibility: The tool should be compatible with the application, platforms and technologies used. ‘+ Support and Maintenance: The tool should have good vendor support, regular updates and documentation. ‘+ Scalability: The tool should be able to handle future growth and larger projects. 4 Define Automation testing tool. How to make use of Automation tools? Automation testing tool is a software tool that is used to automate the execution of test cases, compare actual and expected results and generate reports without manual intervention. How to make use of Automation tools? The use of automation tools involves the following steps: 1) Tool Selection: Select the right tool based on requirements, cost and compatibility. 2) Tool Installation: Install the tool and required plugins or libraries. 3) Test Script Development: Create automated test scripts using the tool. 4) Test Data Preparation: Prepare necessary test data for execution. 5) Test Execution: Execute the test scripts and compare actual results with expected results. 6) Result Analysis: Analyze the test results and identify defects. 7) Reporting: Generate and share test reports with the team. Describe features of Selenium testing tool. Features of Selenium testing tool: + Selenium is an open source automation testing tool. + It supports multiple programming languages like Java, Python, Cit, Ruby, JavaScript. + It supports multiple browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari and Internet Explorer. ‘+ It supports multiple operating systems like Windows, Linux and macOS. ‘+ It can be used for web application testing only. ‘+ lt supports parallel test execution to reduce testing time. * It provides flexible and easy integration with other tools and frameworks. ‘+ It supports recording and playback of test scripts using Selenium IDE. ‘+ thas a large community support and regular updates. What are the benefits of Automation testing? Benefits of Automation testing: 1) Automation testing saves time and increases testing efficiency. 2) It provides higher accuracy and reduces human errors. 3) Its ideal for repetitive, regression and data-driven testing. 4) Itallows parallel execution of test cases, which speeds up testin 5) It provides reusability of test scripts, which reduces effort and cost. 6) It improves test coverage and overall software quality.3. (A) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS List popular open source automation software testing tools. Popular open source automation testing tools are: + Selenium WebDriver Cypress Robot Framework Appium Katalon Studio JMeter List ‘Web-based’ open source automation software testing tools. ‘Web-based open source automation testing tools are *¢ Selenium WebDriver * Cypress © Playwright + Robot Framework (Selenium Library) « TestCafe List out Selenium installation steps in short. Selenium installation steps in short are: 1) Download Java (JDK) and install it, 2) Download Eclipse IDE and install i 3) Download Selenium WebDriver (standalone server) appropriate for your browser. 4) Set the system environment variable for Java. 5) Add Selenium JAR files to the project build path. 6) Verify the installation by running a sample Selenium script. List limitations of manual testing. (Any two). Limitations of manual testing (any two) are: + Itis time consuming and expensive for large and repetitive tests. + It is prone to human errors and inconsistent results. What are the characteristics of testing tools? Characteristics of testing tools are: + They improve testing efficiency and accuracy. ‘+ They support reusability, reduce testing time and effort. + They provide better reporting, logging and tracking of defects. ‘+ They support multiple platforms, technologies and integrations. What is the difference between manual testing and automation testing? Manual testing is done by testers manually without using any tools, it is time consuming, prone to human error and suitable for short term projects. Automation testing uses tools to execute tests automatically, it is faster, more accurate and suitable for repetitive and large scale projects. List open source automation software testing tools for ‘Mobile application’. Open source automation testing tools for mobile applications are: © Appium Robot Framework (Appium Library) Selendroid Espresso Calabash Define test automation. Test automation is the process of using automation tools to execute test cases automatically ‘to compare actual results with expected results, reduce manual effort and improve testing efficiency and accuracy.1 10. (A) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS What is defect? A defect is a flaw or imperfection in the software that causes the actual result to deviate from the expected result. It may lead to failure of a function or incorrect behavior of the application. When to define defect in ‘New’ state. A defect is defined in ‘New’ state when it is identified for the first time during testing and has not been reviewed or assigned to anyone. It indicates that the defect is newly logged in the system. List the types of defect. The types of defects are: 1) Functional Defects 2) Non-Functional Defects When to define defect in ‘Deferred’ state. A defect is defined in ‘Deferred’ state when the defect is valid but cannot be fixed in the current release, It is postponed for consideration in future releases. What is defect report? A defect report is a document used to record details of a defect found during testing. It includes information like defect ID, description, steps to reproduce, severity, priority, status etc. List out types of the software defects by nature. By nature, software defects are: 1) Coding Defects 2) Design Defects 3) Requirement Defects List out types of the software defects by priority. By priority, software defects are: 1) Low Priority 2) Medium Priority 3) High Priority 4) Critical Priority List out types of the software defects by severity. By severity, software defects are: 1) Trivial 2) Minor 3) Major 4) Critical / Blocker ‘What are critical defects? Critical defects are severe defects that cause system crash, data loss, secur complete failure of major functionality. The application cannot be used until they are fixed. What is mean by high pr defect? A high priority defect is one that needs to be fixed as soon as possible because it affects important functionality or business operations. lt may not always cause system crash but has significant impact on users. nu. 12. “4. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Define defect report. A defect report is a formal document created to log and track a defect. It contains details such as defect ID, title, description, steps to reproduce, expected result, actual result, severity, priority, status and assigned person. What is a suspension criterion? A suspension criterion is a condition or set of, conditions under which the testing activities are temporarily halted. It helps to avoid further waste of time and resources when testing cannot proceed effectively. What is test strategy? A test strategy is a high level plan describing the overall approach to testing. It defines the testing objectives, scope, resources, techniques, environment, schedule and deliverables required for testing. Define test summary report. A test summary report is a document that provides a summary of testing activities. It includes information about test execution, pass/fail status, defects summary, test coverage and overall quality of the application. What is test incident report? A test incident report is a document used to record and report incidents that occur during testing. It includes details like incident ID, description, impact, steps to reproduce, environment and status. Define test planning. Test planning is the activity of identifying testing ‘objectives and deciding the approach, resources, schedule, deliverables and efforts required to perform testing activities successfully. List test deliverable produced. The test deliverables are: 1) Test Plan 2) Test Cases 3) Test Data 4) Test Summary Report 5) Test Incident Report Define manual testing? Manual testing is a type of software testing in testers execute test cases manually without the use of automation tools to find defects. What is an automation testing tool? ‘An automation testing tool is a software tool used to automate the execution of test cases and compare actual results with expected results to identify defects. List the different test automation frameworks. The different test automation frameworks are: 1) Module Based Testing Framework 2) Data Driven Testing Framework 3) Keyword Driven Testing Framework 4) Hybrid Testing Framework3. 10, (A) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS What is test plan? A test plan is a document that describes the scope, objectives, approach, resources, schedule and deliverables of testing activities. It acts as a blueprint for the entire testing process and helps in planning, monitoring and controlling the testing effort. . Differentiate between specification and structural test case design techniques. Specification based techniques are derived from requirements or specifications without considering the internal structure of the code. Examples are equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis. Structural techniques are derived from the internal structure of the code, logic and control flow. Examples are statement coverage, branch coverage and path coverage. What is code coverage testing? Code coverage testing is a white-box testing technique that measures how much of the source code is executed during test execution. it helps to identify untested code, detect hidden defects and improve test effectiveness. Enlist the various code coverage techniques. ‘The various code coverage techniques are: 1) Statement Coverage 2) Decision (Branch) Coverage 3) Condition Coverage 4) Decision/Condition Coverage 5) Path Coverage ist the goals of loop coverage testing. The goals of loop coverage testing are: ‘+ To ensure that loops are executed zero, one, two and many times. To find errors in loop logic and boundary conditions. ‘+ To ensure statements inside the loop body are executed adequately. What is simple loop testing? imple loop testing is a type of loop testing in which the loop is tested with 0, 1, 2 and many iterations to uncover errors in loop boundaries and internal logic. ‘What is the difference between nested loop testing and concatenated loop testing? In nested loop testing, one loop is placed i another loop and the inner loop executes completely for each iteration of the outer loop. In concatenated loop testing, two or more loops are placed one after another; the second loop executes after the first loop completes. ide . What is the formula to find coverage in Decision Coverage (DC) testing? Decision Coverage (DC) = (Number of decisions executed at least once / Total number of decisions in the program) x 100% Give the formula to find coverage in Statement Coverage (SC) testing? Statement Coverage (SC) = (Number of statements executed at least once / Total number of statements in the program) x 100% ‘What is Cyclomatic complexity? Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program. It indicates the number of linearly independent paths through the program's control flow graph. Formula: VG) = E-N-+2P (Where E = edges, N = nodes, P = number of connected components, usually 1) 12, B. 4. 5. 16. 7. 8. 19, 20. Define path coverage. Path coverage is a white-box testing technique in which all possible independent paths in the program are executed at least once. It is the most thorough coverage criterion. Define branch coverage. Branch coverage is a white-box testing technique that ensures each branch (true and false) of every decision point in the program is executed at least once. Define statement coverage testing. Statement coverage testing is a white-box testing technique in which every executable statement in the program is executed at least once di testing. Define code coverage testing. Code coverage testing is the process of measuring the extent to which the source code of a program is executed during test execution. It helps to identify untested code and improve test quality. Define coverage in white-box testing. Coverage in white-box testing refers to the percentage of program elements (statements, branches, conditions, paths, etc.) that are executed by the test cases with respect to the total number of such elements in the code. What is meant by exit criteria in test plan? Exit criteria are the conditions that must be satisfied before testing can be considered complete and the testing phase can be closed. These conditions ensure that the product is ready for release. What is test case? A test case is a set of preconditions, test steps, test data and expected results developed to verify a specific functionality or feature of the software. List the general components of test plan. The general components of a test plan are: 1) Test objectives 2). Scope of testing 3) Test approach 4) Test environment 5) Test resources ©) Test schedule 2). Entry and exit criteria 8) Risks and contingencies 9) Deliverables What is test scenario? A test scenario is a high level description of a functionality or feature from the user's point of view. It helps in identifying the test condi and designing test cases. What is test report? A test report is a document that summarizes the testing activities, test results, defects identified and overall quality of the product. It helps stakeholders to understand the test status and take further decisions.10. (A) SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS |. Define software testing. Software testing is a process of evaluating and verifying that a software application ‘or system works as expected. It helps to. identify defects and ensure the quality of the software. What is testing tool? A testing tool is a software application that supports the testing activities such as test case management, defect tracking, test the efficiency and accuracy of testing. Define test case. A test case is a set of pre-conditions, test data, actions, and expected results prepared to verify a specific functionality or feature of the software. Define is error. An error is a human mistake made by a developer while writing code or by a user while providing input or performing an operation. Define defect. A defect is a flaw in the software where the actual result does not match the expected result. It causes the software to behave incorrectly. Define bug. A bug isa type of defect that occurs in the code due to a mistake in logic, syntax, or calculation, which causes the software to fail or produce wrong results. What is meant by missing coding? Missing coding means required code or functionality is not written by the developer. Because of this, the expected feature or function does not work. What Is extra coding? Extra coding means unnecessary code is written by the developer which is not required for the functionality. it may increase complexity and reduce performance. What is wrong coding? Wrong coding means code is written incorrectly due to logic errors, wrong syntax or misunderstanding of requirements, leading to wrong results or failures. Define test case tracking? Test case tracking is the process of monitoring and managing the status of test cases throughont the testing life cycle such as executed, passed, failed or blocked. 11. Enlist any two features of Bugzilla tool. * Its an open source tool used for defect tracking and management. * It provides advanced search, reporting, il notifications and support for 12, List any two the characteristics of Redmine tool. © Itisa web based project management tool that supports issue tracking. * It is highly flexible and supports multiple projects, roles, calendars and Gantt charts. 13, What is the purpose of Entry and Exit Criteria? Entry criteria specify the conditions that must be satisfied to start testing, while exit criteria define the conditions to be met to complete testing. They help in planning, monitoring and ensuring the quality of testing. 14. List out the characteristics of MantisBT tool. Any two. «It is an open source defect tracking tool with a simple and user friendly interface. © It supports issue reporting, tracking, custom fields and email notifications. 15. What is test suite? A test suite is a collection of related test cases. ‘grouped together to test a specific module, functionality or the entire application. 16. Enlist any two features of Backlog tool. © It is a project management and issue tracking tool. » It supports task management, milestone tracking and version control. 17. Which are different characteristics of BugNet tool? * Itis an open source tool for bug tracking and issue management. * It provides role based access, customizable workflows and reporting. 18. List techniques for test case design. Some techniques for test case design are Equivalence Partitioning, Boundary Value Analysis, Decision Table Testing, State Transition Testing and Use Case Testing. 19. “MS Excel is used for design a test case”, State true or false. False. MS Excel is generally used for man: and tracking test cases, but not for designing test cases. 20. Why to use test case design techniques? Test case design techniques help in creating effective and efficient test cases. They ensure better test coverage, find defects early and save time and effort. ie