5

Integration P2
5

Integrals involving the natural logarithm function

Every picture is worth a thousand words.
Traditional Chinese proverb

Integrals involving the exponential function

Since you know that
d (eax b) aeax b,
dx
you can see that

eax+b dx 1 eax+b c.
a
This increases the number of functions which you are able to integrate, as in the
following example.

EXAMPLE 5.1 Find the following integrals.

5
(i) e 2x–3 dx (ii)
1
6e 3x dx

SOLUTION

(i) e2x–3 dx 1 e2x–3 c

2

(ii)
5
1
6e3x dx [6e3 ]1
3x 5

5
[2e3x 1 ]
2(e15 e3)
6.54 106 (to 3 significant figures)

Integrals involving the natural logarithm function

You have already seen that
1 dx ln x c.
x
There are many other integrals that can be reduced to this form.

117
 5 1
P2 EXAMPLE 5.2 Evaluate
2 2x
dx.

5 SOLUTION

1 51
dx 1 ln x [ ] 5
Integration

2 2x 2 2
1
2
(ln 5 ln 2)
0.458 (to 3 significant figures)

In this example the 12 was taken outside the integral, allowing the standard result
for 1 to be used.
x
Since
dy a
y ln(ax b)
dx ax b
So
a dx = ln(ax + b) + c
c mean ‘an arbitrary constant’ and so
ax + b
does not necessarily have the same
and value from one equation to another.
1 dx = 1 ln(ax + b) + c
ax + b a
2
EXAMPLE 5.3 Find 1 dx .
0 5x 3

SOLUTION
2 2
1 dx = ⎡1 ln(5x + 3)⎤2
0 5x + 3 ⎢⎣5 [
⎦⎥0 ]
= 51 ln13 − 51 ln 3
= 0.293 (to 3 significant figures)

Extending the domain for logarithmic integrals

The use of 1 dx ln x c has so far been restricted to cases where x ! 0, since

x
logarithms are undefined for negative numbers.

Look, however, at the area between b and a on the left-hand branch

of the curve y 1 in figure 5.1. You can see that it is a real area, and that it must
x
be possible to evaluate it.

118
 y
P2
5

Integrals involving the natural logarithm function

–b –a B
A O a b x

Figure 5.1

ACTIVITY 5.1 1 What can you say about the areas of the two shaded regions?

● 2 Try to prove your answer to part 1 before reading on.

Proof
a
Let A 1 dx.
b x
Now write the integral in terms of a new variable, u, where u x.
This gives new limits: x b u b
x a u a.
du 1 dx du.
dx
So the integral becomes
a
1
A ( du)
b u
a
1 du
bu

[ln a ln b]
[ln b ln a] area B

So the area has the same size as that obtained if no notice is taken of the fact that
the limits a and b have minus signs. However it has the opposite sign, as you
would expect because the area is below the axis.
Consequently the restriction that x ! 0 may be dropped, and the integral is written

1 dx ln x c.
x
f '(x)
Similarly, dx ln f(x) c. 119
f( x )
 7 1
P2 EXAMPLE 5.4 Find the value of
54 x
dx.

5 SOLUTION

To make the top line into the differential of the bottom line, you write the
Integration

integral in one of two ways.

7 1 7 1
dx [ln 4 x ]57 dx [ln x 4 ]57
54 x 5x 4
[(ln 3) (ln 1 )] [ln 3 ln 1]
[ln 3 ln 1] 1.10 (to 3 s.f.)
1.10 (to 3 s.f.)

y
1
! Since the curve y is not defined at
x
the discontinuity at x 0 (see figure
5.2), it is not possible to integrate across
this point.
q x
1 O
Consequently in the integral dx both
px
the limits p and q must have the same
sign, either or . The integral is invalid
otherwise.
Figure 5.2

p1(x)
● The equation of a curve is y
p2(x)
where p1(x) and p2(x) are polynominals.

How can you tell from the equation whether the curve has a discontinuity?
How can you prove y x2 2x 3 has no discontinuities?

EXERCISE 5A 1 Find the following indefinite integrals.

(i)
3 dx (ii)
1 dx (iii)
1 dx (iv)
1 dx
x 4x x 5 2x 9
2 Find the following indefinite integrals.
x
(i) e3x dx (ii) e 4x
dx (iii) e 3 dx
10 e3x 4 dx
(iv) dx (v)
e5x e2x

120
3 Find the following definite integrals.
Where appropriate give your answers to 3 significant figures. P2
3 4
5
4 2x
(i) 4e dx (ii) dx
0 1 2x 1
1 1
(ex + e–x) dx e3x 2 dx

Exercise 5A
(iii) (iv)
–1 2

4
4 The graph of y x is shown below.
x
y

O x

(i) Find the co-ordinates of the minimum point, P, and the maximum point, Q.
(ii) Find the area of each shaded region.
5 The diagram illustrates the graph of y ex. The point A has co-ordinates
(ln 5, 0), B has co-ordinates (ln 5, 5) and C has co-ordinates (0, 5).
y

C B (ln 5, 5)

O A x

(i) Find the area of the region OABE enclosed by the curve y ex, the x axis,
the y axis and the line AB. Hence find the area of the shaded region EBC. 121
 (ii) The graph of y ex is transformed into the graph of y ln x.
P2 Describe this transformation geometrically.
Using your answers to parts (i) and (ii), or otherwise, show that
5
(iii)
5
1
ln x dx 5 ln 5 4.
Integration

(iv) Deduce the values of

5
(a)
1
ln(x3) dx
5
(b)
1
ln(3x) dx.
[MEI, adapted]

6 (i) Differentiate ln(2x 3).

(ii) Hence, or otherwise, show that
3 1 dx = ln 3.
1 2x +3
(iii) Find the quotient and remainder when 4x 2 8x is divided by 2x 3.
(iv) Hence show that
3 4x 2 + 8x dx = 12 − 3 ln 3.
1 2x + 3
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q7 June 2006]

dy
7 A curve is such that e2x 2e x. The point (0, 1) lies on the curve.
dx
(i) Find the equation of the curve.
(ii) The curve has one stationary point. Find the x co-ordinate of this point
and determine whether it is a maximum or a minimum point.
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q6 November 2005]

8 (i) Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y ln(3x 2) at the point
where x 1.
(ii) (a) Find the value of the constant A such that

6x ≡ 2 + A .
3x − 2 3x − 2
6 6x dx = 8 + 8 ln 2.
(b) Hence show that 2 3x −2 3
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q8 June 2009]

k 1 dx = 1
9 Find the exact value of the constant k for which 1 2x −1 .

[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 3 Q1 November 2007]

122
INVESTIGATIONS

A series for ex
P2
The exponential function can be written as the infinite series 5
ex a0 a 1x a 2x 2 a 3x 3 a4x 4 … (for x ! !)

Investigations
where a 0, a 1, a 2, … are numbers.
You can find the value of a 0 by substituting the value zero for x.
Since e 0 1, it follows that 1 a0 0 0 0 … , and so a0 1.
You can now write: ex 1 a 1x a 2x 2 a 3 x 3 a 4 x 4 ….
Now differentiate both sides: ex a1 2a 2 x 3a 3 x 2 4a 4 x 3 …,
and substitute x 0 again: 1 a1 0 0 0 … , and so a 1 1 also.
Now differentiate a second time, and again substitute x 0. This time you find
a 2. Continue this procedure until you can see the pattern in the values of a 0, a 1,
a 2, a 3, … .

When you have the series for ex, substitute x 1. The left-hand side is e 1 or e, and
so by adding the terms on the right-hand side you obtain the value of e. You will
find that the terms become small quite quickly, so you will not need to use very
many to obtain the value of e correct to several decimal places.

If you are also studying statistics you will meet this series expansion of ex in
connection with the Poisson distribution.

Compound interest
You win $100 000 in a prize draw and are offered two investment options.
A You are paid 100% interest at the end of 10 years, or
B You are paid 10% compound interest year by year for 10 years.
Under which scheme are you better off?
final money $200 000
Clearly in scheme A, the ratio R is 2.
original money $100 000

What is the value of the ratio R in scheme B?

Suppose that you asked for the interest to be paid in 20 half-yearly instalments of
5% each (scheme C). What would be the value of R in this case?

Continue this process, investigating what happens to the ratio R when the
interest is paid at increasingly frequent intervals.

Is there a limit to R as the time interval between interest payments tends to zero?

123
 Integrals involving trigonometrical functions
P2 a cos(ax b) dx sin(ax b) c
d (sin(ax + b)) = a cos(ax + b)
5 Since dx
1
∫ cos(ax + b)dx = a sin(ax + b) + c
Integration

it follows that
a sin(ax b) dx cos(ax b) c
Similarly, since d (cos(ax + b)) = − a sin(ax + b)
dx
1
it also follows that ∫ sin(ax + b)dx = − a cos(ax + b) + c
Also d (tan(ax + b)) = a sec 2(ax + b)
dx
1
and so ∫ sec2(ax + b)dx = a tan(ax + b) + c
EXAMPLE 5.5 Find

(i) sec 2 x dx (ii) sin2x dx (iii) ∫ cos(3x − π)dx .

SOLUTION

(i) ∫ sec2 x dx = tan x + c

∫ sin 2x dx = − 2 cos 2x + c
1
(ii)

(iii) ∫ cos(3x − π) dx = 13 sin(3x − π) + c

π
EXAMPLE 5.6 Find the exact value of ∫ 3 (sin 2x − cos 4x) dx .
0

SOLUTION
π π

∫03 (sin 2x − cos 4x) dx = ⎡⎣− 12 cos 2x − 14 sin 4x ⎤⎦ 03

=0
= ⎡− 1 c os 2π − 1 sin 4π ⎤ − ⎡− 1 cos 0 − 1 sin 0 ⎤
⎢⎣ 2 3 4 ⎥
3⎦ ⎣ 2⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
⎡
⎣ 2 ⎢
⎣0 ( () )
= ⎢− 1 × ⎡0− 10 ⎤ − 1 × ⎢−
2
0 ⎥
⎦ 4 ( )( )
⎡0 30⎤⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎥⎥ − − × 1
⎣0 20⎦⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥

= 1+ 3+1
4 8 2

= 3+3
8 4

= 6+ 3
8

124
 Using trigonometrical identities in integration

Sometimes, when it is not immediately obvious how to integrate a function

P2
involving trigonometrical functions, it may help to rewrite the function using 5
one of the trigonometrical identities.

Integrals involving trigonometrical functions

EXAMPLE 5.7 Find sin2 x dx.

SOLUTION

Use the identity

cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x.
(Remember that this is just one of the three expressions for cos 2x.)

This identity may be rewritten as

1
sin2 x 2
(1 cos 2x).

By putting sin2x in this form, you will be able to perform the integration.
1
sin2 x dx 2
(1 cos 2x) dx
1
2( )
x 12 sin 2x c
1
2
x 14 sin 2x c

You can integrate cos2 x in the same way, by using cos2 x 12 (cos 2x 1). Other
even powers of sin x or cos x can also be integrated in a similar way, but you have
to use the identity twice or more.

EXAMPLE 5.8 Find cos4 x dx.

SOLUTION

First express cos4 x as (cos2 x)2:

cos4 x [12 (cos 2x 1)]2

4(
1
cos2 2x 2 cos 2x 1)

Next, apply the same identity to cos2 2x:

cos2 2x 1
2 (cos 4x 1)
Hence cos4 x 1 1
4 2(cos 4x 12 2 cos 2x 1)
1 1
4 2(cos 4x 2 cos 2x 32 )
1
8
cos 4x 12 cos 2x 83

125
 This can now be integrated.
P2 cos4 x dx (18 cos 4x 1
cos 2x 3
) dx
2 8
5 1
32
sin 4x 1
4
sin 2x 3
8
x c
Integration

EXERCISE 5B 1 Integrate the following with respect to x.

(i) sin x 2 cos x (ii) 3 cos x 2 sin x (iii) 5 sin x 4 cos x

(iv) 4 sec2 x (v) sin(2x 1) (vi) cos(5x )
(vii) 6 sec2 2x (viii) 3 sec2 3x sin 2x (ix) 4 sec2 x cos 2x
2 Find the exact value of the following.
π π
(i) ∫03 sinx dx (ii) ∫04 sec2 x dx
π 2π
(iii) ∫3
π cosx
6
dx (iv) ∫ 0
3
sin 2x dx

5π π
(v) ∫0
6 cos 3x dx (vi) ∫π86 sec2 2x dx

( )
π
π π
(vii) ∫0 cos 2x + 2 dx (viii) ∫ 0
4
(sec 2 x + cos 4x) dx
π
(ix) ∫0
6 (cos x + sin 2x) dx

1
3 (i) Show that sin x cos x 2
sin 2x.
π
(ii) Hence find the exact value of ∫ 3 sin x cos x dx .
0

4 Use a suitable trigonometric identity to help you find these.

π
(i) (a) cos2 x dx (b) ∫ 2 cos2 x dx
0
π
(ii) (a) sin2 x dx (b) ∫03 sin2 x dx
5 (i) By expanding sin(2x x) and using double-angle formulae, show that

sin 3x 3 sin x 4 sin3 x.

(ii) Hence show that
1π

∫ 5
3 sin3 x dx = 24.
0

[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q7 June 2005]

126
6 The diagram shows the part of the curve y sin2 x for 0 " x " .
y
P2
5

Exercise 5B
O x

dy
(i) Show that sin 2x.
dx
(ii) Hence find the x co-ordinates of the points on the curve at which the
gradient of the curve is 0.5.
(iii) By expressing sin2 x in terms of cos 2x, find the area of the region bounded
by the curve and the x axis between 0 and .
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q7 November 2005]

7 (i) Express cos2 x in terms of cos 2x.

(ii) Hence show that
1π

∫3 cos2 x
0
dx = 16 π + 18 3.

(iii) By using an appropriate trigonometrical identity, deduce the exact value of

1π

∫03 sin2 x dx.

[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q6 June 2007]

8 (i) Prove the identity

(cos x 3 sin x)2 5 4 cos 2x 3 sin 2x.

(ii) Using the identity, or otherwise, find the exact value of
1π

∫4
0
(cos x + 3 sin x)2 dx.

[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q7 November 2007]

1π
9 (i) Show that ∫ 4 cos2x dx = 12 .
0
(ii) By using an appropriate trigonometrical identity, find the exact value of
1π

∫163π 3 tan2 x dx .
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 22 Q4 June 2010]

127
 Numerical integration
P2
There are times when you need to find the area under a graph but cannot do this
5 by the integration methods you have met so far.
● The function may be one that cannot be integrated algebraically. (There are
Integration

many such functions.)

● The function may be one that can be integrated algebraically but which
requires a technique with which you are unfamiliar.
● It may be that you do not know the function in algebraic form, but just have a
set of points (perhaps derived from an experiment).
In these circumstances you can always find an approximate answer using a
numerical method, but you must:
(i) have a clear picture in your mind of the graph of the function, and how your
method estimates the area beneath it
(ii) understand that a numerical answer without any estimate of its accuracy, or
error bounds, is valueless.

The trapezium rule

In this chapter just one numerical method of integration is introduced, namely

the trapezium rule. As an illustration of the rule, it is used to find the area
under the curve y 5x x 2 for values of x between 0 and 4.
It is in fact possible to integrate this function algebraically, but not using the
techniques that you have met so far.

Note
You should not use a numerical method when an algebraic (sometimes called
analytic) technique is available to you. Numerical methods should be used only
when other methods fail.

Figure 5.3 shows the area approximated by two trapezia of equal width.

y
3

y = 5x – x 2
2

1 A B

O 1 2 3 4 5 x

Figure 5.3
128
 1
Remember the formula for the area of a trapezium, Area 2 h(a b), where a and
b are the lengths of the parallel sides and h the distance between them. P2
In the cases of the trapezia A and B, the parallel sides are vertical. The left-hand 5
side of trapezium A has zero height, and so the trapezium is also a triangle.

Numerical integration
When x 0 y 0 0
When x 2 y 6 2.4495 (to 4 d.p.)
When x 4, y 4 2

A 2 2 2

2 2

Figure 5.4

1
The area of trapezium A 2 2 (0 2.4495) 2.4495
1
The area of trapezium B 2 2 (2.4495 2) 4.4495
Total 6.8990
For greater accuracy you can use four trapezia, P, Q, R and S, each of width
1 unit as in figure 5.5. The area is estimated in just the same way.

y
3

1 P S

2 2

O 1 2 3 4 5 x

Figure 5.5

1
Trapezium P: 2 1 (0 2) 1.0000
These figures are
1
Trapezium Q: 2 1 (2 2.4495) 2.2247 given to 4 decimal
places but the
1
Trapezium R: 2 1 (2.4495 2.4495) 2.4495 calculation has been
done to more places
1
Trapezium S: 2 1 (2.4495 2) 2.2247 on a calculator.

Total 7.8990

129
 Accuracy
P2 In this example, the first two estimates are 6.8989… and 7.8989… . You can see
5 from figure 5.5 that the trapezia all lie underneath the curve, and so in this case the
trapezium rule estimate of 7.8989… must be too small. You cannot, however, say
Integration

by how much. To find that out you will need to take progressively more strips to
find the value to which the estimate converges. Using 8 strips gives an estimate of
8.2407…, and 16 strips gives 8.3578… . The first figure, 8, looks reasonably certain
but it is still not clear whether the second is 3, 4 or even 5. You need to take even
more strips to be able to decide. In this example, the convergence is unusually
slow because of the high curvature of the curve.

ACTIVITY 5.2 Use a graph-drawing program with the capability to calculate areas using
trapezia. Calculate the area using progressively more strips and observe the
convergence.

●
? It is possible to find this area without using calculus at all.

How can this be done? How close is the 16-strip estimate?

The procedure

In the previous example, the answer of 7.8990 from four strips came from adding
the areas of the four trapezia P, Q, R and S:
1 1 1 1
2 1 (0 2) 2 1 (2 2.4495) 2 1 (2.4495 2.4495) 2 1 (2.4495 2)

and this can be written as

These are the heights
1 of the intermediate
2 1 [0 2 (2 2.4495 2.4495) 2]
vertical lines.

This is the These are the heights of the ends of

strip width: 1. the whole area: 0 and 2.

This is often stated in words as

1
Area ! 2 strip width [ends twice middles]
or in symbols, for n strips of width h
1
A!2 h [y0 yn 2(y1 y2 … yn 1)].

130
 This is called the trapezium rule for width h (see figure 5.6).
P2
y

y x
5

Exercise 5C
y1
y
y2 y

y 1
y 2

Figure 5.6

●
? Look at the three graphs in figure 5.7, and in each case state whether the
trapezium rule would underestimate or overestimate the area, or whether you
cannot tell.
y y y

x x x
(i) (ii) (iii)
Figure 5.7

EXERCISE 5C 1 The speed v in ms 1 of a train is given at time t seconds in the following table.

t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v 0 5.0 6.7 8.2 9.5 10.6 11.6

The distance that the train has travelled is given by the area under the graph of
the speed (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis).

(i) Estimate the distance the train travels in this 1-minute period.
(ii) Give two reasons why your method cannot give a very accurate answer.

131
 1 1 π
P2 2 The definite integral
01 x2
dx is known to equal .
4
(i) Using the trapezium rule for four strips, find an approximation for π.
5 (ii) Repeat your calculation with 10 and 20 strips to obtain closer estimates.
(iii) If you did not know the value of π, what value would you give it with
Integration

confidence on the basis of your estimates in parts (i) and (ii)?

3 The table below gives the values of a function f(x) for different values of x.

x 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

f(x) 1.000 1.225 1.732 2.345 3.000 3.674 4.359

(i) Apply the trapezium rule to the values in this table to obtain an
3
approximation for 0 f(x) dx.
(ii) By considering the shape of the curve y f(x), explain whether the
approximation calculated in part (i) is likely to be an overestimate or an
underestimate of the true area under the curve y f(x) between x 0
and x 3.
[MEI]

4 The graph of the function y 2 x (for x # $2) is given in the diagram.

The area of the shaded region ABCD is to be found.
y

E C
3

D
2

A B
O 2 7 x

(i) Make a table of values for y, for integer values of x from x 2 to x 7,

giving each value of y correct to 4 decimal places.
(ii) Use the trapezium rule with five strips, each 1 unit wide, to calculate an
estimate for the area ABCD.
State, giving a reason, whether your estimate is too large or too small.

Another method is to consider the area ABCD as the area of the rectangle
ABCE minus the area of the region CDE.
3
(iii) Show that the area CDE is given by 2 (y2 – 4) dy.
Calculate the exact value of this integral.
(iv) Find the exact value of the area ABCD.
Hence find the percentage error in using the trapezium rule.
132 [MEI, adapted]
 1.6
5 The trapezium rule is used to estimate the value of I
0
1 x 2 dx.
P2
Draw the graph of y 1 x2
for 0 " x " 1.6.
5
(i)
(ii) Use strip widths of 0.8, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.1 to find approximations to the value
of the integral.

Exercise 5C
(iii) State the value of the integral to as many decimal places as you can justify.
1
6 The trapezium rule is used to estimate the value of sinx dx .
0
(i) Draw the graph of y sinx for 0 " x " 1.
(ii) Use 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 strips to find approximations to the value of the
integral.
(iii) State the value of the integral to as many decimal places as you can justify.
1 4
7 The trapezium rule is used to estimate the value of 2 dx .
01 x
4
(i) Draw the graph of y for 0 " x " 1.
1 x2
(ii) Use strip widths of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 to find approximations to the
value of the integral.
(iii) State the value of the integral to as many decimal places as you can justify.
2
8 A student uses the trapezium rule to estimate the value of (2 cos 2πx) dx.
0
(i) Find approximations to the value of the integral by applying the trapezium
rule using strip widths of, 2, 1, 0.5 and 0.25.
(ii) Sketch the graph of y 2 cos 2πx for 0 " x " 2.
On copies of your graph shade the areas you have found in parts (i)(a) to (d).
(iii) Use integration to find the exact value of this integral.

9 The diagram shows the part of the curve y lnx for 0 % x " 4. The curve cuts
x
the x-axis at A and its maximum point is M.
(i) Write down the co-ordinates
y
of A.
M
(ii) Show that the x co-ordinate
of M is e, and write down the
y co-ordinate of M in terms of e. A
O
(iii) Use the trapezium rule with three 4 x

intervals to estimate the value of

4 lnx
dx ,
1 x
correct to 2 decimal places.
(iv) State, with a reason, whether the trapezium rule gives an underestimate or
an overestimate of the true value of the integral in part (iii).
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q6 June 2005]
133
 10 The diagram shows the part of the curve y ex cos x for 0 " x " 12 . The
P2 curve meets the y axis at the point A. The point M is a maximum point.

5 y
M
Integration

O 1 x
2

(i) Write down the co-ordinates of A.

(ii) Find the x co-ordinate of M.
(iii) Use the trapezium rule with three intervals to estimate the value of
1π

∫2 ex cos x dx ,
0

giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.

(iv) State, with a reason, whether the trapezium rule gives an underestimate
or an overestimate of the true value of the integral in part (iii).
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q7 June 2007]

11 The diagram shows the curve y x 2 e–x and its maximum point M.
y

O x

(i) Find the x co-ordinate of M.

(ii) Show that the tangent to the curve at the point where x 1 passes
through the origin.
(iii) Use the trapezium rule, with two intervals, to estimate the value of
3
∫1 x 2e−x dx ,
giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 2 Q8 November 2007]

134
 The diagram shows a sketch of the curve y = 1 3 for values of x from
P2
12
1+ x
0.6 to 0.6.
y 5

Exercise 5C
–0.6 O 0.6 x

(i) Use the trapezium rule, with two intervals, to estimate the value of
0.6 1 dx ,
0.6 1 x3
giving your answer correct to 2 decimal places.
(ii) Explain, with reference to the diagram, why the trapezium rule may be
expected to give a good approximation to the true value of the integral in
this case.
[Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics 9709, Paper 3 Q2 June 2005]

KEY POINTS
n +1
1 kx n dx = kx + c
n +1

2 ex d x = ex + c

eax +b dx = 1 eax +b + c
a

3
1 dx ln x c
x
1 dx = 1 ln ax b c
ax + b a

4 cos(ax + b)dx = 1 sin(ax + b) + c

a
sin(ax + b)dx = − 1 cos(ax + b) + c
a
sec 2(ax + b)dx = 1 tan(ax + b) + c
a

5 You can use the trapezium rule, with n strips of width h, to find an
approximate value for a definite integral as

A ≈ h [ y0 + 2(y1 + y 2 + ... + yn −1) + yn ]

2
In words this is
1
Area 2 strip width [ends + twice middles]
135