Department of Petroleum Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Koya University

Descriptive Statistical Analysis of Reservoir and Fluid

Properties Using SPSS

Supervisor:

Dr. Laghman Khodakarami

Prepared by:

Shahad Fawaz Avesta Haider

Aran Botan Aso Aram

Mohammed Nadhim

2025 – 2026
Table of Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3
Statistics table ............................................................................................................................. 4
Pressure Drop (Psi) histogram ................................................................................................ 5
Porosity (fraction) histogram .................................................................................................. 6
Flow Rate (bbl/day) histogram ............................................................................................... 7
Permeability (mD) histogram.................................................................................................. 8
Viscosity (Pa.s) histogram ....................................................................................................... 9
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 10
Reference.................................................................................................................................... 11

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Introduction

Descriptive statistics are essential for summarizing and interpreting numerical data
in a clear and meaningful way. In petroleum and reservoir studies, they help
researchers understand the central tendency, variability, and distribution pattern of
key variables such as pressure drop, flow rate, temperature, porosity, permeability,
and viscosity. By using statistical measures such as mean, median, standard
deviation, skewness, and kurtosis, it becomes possible to identify the general
behavior of the dataset and assess whether the variables are symmetrically
distributed or show signs of dispersion and irregularity.

In this report, SPSS was used to analyze 100 observations for each variable. The
descriptive statistics table and histogram plots provide a detailed overview of the
dataset. The results allow a better understanding of the reservoir and fluid
characteristics, which is useful for engineering interpretation, data comparison, and
further analysis. Statistical summaries such as these are important because they offer
a foundation for more advanced analyses and support reliable decision-making in
reservoir evaluation and fluid flow studies.

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Statistics table

This image is the SPSS descriptive statistics output for 10 variables: Pressure Drop
(bar), Pressure Drop (Psi), Flow Rate (bbl/day), Temperature (°C), Temperature (F),
Porosity (fraction), Permeability (mD), Viscosity (C.P.), and Viscosity (Pa.s). It
reports the number of valid cases, missing values, mean, median, standard deviation,
variance, skewness, kurtosis, range, minimum, and maximum for each variable.

The table shows that all variables have 100 valid cases and no missing data. The
means indicate typical values for each measured parameter, while the standard
deviations and ranges show how widely the data are spread. Skewness values are
close to zero for most variables, suggesting near-symmetric distributions, and
kurtosis values are negative, indicating flatter-than-normal distributions.

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Pressure Drop (Psi) histogram

This histogram shows the distribution of pressure drop in psi across 100
observations. The data appear spread across a wide interval, with values extending
from the minimum to the maximum shown in the table.

The distribution looks fairly even overall, with no strong single peak. The printed
statistics on the chart show a mean of about 797.5 psi and a standard deviation of
about 382.4, which indicates moderate variability in pressure drop.

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Porosity (fraction) histogram

This histogram presents the porosity distribution in fraction form. The porosity
values are concentrated in a narrow low range, roughly between 0.10 and 0.30.

The chart suggests a roughly dispersed pattern without extreme outliers. The mean
porosity is about 0.20 and the standard deviation is about 0.059, showing that the
porosity values are relatively close to the average.

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Flow Rate (bbl/day) histogram

This histogram shows the flow rate distribution for 100 samples. The values span a
broad range, approximately from 80 to 1260 bbl/day.

The distribution is fairly spread out and moderately balanced across the range. The
mean flow rate is about 634.7 bbl/day, and the standard deviation is about 350.8,
which indicates substantial variation in flow rate values.

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Permeability (mD) histogram

This histogram displays permeability values measured in millidarcies. The data

range from about 51 to 297 mD, showing a wide spread in reservoir quality.

The distribution appears fairly broad rather than tightly clustered. The mean
permeability is about 167.5 mD and the standard deviation is about 74.4, indicating
considerable variability among samples.

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Viscosity (Pa.s) histogram

This histogram shows the viscosity distribution in Pascal-seconds. The values are
very small and concentrated between about 0.001 and 0.003 Pa.s.

The chart suggests a narrow spread with limited variability. The mean viscosity is
about 0.0020 Pa.s and the standard deviation is extremely small, so the samples are
closely grouped around the average.

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Conclusion

The descriptive statistical analysis showed that all variables had 100 valid
cases with no missing data, which indicates a complete dataset. The mean,
median, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and range values gave a
clear picture of the central tendency and spread of each parameter. In
general, the data showed moderate variability, while skewness values were
mostly close to zero, suggesting near-symmetric distributions. The
negative kurtosis values indicated flatter distributions than the normal
curve for most variables.

The histograms also helped visualize the distribution patterns of each

variable. Pressure drop, flow rate, permeability, porosity, and viscosity all
showed different levels of spread, reflecting the natural variation in
reservoir and fluid properties. Overall, the SPSS output provides a useful
statistical basis for understanding the dataset and can be used as a starting
point for further correlation, regression, or reservoir performance analysis.

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Reference

• Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS

Statistics (5th ed.). Sage Publications.

• Neter, J., Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C. J., & Wasserman, W.

(1996). Applied Linear Statistical Models. Irwin.

• SPSS Inc. (IBM). IBM SPSS Statistics Base User’s Guide.

• Triola, M. F. (2018). Elementary Statistics (13th ed.). Pearson.

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