y Cr) Squares and Square Roots Squares Square The square of a number is the product of the number with the number itself. For a given number x, the square of x is (x x x), denoted by x” (called x-square) EXAMPLES We have (i) 5? =(5 x5) = 25 and we say that the square of 5 is 25. (it) 8? = (8 x 8) = 64 and we say that the square of 8 Is 64. (4st) (20 = (20 x 20) = 400 and we say that the square of 20 is 400. Perfect Squares or Square Numbers A natural number ts called a perfect square or a square number ff it ts the square of some natural number. EXAMPLES We know that 1=1?, 4 =2?,9=37,16 = 4?, 25 =5°, and so on. Thus, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, etc., are perfect squares. Test A perfect square number is always expressible as the product of pairs of equal factors. Thus, 36 = (6x 6) = 6*; 49 = (7 x 7) = 77, 64 =(8 x 8) = 8”, and so on. Some more examples are given below. (107? = 10 x10)=100, (11? = (11x11) =121, 12)? = 2x12) =144, (13) =(13 x13) = 169, 289, 196, (15)? = (15x15) = 225, (16)? = (16 x 16) = 256, (17? = (17x17) = (18)? = 18 x 18) = 324, (19) = (19 x19) = 361, (20? = (20x 20) = 400, and so on. ee Is 225 a perfect square? If so, find the number whose square ts 225. SOLUTION Resolving 225 into prime factors, we get 3 225_ 225 =3x3x5x5 + s = (8? x5") =(3 x5)? = (15). “sl ‘Thus, 225 fs a perfect square and 15 ts the number whose square is 225. — [1~ Biwie 2) Is 1156 a perfect square? If so, find the number whose square is 1156. SOLUTION Resolving 1156 into prime factors, we get elise 1156 =2x2x17x17 “21 578 = (2 x17?) = (2x17)? = (34). 47| 289° ‘Thus, 1156 is a perfect square and 34 is the number whose square wm Wf is 1156. Show that 572 ts not a perfect square. SOLUTION Resolving 572 into prime factors, we get _2| 572. 572 =2x2x11x13 = (2? x11 13). (ote ‘Thus, 572 cannot be expressed as a product of pairs of equal factors. itis” Hence, 572 is not a perfect square. Sot ae 1Gam Mathematics for Class 8 (Birra) By what least number should 3675 be multiplied to get a perfect square? Also, find the number whose square {s the new number. SOLUTION Resolving 3675 into prime factors, we get 9675 = 3X 5X5x 7X7 =(3x5* x7’). ‘Thus, to get a perfect square, the given number should be multiplied by 3. New number = 3x 3x5x5x7x7 (3? x 5? x7?) = (8x5 x7)? = (105). Hence, 105 is the number whose square is the new number. bball -LeR gE (inoie 5) By what least number should 6300 be divided to get a perfect square? Find the number whose square is the new number. SOLUTION Resolving 6300 into prime factors, we get 2x2x3x3x5Xx5x7 = (2? x3? x5? x7). Thus, to get a perfect square, the given number should be divided by 7. New number = (2? x 3? x 5?) = (2x3 x5) = (30). Hence, 30 is the number whose square is the new number. More on Perfect Squares (i) Some numbers having unit digit 0 are perfect squares. For examples: 100=(10x10)=(10)?, 400 =(20 x 20)=(20), 900=(30x30)=(30)”, and so on, But, there are numbers such as 10, 120, 130, 200, 300, etc., which have unit digit 0 but are not perfect squares. (it) Some numbers having unit digit 1 are perfect squares. Such as 1=1, 81=(9x9)=(9)?, 121=(11x11)=(1 1, 441=(21x21)=(21), and so on. But, there are numbers such as 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, ete., which have unit digit 1 but are not perfect squares. (iii) Some numbers having unit digit 4 are perfect squares such as 4= 27,64 =(8)', 144 = (12), 324 = (18), and so on. But, there are numbers such as 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 74, etc., which have unit digit 4 but are not perfect squares. (iv) Some numbers having unit digit 5 are perfect squares such as 25=(5)*, 225 = (15), 625 = (25), 1225 = (35), ete. But, there are numbers such as 15, 35, 45, 55, 65, etc., which have unit digit 5 but are not perfect squares. (v) Some numbers having unit digit 6 are perfect squares such as 16=47,36=67, 196 = (14), 256 = (16), etc. But, there are numbers such as 26, 46, 56, 76, 96, 106, etc., which have unit digit 6 but are not perfect squares. (vi) Some numbers having unit digit 9 are perfect squares such as 9=37,49=77, 169 = (13)°, 289 = (17), etc. But there are numbers which have unit digit 9 but are not perfect squares such as 19, 29, 39, 59, 69, 79, 129, etc.Squares and Square Roots 1, Perfect Squares from 1 to 100 We know that } =1,2? = 4,3? =9, 4? = 16,5? =25, 6? = 36,7? = 49, 8? = 64, 9? = 81 and (10)? = 100. ‘Thus, the perfect squares from 1 to 100 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 and 100. Il. Perfect Square from 101 to 400 We know that (1? =121, 02)? = 144, 03)? = 169, (14)? = 196, (15)? = 225, (16)” = 256, 17)" = 289, (18) = 324, (19 = 361 and (20)? = 400. ‘Thus, the perfect squares from 101 to 400 are 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361 and 400. Il, Perfect Squares from 401 to 1024 (2)? = 441, (22) = 484, (23)? = 529, (24)? = 576, (25)? = 625, (26)* = 676, (27)” = 729, (28)? = 784, (29)? = 841, (30)? = 900, (31)? = 961 and (32)? = 1024. ‘Thus, the perfect squares from 401 to 1024 are 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961 and 1024. Clearly, the largest square number less than 1000 ts 961. There are 31 perfect squares JSrom 1 to 1000. Properties of Perfect Squares . Anumber ending in 2, 3, 7 or 8 is never a perfect square. . A number ending in an odd number of zeros is never a perfect square. . The square of an even number is even, |. The square of an odd number is odd. ‘The sum of first n odd numbers is n?. (0) (a+ bY =(a +b? + 2ab), (4) (a- b? = (a? +b? - 2ab). 7. There are 2n numbers between n® and (n+1)?, e.g. between 10? and 11, there are (2x10) =20 numbers. PRPERe Perfect Squares and Triangular Numbers Look at the sequence of triangular numbers shown below. Aes) 6 10 15 Do you observe any pattern, when you add any two consecutive triangular numbers? a to 15 ot You will observe that the sum of any two consecutive triangular numbers is a perfect square.Gam Mathematics for Class 8 Odd and Even Numbers Odd Numbers The numbers which are not divisible by 2 are called odd numbers. For example, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, etc., are all odd numbers. The nth odd number is given by (2n-1). The sum of first n odd numbers is given by n?. ioe) Write (i) 18th odd number, (li) 67th odd number, (ti) 100th odd number, —_ (tv) 119th odd number. SOLUTION We know that the nth odd number is (2n-1). (i) 18th odd number = (2x 18-1) =(36-1)= 35. (i) 67th odd number = (2 x 67 -1) = (134-1) =133. (ii) 100th odd number = (2x 100-1) = (200-1) = 199. (iv) 119th odd number = (2 x 119-1) = (238 - 1) = 237. (Gre 2) Find the sum of first 30 odd numbers. SOLUTION The sum of first 30 odd numbers = (30)? = (30 x 30) = 900. Find the sum. © 143454+7+9411413415+17419), (w) (11413415417). SOLUTION (i) (1+34+5+7+9+11+13+15+17+19)=sum of first ten odd numbers ? = (10)? = 100. Gi) (11 +13 +15 +17)=(14345+7+9+411413+15+17)-(1+345+749) = (9? - (6) =(81-25)=56. Even Numbers The numbers which are divisible by 2 are called even numbers, For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, ete., are all even numbers. The nth even number is given by 2n. Ge Find (i) 37th even number, (i) 84th even number. SOLUTION (i) 37th even number =(2x37)=74. (ii) 84th even number = (2x 84)= 168. EXERCISE Mia 1. Using the prime factorisation method, find which of the following numbers are perfect squares. () 441 (i) 576 (i) 11025, (iv) 1176 (v) 5625 (vi) 9075 (vii) 4295 (viti) 1089 2. Show that each of the following numbers is a perfect square. In each case, find the number whose square is the given number. uggs (ii) 2601 (iii) 5929 (iv) 70563. By what least number should the given number be multiplied to get a perfect square number? In each case, find the number whose square is the new number. @) 3675 Gi) 2156 (iii) 3332 (av) 2925 (v) 9075 (vi) 7623 (vii) 3380 (viii) 2475 4, By what least number should the given number be divided to get a perfect square number? In each case, find the number whose square is the new number. Squares and Square Roots " () 1575 (uw) 9075, (iu) 4851 iv) 3380 (v) 4500 (vt) 7776 (wu) 8820 (viit) 4056 5. Find the largest number of 2 digits which is a perfect square. 6. Find the largest number of 3 digits which is a perfect square. 7. Show that none of the numbers given below is a perfect square. () 162 (u) 843 (it) 2637 (iv) 6498 wnt We know the standard result that a number with unit digit 2, 3, 7 or 8 is never a perfect square. 8. Find the sum. (@) 14+345+7+9411, (i) 143454+7494114+13+15+17+19+21. (iit) 9411413415 +174 19421423425. hr Given sum =(14+3+5+7+9+11+18+15417+19+21 +23 +25)-(1+3+5+7) = (03-14?) 9. Find (i) 68th odd number, (i) 21st odd number, (iit) 16th even number, (iv) 35th even number. Square Roots Square root The square root of a number x is that number which when multiplied by itself gives x as the product. We denote the square root of a number x by Vx. Clearly, J4 = 2, V9 =3, VI6 =4, V25 =5, V36 =6, ete. Square Root of a Perfect Square by the Prime Factorisation Method When a given number is a perfect square, we find its square root by the following steps. Step 1 Resolve the given number into prime factors. Step 2. Make pairs of similar factors. step 3 Take the product of the prime factors, choosing one factor out of every pair.(Brie 1) Find the square root of 324. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 324 =2x2x3x3x3x3. 324 =(2x3x3)=18. 162 Pete Bee) Find the square root of 1764. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get _21 1764 1764 =2x2x3x3x7x7. —2|" 382 —3{ 441 VI764 = (2x3x7)=42. T3147 49 is Bre 3) Evaluate /4356. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 4356 =2x2x3x3x11x1L V4356 =(2x3 x11)=66. Helse Gere 0) Evaluate 11025. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get _3|11025 11025 = 3x3 x5x5x7x7. = ers V11025 = (3 x5x7)=105. —3f 245 ra aaa Find the smallest number by which 396 must be multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect square. Find the square root of the new number. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get _2| 396 396 = 2x2x3%3x11. —2[198° Itis clear that in order to get a perfect square, one more 11 is required. ye So, the given number should be multiplied by 11 to make the perfect far square. New number =2x2x3x3x11x11. Square root of the new number = (2x3 x11) = 66. (Bev 5) Find the smallest square number that ts divisible by each of the numbers 4, 9 and 10. SOLUTION The smallest square number divisible by each of the numbers 214, 9. 10 2,9, 5 4, 9, 10 is their LCM.Squares and Square Roots Now, LCM of 4, 9, 10 is (2x2x9x5)=180 180 = 2x2x3x3x5, To make it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 5. Hence, required number = 2x2x3x3x5x5=900. [ ad 7) Glven 125’ = 15625, what ts the value of (126)?? SOLUTION We have (126) - (125)? 26 + 125)(126 - 125) = (126)? 15625 = (251) x1 : (1257 = 15625] = (126)? = (15625 + 251) = 15876. (126) = 15876, (note that (126)? = 15625 +251] Bree 8) How many numbers lle between the squares of the numbers 16 and 17? SOLUTION We have (16)* = 256 and (17) = 289. numbers between (16)? and (17)? = [(289 - 256) ~ 1]= 32. Bee 9) Find the length of the side of a square whose area is 441 m’*. SOLUTION Area of the square = 441 m?. side of the square = /441 m. Now, 441=7%7x3x3 = (7? x3*)=(7 x3} =(21)7. cach side of the square is 21 m. [Brie 10) Find the smaitest number by which 9408 must be multiplied so that the product ts a perfect square. Find the square root of the product. SOLUTION Resolving 9408 into prime factors, we get 9408 = 2x 2x2x2x2x2X7X7X3 = (2" x2? x2? x7? x3). For making it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 3. new product = (2? x 2? x2? x7? x3?) =(2x2x2x7x3)* =(168). Hence, square root of the new product = 168. Gomi 11) Show that 1027 ts not a perfect square. SOLUTION Resolving 1027 into prime factors, we get 1027 = (13x79). ‘Thus, 1027 cannot be expressed as the product of pairs of primes. Hence, 1027 is not a perfect square. ¢i2) Which of the following numbers are not perfect squares? (i) 2032 (i) 1027 (ti) 2048 (iv) 1089 9408 4704. 352 SOLUTION We know that a number whose unit digit is 2, 3, 7 or 8 is not a perfect square. (1) 2032 is not a perfect square. (11) 1027 ts not a perfect square. (ii) 2048 is not a perfect square.eevee Mathematics for Class 8 (iv) 1089 = 3x3 x 11x11 =3? x (11)? = (8x11)? = (33). Hence, 1089 is a perfect square. Bees) In the following pattern, fill tn the missing numbers. +2? +2? =3? 2? +37 +67 3? +4? +12? =137 4? +5? +207 = 9? +10? +(......? SOLUTION Clearly, we have 4? +5? +207 =(21) 9? +10? + (90)? =(9)?. EXERCISE Pie Evaluate each of the following using prime factorisation method. 1. V729. 2. \576 3. 1156 4. 1936 5. Vi44a 6. /7056 7. (9025 8. 6241 9. 484 10. 529 11. Find the smallest number by which 252 must be multiplied to get a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect square so obtained. MINT 252 = 2x2x3Xx3x7. 12. Which one among (64), (108), (292), (36)? has last digit 4? 13. Find the smallest number by which 2925 must be divided to obtain a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect square so obtained. HINT 2925 =5x5x3x3x13. 14. 1225 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each row contains as many Plants as the number of rows. Find the number of rows and the number of plants in each row. HINT 1225 =5x5x7x7 = V1225 =(5x7). 15. The students of a class arranged a picnic. Each student contributed as many rupees as the number of students in the class. If the total contribution is 71156, find the strength of the class. hint” Strength of the class = VI156 = /2x2x17 x17 = (2x17). 16. Find the least square number which is exactly divisible by each of the numbers 6,9, 15 and 20. Hint LCM (6, 9, 15, 20) = 180 = 2x2x3x3x5, Required number = (2 x2x3x3x 5x5) = 900. 17. Find the least square number which is exactly divisible by each of the numbers 8, 12, 15 and 20. ESquares and Square Roots is | PUZZLE TIME j Ge) Filiin the boxes below with numbers such that the sum of nth and (n+ 1)th numbers Jrom the left ts equal to (n +1)?. 1 SOLUTION Clearly, the given boxes may be filled as shown below. 28 1| 3 | 6 | 10] 15] 21] 28] 36 | 45 | 55 | 66 | 78 GSR e 2 3 4? st og? 7? Bt oo? 107 117 127 GBD Pi the empty placeholders with numbers of the form n? representing the sum of the numbers indicated by the bar. SOLUTION We know that sum of n consecutive odd numbers starting from 1 is equal ton”. So, 1+3+5+7+9=sum of first 5 consecutive odd numbers =57, Similarly, 1+3+5+7+9+11+13+1 14+3+5+74+94+11+13=77; 1+3454+7+9411413+15+174+19+21=11, ED) Arrange the numbers 1 to 17 (without repetition) in the following row in such a way that the sum of every adjacent pair of numbers should be a square. 8; SOLUTION The numbers may be filled as shown below. AMAA O HERP Oe Oo Arrange the numbers from 1 to 32 (without po000q repetition) in the given circle such that the oO o sum of every adjacent pair of numbers should P oe be a square. a L a o Qo Qa a oO a oO qo (2) qoMathematics for Class 8 SOLUTION Clearly, the numbers may be filled in the order as shown below. 15 1 8 Thee al 23 4 2 32 14 7 2 9 27 0 2 5 [+5] A 7 3 Fy 2 7 zm Aare EXERCISE PC) OBJECTIVE. QUESTIONS” ‘Mark (/) against the correct answer in each of the following. 1. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square? (a) 7056 (b) 3969 (c) 5478 (d) 4624 wint The number 5478 ends in 8. 2. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square? (a) 1444 (b) 3136 (c) 961 (d) 2222 tint The number 2222 ends in 2. 3. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square? (a) 1843 (b) 3721 (c) 1024 (a) 1296 hint ‘The number 1843 ends in 3. 4. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect square? (a) 1156 (b) 4787 (c) 2704 (a) 4225 wnt The number 4787 ends in 7. 5. Which of the following numbers is not a perfect Square? (a) 3600 (b) 6400 (c) 81000 (a) 2500 int The number 81000 ends in an odd number of zeros.‘Squares and Square Roots a 6 Which of the following cannot be the units digt of a perfect square number? (a) 6 (b) 1 (9 (d) 8 7. How many numbers le between 25? and 262? (a) 49 (b) 50 (c) 51 (d) 52 6. If ts odd then (1+3+5+... ton terms) is equal to (a) (n? +1) (b) (n? -1) (c) n? (4) Qn? +1) 9. Which of the following 1s the square of an even number? a) 196 (b) 441 (c) 625 (a) 529 10. Which of the following ts the square of an odd number? (a) 2116 (b) 3844 (c) 1369 (a) 2500 EXERCISE Pip Directions (Questions 1 to 4): Each question consists of two statements, namely, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). For selecting the correct answer, use the following code: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) ts the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) ts true but Reason (R) ts false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) ts true. EXAMPLE Assertion (A): 372 is not a perfect square. Reason (R): Every even number is not a perfect square. SOLUTION (b) We know that every number having 2 as the unit digit is never a perfect square Als true. : Clearly, 12 is an even number and 12 1s not a perfect square. So, every even number fs not a perfect square. Thus, R is true. A and R are both true and R is not the correct explanation of A. 1. Assertion (A): The sum of first 10 odd numbers is (10). Reason (R): The sum of first 10 even numbers is (20)?. 2. Assertion (A): The square of a proper fraction is smaller than the fraction. 1 a Joo 8 seater than +5 Reason (R) 3. Assertion (A): 1000 is not a perfect square. Reason (R): A number ending with odd number of zeros is not a perfect square.eo Mathematics for Class 8 4, Assertion (A): (1+3+5+7+9+11) = 6%. Reason (R): The sum of first n odd numbers is n?, CASE-BASED QUESTIONS If Directions (Questions 5 to 9): Examine the following case study carefully and answer the questions that follow. ‘There are m boys and n girls in a class. Each boy donated twice as many rupees as Is the total number of boys and each girl donated thrice as many rupees as is the total number of girls. The boys collected %1152 in all while the girls collected 7768 in all. 5. What is the value of m? (a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d) 28 6. What is the value of n? (a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 18 7. Had there been (m+3) boys and (n-3) girls in the class, the total amount collected would be (a) 71925, (b) 71940 (c) 21965 (d) 72000 Let p=(m? +n), then which of the following is true for p? (a) pts a perfect square. (b) (p+ 9) is a perfect square. (c) (p +2) is a perfect square. (d) (p-32) is a perfect square. wnt p =m? +n? = (24)? +(16? = 576 +256 = 832. Now, (28)” < 832 < (29). ‘So, next perfect square after 832 is (29)* = 841. Now, 841-832 =9. (p+9) ts perfect square. Let q=(m? —n?), then the least number to be added to q to make it a perfect square is @ (b) 6 (8 (d) 12 Hint q =m? —n? = (24)? - (16)? = 576 - 256 = 320. Now, (177° < 320 < (18). least number to be added = (18)* - 320 = 324-320 = 4. ‘SAM otomember 1, The square of a number ts the product of the number with the number itself. Thus, square of x = (xx x), denoted by x*. A natural number n ts a perfect square if n = m? for some natural number m. A number ending in 2, 3, 7 or 8 {s never a perfect square. . A number ending in an odd number of zeros ts never a perfect square, . (1) The square of an even number ts even. (ii) The square of an odd number ts odd. For any natural number n, we have n? = (sum of the first n odd natural numbers). 7. The square root of a. number » ts that number which when multiplied by itself gives x as the product. and we denote the square root of x by Vx. id ie In order to find the square root of a perfect square, resolve It into prime factors; make pairs of sumilar Jactors, and take the product of prime factors, choosing one out of every pair. BRED 2 8.@) Cubes and Cube Roots Cubes Cube of a Number For a glven number x, we define, cube of x=xxxxx, denoted by x?, EXAMPLES (i) 4° = (4x 4.x 4)=64. Thus, cube of 4 is 64. (41) 9° =(9x9x9)=729. Thus, cube of 9 1s 729. (ii) (1° = (11x11x1)) = 1331. Thus, cube of 11 ts 1331. (iv) (80)° = (80 x 30 x 30) = 27000. Thus, cube of 30 is 27000. Perfect Cube A natural number is said to be a perfect cube, if it is the cube of some natural number. Test A given natural number is a perfect cube, {f it can be expressed as the product of triplets of equal factors. EXAMPLES. ‘The numbers 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, etc., are perfect cubes. Clearly, each of them is obtained by multiplying a number by itself three times, as shown below. 1=1x1x1 8 =2x2x2 27 =3x3x3 5x5x5 216 =6x6x6, and so on. Note that 9 is not a perfect cube, and none of the numbers from 10 to 26 are perfect cubes either. Some Results on Cubes of Numbers |. The cube of a number cannot end with exactly two zeros. ‘Thus, none of the numbers 100, 800, 2700, 6400 is a perfect cube. Il. If a number has n zeros then its cube has 3n zeros. EXAMPLES (i) 10 has 1 zero => (10)* has 3 zeros. (ii) 100 has 2 zeros = (100)° has (3 x 2) zeros = 6 zeros. (iti) 300 has 2 zeros = (300)* has (3 x 2) zeros = 6 zeros. III, The cube of a number can end in any of the digits from 1 to 9. We have 1 =1,2° = 8, 3° = 27, 4° = 64, 5° = 125, 6° = 216, 7° = 343, 8° = 512, 9° = 729. ‘Thus, we have the following results. Unit digit in a numbern | 1 2 3 4 5 6 Z Unit digit in n? 1 8 7 4 5 6 3 2 9 Hence, the cube of a number can end in any of the digits from 1 to 9. 14Cubes and Cube Roots IV. Look at the table given below, showing cubes of first 20 natural numbers. P=1 (.y? =1331 B= A (12° =1728 3° =27 a3y =2197 7 a (ay = 2744 5° =125 (15)° = 3375, 6 =216 (16)° = 4096 7 = 343 a7P =4913 8 =512 8)° = 5832 9° = 729 (19)* = 6859 10° =1000 (20) = 8000 Note that (1) number of cubes having 1 digit = 2, (ii) number of cubes having 2 digits (iii) number of cubes having 3 digits =5. V. Two important results (i) The cube of every odd number is odd. Taking the cubes of odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 21, etc., we get ()° = (@x1x1) = 1, which is odd; (3)° =(8 x3. x3) =27, which is odd; (5)° =(6 x5 x5) =125, which is odd; (7° =(7*7x7) = 343, which is odd; (9)° = (9x 9x9) =729, which is odd; (1% =(@1x11x11) =1331, which ts odd; (13)° = 03x13 x13)=2197, which is odd; (15)° = (15 x15 x15) = 3375, which is odd; (21° = (21x 21x21) = 9261, which is odd. ‘Thus, the cube of every odd number is odd. (ii) The cube of every even number is even. Taking the cubes of even numbers 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 20, etc., we get (2)? =(2x2x2)=8, which is even; (ay? = (4x 4x 4) = 64, which is even; (6)° =(6x 6x6) = 216, which is even; (8)° = (8x 8x 8) = 512, which is even; (10)? = (10 x 10 x 10) = 1000, which is even, s (12)° = (12 x12 x12) =1728, which is even; (14)? = (14x14 14) = 2744, which is even; (20) = (20 x 20 x 20) = 8000, which is even. ‘Thus, the cube of every even number is even.‘Mathematics for Class 8 ee) Show that 216 ts a perfect cube. Find the number whose cube ts 216. SOLUTION Resolving 216 into prime factors, we get 216 =2x2x2x3x3x3 = (2x 3)x(2x3)x(2x3) =(6x6x6)=6°. 216 is a perfect cube. And, 6 is the number whose cube 1s 216. pe 2) Show that 3375 is a perfect cube. Find the number whose cube is 3375. SOLUTION Resolving 3375 into prime factors, we get 3375 =3x3x3x5x5x5 x5) x (3 x 5) x (3 x 5) =(8x5)* =(15)*. 3375 is a perfect cube. ‘And, 15 is the number whose cube is 3375. [Bee 3) Show that 189 is not a perfect cube. SOLUTION Resolving 189 into prime factors, we get 189 =3x3x3x7. Making triplets, we find that one triplet is formed and we are left with one more factor, namely 7. Thus, 189 cannot be expressed as a product of triplets. Hence, 189 is not a perfect cube. a Ia Bh lal Fs lesfealeahrleols ls} lh leo IS IS at IS S| ca} ISI 3) : |e tt Is laslecleoles Ls eee) What is the number by which 3087 may be multiplied so that the product ts a perfect cube? SOLUTION Writing 3087 as a product of prime factors, we get 3087 =3x3x7x7x7. Clearly, for making it a perfect cube, it must be multiplied by 3. New number formed is 3x3x3x7x7x7 = (8° x79) = (8x7) = (21). Clearly, (21)° is a perfect cube. Be) What is the smallest number by which 392 may be divided so that the a perfect cube? SOLUTION Resolving 392 into prime factors, we get 392 =2x2x2x7x7. On dividing it by 7x7, Le., 49, we get the quotient as 2x2x2=8=2°, which is a perfect cube. eo iS a iS 3 3 BI | a s g |) a We quotient is 2| 392 —2]7 196 2 —4 4 abdCubes and Cube Roots 6) By what number should 15125 be multiplied to get a perfect cube? SOLUTION Resolving 15125 into prime factors, we get 15125 =5x5x5x 11x11, For getting a perfect cube, the given number should be multiplied by 11. BHD Pratuate, 5 3 o (3) iw (3 9 G5 2 SOLUTION We shall apply the result (3) g b w (SY = -Sx5x5 125 9) (9 9x9x9 729° oo (Z) P'_ _7RTR7 343 10) (0° 10x10x10~ 1000 can (28) -(LY 20 Mx11x11_ 1331 4 4 (4) 4x4x4 Successive Differences of Perfect Cubes Porfect cubes 1g 27 6 5 28 a3 512 729 leit 7 19 37 6 9 wr 159 27 Lovel2 2 m 0 eR Levels rr rr Clearly, the successive differences of perfect cubes after level three are the same. Perfect Cubes and Consecutive Odd Numbers We have 1=1=1, Sum of 2 consecutive odd numbers taking first as {(2 x1) +1} =34+5=8=2° ‘Sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers taking first as {(3 x 2) +1} =74+9+11=27=3°% Sum of 4 consecutive odd numbers taking first as ((4x 3)+1} | =13+15+17+19=64=4°. Sum of 5 consecutive odd numbers taking first as {(5 x 4) +1} = 21423425 +27+29=125=5°. Sum of 6 consecutive odd numbers taking first as {(6 x5) +1} = 31433 +35+37+39+41=216 =6". Sum of 7 consecutive odd numbers taking first as {(7 x6) +1} =43445+47+49+51+53+55=343=7°. ‘And so on.Gow ‘Mathematics for Class 8 Gp 5) On the same pattern as above, write the value of each sum given below, () 57 +59 + 61463 +65 +67 +69+71 (i) 73+75477 +79 +814 83+ 85 +87 +89 (ili) 91493 +95 +97 +99 +101+103 +105 +107 +109 SOLUTION (i) It is the sum of 8 consecutive odd numbers with first term as {(8x7)+1}. its sum is 8°, (i) It is the sum of 9 consecutive odd numbers with first term as {(9 x 8)+1}. its sum is 9°. (iii) It is the sum of 10 consecutive odd numbers with first term as {(10 x9) +1}. its sum is 10°. EXERCISE we 1, Evaluate. () (78 (it) (16) (ui) (21) (iv) (80)° 2. Evaluate. 10. 6y Lay (3) = = (iit) | — w(8) w(Z) an (5 1° tiv) (93) . Which of the following numbers are perfect cubes? In each such case, find the number whose cube is the given number. (125 (ui) 243 (iu) 343 (tv) 256 (v) 8000 (vi) 9261 (vit) 5324 (vii) 3375, . Which of the following are the cubes of even numbers? w 216 (a1) 729 (it) 512 (tv) 1000 (v) 1728 (vi) 343 (vit) 1331 (vit) 8000 vit The cube of an even number is even. - Which of the following are the cubes of odd numbers? ( 125 (i) 343 (4) 27000 (iv) 4096 (w) 2197 (v1) 1000 (vii) 729 (vii) 9261 Hint The cube of an odd number is odd. + Find the smallest number by which 1323 be multiplied so that the product is a perfect cube. : Find the smallest number by which 2560 should be multiplied so that the product is a perfect cube. » What is the smallest number by which 1600 must be divided so that the quotient is a perfect cube? . Find the smallest number by which 8788 must be divided so that the quotient is 2 perfect cube. Without addition, find the sum, (i) 21423425 +27+29 (ii) 57 +59 +61 +63+65+67+69+71Cubes and Cube Roots Cube Roots Cube Root The cube root of a number x is that number whose cube gives x. We denote the cube root of x by Ux. BUMPLES (1) Since (2x 2x 2)= 8, we have YB =2, (i) Since (5 x 5 x 5) =125, we have Yi5 =5. (it) Since (9 x9 x 9)=729, we have Y729 = 9. Gv) Since (10x10 x10)= 1000, we have Y1000 = 10. ‘Method for Finding the Cube Root of a Given Number Factorisation method Step 1_ Express the given number as the product of primes. Step 2 Make groups in triplets of the same prime. Step 3 Find the product of primes, choosing one from each triplet. Step 4 The above product is the required cube root of the given number. Give 1D) Evaluate 9276, SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 216 =2x2x2x3x3x3 =(2x2x2)x(3x3x3). ¥216 = (2x3)=6, Qin 2) Evaluate ¥2744. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 2744 =2x2x2x7x7x7 = (2X2x2)x(7X7%7). 92744 =(2x7)=14. Ged) evaluate 9729. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 729 =3x3X3x3x3x3 =(8x3Xx3)x(3x3x3). 9729 =(3x3)=9.ee Mathematics for Class 8 Pre 2) Pvatuate 10648. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 10648 = 22% 211x111 = (22% 2)x(L1x ddd). ¥10648 = (211) = 22. (Brie 5) Evaluate 27000. SOLUTION By prime factorisation, we get 27000 = 2%2%2x3K3K3xK5x5x5 = (2% 2%2)x(3x3x3) (5x5 x5) ¥27000 = (2x 3x5) =30. 6) Which of the following ts the greatest? (0 (67° - 66°) (ty (43° - 42°) (ut) (67? - 66”) (tv) (43? ~ 42?) SOLUTION Using the formula, (a® ~ b®) = (a ~ b)(a? + b? + ab), we get (1) (67° - 66*) = (67 ~ 66)(67? + 66? + 67 x 66) = (67? + 66? + 67 x 66). te (67 - 66) =1) (11) (43° - 42°) = (43 ~ 42)(43? + 42? + 43 x 42) = (43? +42? +43 x 42). te (43 ~ 42) =1) Using the formula (a? - b*) = (a ~ b)(a + b), we get (iit) (67? - 66?) = (67 ~ 66)(67 + 66) = 1x (67 + 66) = (67 + 66). (iv) (43? ~ 42?) = (43 ~ 42)(43 + 42) = 1x (43 + 42) = (43 + 42). Clearly, (67° - 66") is greatest. -7) State whether the given statement ts true or false. () The cube of a 2-digtt number may be a 3-digit number. (W) The cube of a 2-digtt number may have seven or more digits. () The cube of any odd number {ts always even. (lv) There ts no perfect cube that ends with 8, (v) Cube numbers have an odd number of factors. SOLUTION The given statement is (1) False, since the least 2-digit number is 10 and (10)? = 1000 is a 4-digit number (Ji) False, since the largest 2-digit number is 99 and (99) = 970299 having 6 digits only (ili) False, since 5 is odd and (5)° = (5x 5x 5) = 125, which is odd. (iv) False, since 2° = 8 is a perfect cube that ends with 8. (v) False, since 8 is a cube number which can be written as 1x 2x22 in factor form. having four factors.‘XERCISE [ee Evaluate. 1. Yea 2. Y343 3. Yi728 4. 99261 5. ¥8000 8. ¥4096 7. {3375 8.92197 fi25 216 yaiexas 9. B12 10. 2197 11. Y216 x 343 la _Ya ver f= UB and ab = Wa x ¥, Hardy-Ramanujan Numbers or Taxicab Numbers While working at the University of Cambridge, G H Hardy once hired a taxi to visit Srinivasa Ramanujan at a hospital. Hardy remarked that the taxis number, 1729, seemed like a rather dull number. Ramanujan disagreed, saying it was actually very interesting. 1729 is the smallest number that can be expressed as the sum of two positive cubes in two different ways. 1729 = 15+ 128 =9% + 10? From then onwards, the numbers that can be expressed as the sum of two positive cubes in two or more’ different ways came to be called taxicab numbers or Hardy- Ramanujan numbers. The next three taxicab numbers after 1729 are 4104, 13832 and 20683. 4104 = 25 + 16° = 95+ 15° | [ 13832 = 23 + 24% = 18° + 20° 20683 = 10° + 27° = 19° + 24° The smallest taxicab number which can be written as the sum of two positive cubes in three different ways is 87539319. 87539319 = 167° + 436° = 228° + 423° = 255° + 414° Squares and Cubes in the History of Mathematics 1. The Babylonians were among the first to develop lists of perfect squares and cubes on clay tablets for practical applications in land division, architecture, etc. 2. In ancient Sanskrit works, the term varga was used for both the geometrical figure of a square and the product of a number with itself. ‘The term ghana was used for both the geometrical figure of a cube and the product of a number with itself three times. ‘The term mula was used for the root of a plant, cause, origin and for the mathematical operations of taking roots. ‘The term varga-mula was used for square root and the term ghana-mula for cube root.wreee mmaureimannee ier were = 3. Aryabhata developed efficient methods for calculating square root and cube yo documented in his text Aryabhatiya. 4, Brahmagupta used the term pada for root. He explained, ‘The pada (root) of a hn (square) is that of which it is a square’. EXERCISE Uc OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS Mark (/) against the correct answer in each of the following. 1. Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube? (a) 141 (b) 294 (c) 216 (d) 496 2. Which of the following numbers is a perfect cube? (a) 739 (b) 1331 (c) 1152 (a) 2016 3. Y512 =? (a) 6 (b) 7 () 8 (a9 4. 9343 =? (a8 (b) 7 (c) 9 (a) 13 ws m4 8 as 6. By what least number should 648 be multiplied to get a perfect cube? (a3 (0) 6 (8 (a) 9 7. By what least number should 1536 be divided to get a perfect cube? (a3 4 (6 (a) 8 8. (23) i (a5 82 e152 ta 82 9, Y125x64 (a) 100 (b) 40 {c) 20 (d) 30 10. If a number has n zeros, then the number of zeros in its cube is (a) 2n (b) 8n (c) 6n (a) anEXERCISE ei) ASSERTION-REASON auestions f/ Directions (Questions 1 to 5): Each question consists of two statements, namely, Assertion (A) and Reason (R). For selecting the correct answer, use the following code: (a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) ts the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A). (c) Assertion (A) ts true but Reason (R) Is false. (d) Assertion (A) ts false but Reason (R) ts true. EXAMPLE Assertion (A): {512 =12. Reason (R): 8° =512. [Link] (d) {512 = ¥8x8x8 =8, therefore A is false. Also, 8° =512 is true. Thus, A is false but R is true. 1, Assertion (A): 1331 is a perfect cube. Reason (R): There exists a number, namely 11 whose cube is 1331. 3 2. Assertion (A): (3) 127, 10) ~*1000 3 3 Reason (R): 03) -(8) 2 SH19 918 10) ~\10) “i0x10x10 G14 3. Assertion (A): 3-4. oe A sag Reason (R): Yaxb = Ya x Yb. 4. Assertion (A): Y125 x64 = 100 Reason (R): Yaxb = Ya x¥. wnt Y125 x64 = Y125 x %64 =5x4= 20. Ais false but R is true. Gills Remember 1. The cube of a number is that number raised to the power 3. 2. Anatural number n ts a perfect cube if n = m° for some natural number m. 8. The cube of an even natural number (s even. 4. The cube of an odd natural number is odd. 5. The cube root of a number x is the number whose cube is x. It ts denoted by Yx. 6. For finding the cube root of a perfect cube, resolve it into prime factors; make triplets of similar factors and take the product of prime factors, choosing one out of every triplet. 7. For any integers a and b, we have ja _Ya () Yab = Ya xb OTS a@ Squares and Square Roots Squares Seuare The square of number the roc fhe umber th the be al For a given 7 4 umber x the square of x Is xxx), denoted by + alld x square). ‘oaMruss We have (1) 8 =(65)=25 and we say thatthe square of 516 25, (8 =(6%8)=64 and we say that the square of 8 i 68. 8) 09 = (20x20) 100 and we say thatthe square of 20 i 400. Perfect Squares or Square Numbers Anatural number ts called a perfect square or a square number tthe square of sme DANPLES. We know that 1s¥4=22,9~3%,16=42,25-5°, and so. ‘Thus, 1,4, 9, 16,25, et, are perfect squares. Test A perfect square number is always expressbleas the product of pars of equal factors ‘Thus, 36 = (6% 6)= 62; 40 =(7%7)~ 79,64 = 8x8) Bven below WOF = 10x10) 100, 4? =(1410)=121, 127 = 212} =144, WF = 1919) 160, a? = (4x14) =196, OF = (15%15)=225, 16? =(16«16)=256, 07? = (17x17 = 280, #, and 20 on. Some more examples are as? 11, (20? = (20% 20)» 400, and so on. D) Is 225 a perfect square? If 0, nd the number whose square & 225 SOLUTION Resolving 225 Into prime factors, we get alas 225 -9x0%5x5 ab as. (3? x54) =(0x57 sts “Thus, 225 tsa perfect square and 1S isthe number whose square ts 225. BED 1156 0 perfect square? I 0. find the number whose square 1186. SOLUTION Resolving 1156 into prime factors. we get 1156 = 221717 2x7) = 2x17 «0047. “Thus, 1156 tsa perfect square and 34 isthe number whose square 81156. D) Show that 572 i not a perfect square, ape SOLUTION Resolving 572 into prime factors, we get ajsn 1572 = 2x21 1x13 = (2! x11. ates ‘tin, 872 cannot be expressed as a product of pire of equal ctors, 3118 Hence, 572 snot a perfect square.