NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

EEE 2212 ELECTRONIC DRIVES

This examination paper consists of 6 pages

Time Allowed: 3 Hours

Total Marks: 100

Examiner’s Name: Eng. JT. Mawanza

INSTRUCTION AND INFORMATION TO THE CANDIDATE

1. Answer ALL parts of Section A and any THREE questions from Section B.
2. Section A carries 40 marks and Section B carries 60 marks.
3. Start each question on a new page
4. Use of calculators is permissible
MARK ALLOCATION

QUESTION MARKS

1 40

2 20

3 20

4 20

5 20

Total marks attainable by candidate 100

SECTION A

1. Describe the operation of the following devices with the aid of 𝑖𝑖 − 𝑣𝑣 characteristics graph

and device symbol.

I. IGBT [5 Marks]

II. Triac [5 Marks]

III. MOSFET [5 Marks]

IV. SITH [5 Marks]

2. The boost converter has parameter 𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 = 20𝑉𝑉, 𝐷𝐷 = 0.6, 𝑅𝑅 = 12.5Ω, 𝐿𝐿 = 10𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, 𝐶𝐶 =

40𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇, and the switching frequency is 200 kHz. (a) Determine the output voltage. (b)

Determine the average, maximum, and minimum inductor currents. (c) Determine the

output voltage ripple. (d) Determine the average current in the diode. Assume ideal

components. [20 Marks]

SECTION B

3. Show that the controlled half-wave rectifier with a resistive load in Fig. 1 has a power factor
of
1 𝛼𝛼 sin(2𝛼𝛼 )
𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = � − +
2 2𝜋𝜋 4𝜋𝜋

[8 Marks]
b. Explain the different types of thyristors turn on (triggering mechanisms) methods.
[12 Marks]
4. An inverter that produces the type of output shown in Fig. below is used to supply an RL
series load with 𝑅𝑅 = 10Ω and 𝐿𝐿 = 35𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚. The dc input voltage is 200 V and the output
frequency is 60 Hz. (a) Determine the rms value of the fundamental frequency of the load
current when 𝛼𝛼 = 0. (b) If the output fundamental frequency is lowered to 30 Hz, determine
the value of required to keep the rms current at the fundamental frequency at the same value
of part (a). [20 Marks]

5. With the aid of circuit and quadrantal diagrams explain the working principle of a class E
chopper. [20 Marks]
6. a. State and explain the four classifications of inverter. [10 Marks]
b. State and explain the effects of harmonics of the performance of a dc motor. [10 Marks]
7. a. Design a flyback converter for an input of 24 V and an output of 40 W at 40 V. Specify the
transformer turns ratio and magnetizing inductance, switching frequency, and capacitor to
limit the ripple to less than 0.5 percent. [10 Marks]
b. State the advantages of a HVDC. [10 Marks]
 Formula sheet EE-434 Power Electronics
Feel free to distribute it to your students. Please address any mistakes to hadeedahmedsher@[Link] . Latex template by [Link]

Basic expressions Capacitor

Average expression dv
Z t CurrentiC = C (21)
1 dt
Xavg = x(t)dt (1) Z
T 0 1
V oltagevc = iC (dt) + V0− (22)
RMS expression s C
1
Z T 1
Xrms = x2 (t)dt (2) Energyw(t) = Cv 2 (t) (23)
T 2
0
1
v
u N τ = (24)
u X RC
Xrms =t 2
Xn,rms (3)
n=1...
Phasors q
Fourier series Impedance(Z) = R2 + (ωL)2 (25)

ωL
∞
X θ = tan−1 ( (26)
f (t) = a0 + [an cos(nω0 t) + bn sin(nω0 t)] (4) R
n=1
Half wave rectifier with RL load
where,  
 Vm

1 T /2
Z
Z
sin(ωt − θ) + sin(θ)e−ωt/ωτ for 0 ≤ ωt ≤ β
a0 = f (t)dt (5) i(ωt) = (27)
T −T /2 
0 β ≤ ωt ≤ 2π
Z T /2 For controlled rectifier
2
an = f (t)cos(nω0 t)dt (6)   
T −T /2  Vm (α−ωt)/ωτ
Z
sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)e for α ≤ ωt ≤ β
Z T /2 i(ωt) = (28)
2
bn = f (t)sin(nω0 t)dt (7) 0 otherwise

T −T /2 Z β
1 Vm
Power and Energy Vo =
2π α
Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) =
2π
(cosα − cosβ) (29)
InstantaneousP owerp(t) = v(t)i(t) (8)
Z t0 +T With free wheeling diode
1 W ∞
AveragepowerP = p(t)dt = (9) Vm Vm X 2Vm
T t0 T v(t) = + sin(ωo t) − cos(nωo t) (30)
π 2 n=2,4,6...
(n2 − 1)π
AveragepowerPdc = Vdc Iavg (10)
ApparentP owerS = Vrms Irms (11) With source inductance
√  
S = 3VL−L,rms IS,rms (12) Vm Vm IL Xs
Vo = (1 + cosu) = 1− (31)
ReactivepowerQ = Vrms Irms sin(θ − ϕ) (13) 2π π 2Vm
Full wave rectifier
Z t2
Energy(W ) = p(t)dt (14)
t1 Full wave rectified waveform fourier is
Z T ∞   
W = p(t)dt (15) 2Vm X 2Vm 1 1
vo (t) = + − cos(nωo t + π) (32)
0 π n=2,4...
π n−1 n+1
P
P owerf actor(pf ) = (16) Ripple voltage for C filter
S
Vm π Vm
Inductor ∆Vo ≈ = (33)
ωRC 2f RC
di
V oltage =⇒ vL = L (17) With LC filter
Z dt In CCM
1 2Vm
CurrentiL = vL (dt) + I0− (18) Vo = (34)
L π
1 2Vm
Energyw(t) = Li2 (t) (19) IL = (35)
2 πR
L 3ωL
τ = (20) >1 (36)
R R
In DCM average inductor current. DC-DC converters - CCM
1 β 1 ton ton
Z  
iL = Vm (cosα − cosωt) − Vo (ωt − α) d(ωt) (37) D= = = ton fs (52)
π α ωL ton + tof f T
∆iL ∆iL
RLE load CCM Imax = IL + 2
and Imin = IL − 2
.
2Vm
Vo − E −E π Buck converter
Io = = (38)
R R Vo = DVs (53)
∞
X Minimum inductance Lmin
vo (t) = Vo + Vn cos(nω0 t + π) (39) (1 − D)R
n=2,4.. Lmin = (54)
  2f
2Vm 2Vm 1 1 Vo (1 − D)
where, V Co = and Vn = −
π π n−1 n+1 L= (55)
∆iL fs
Full controlled with RL load
DCM Output capacitor C
1−D
C= (56)
8L(∆Vo /Vo )f 2
Vm
io (ωt) = [sin(ωt − θ) − sin(α − θ)
 
Vs −Vo
Z (40) ∆iL = L
DT
e−(ωt−α)/ωτ ]f orα ≤ ωt ≤ β
Boost converter
β < α + π =⇒ DCM (41) Vs
Vo = (57)
For CCM 1−D
 
ωL Minimum inductance Lmin
α ≤ tan−1 (42) D(1 − D)2 R
R Lmin = (58)
∞
X 2f
vo (ωt) = V0 + Vn cos(nω0 t + θn ) (43) Vs D
n=1
L= (59)
∆iL f
1
Z α+π 2Vm Output capacitor C
Vo = Vm sin(ωt)d(ωt) = cosα (44) D
π α π C= (60)
The harmonics are R(∆Vo /Vo )f
q  
Vn = a2n + b2n (45) ∆iL = Vs
DT
L
where,
Buck-Boost converter
 
2Vm cos(n + 1)α cos(n − 1)α
an = − (46) 
D

π n+1 n−1 Vo = −Vs (61)
  1−D
2Vm sin(n + 1)α sin(n − 1)α
bn = − (47) Minimum inductance Lmin
π n+1 n−1
(1 − D)2 R
2Vm Lmin = (62)
Vo = cosα (48) 2f
π Vs D
L= (63)
Three phase full wave rectifier f ∆iL
Uncontrolled with R load Output capacitor C
∞
D
X C= (64)
vo (t) = V0 + Vn cos(nωo t + π) (49) R(∆Vo /Vo )f
n=6,12,18,... Vs DT
∆iL = L
where, Flyback converter
1
Z 2π/3 3Vm,L−L   
V0 = Vm,L−L sin(ωt)d(ωt) = (50) D N1
π/3 π Vo = Vs (65)
π/3 1−D N2
The amplitudes of the ac voltage terms are Minimum inductance Lmin 2
(1 − D)2 R

6Vm,L−L N2
Vn = (51) (Lm )min = (66)
π(n2 − 1) 2f N1
Vs D
for n=6,12,18,... L= (67)
f ∆iLm
Output capacitor C Quasi Square wave inverter(RL series load)
∆Vo D s
= (68) Z π−α
r
Vo RCf 1 2 d(ωt) = V 2α
Vrms = Vdc dc 1− (76)
∆iL m = V sDT π α π
Lm
2
Z π−α 4Vdc
Forward converter vn = Vdc sin(nω0 t)d(ω0 t) = cos(nα) (77)

N2
 π α nπ
Vo = Vs D (69)  
N1 4Vdc
V1 = cosα (78)
Output capacitor C π
∆Vo 1−D
= (70) PWM inverter
Vo RLx Cf 2 fcarrier ftri
∆iL m = V sDT mf = = (79)
Lm fref erence fsine
Vm,ref erence Vm,sine
DC-AC inverters ma = = (80)
Vm,carrier Vm,tri
Square wave inverter(RL series load) Bipolar PWM inverter
  
Vdc ∞
+ Imin − VR
dc
e−t/τ for 0 ≤ t ≤ T

 X
 R 2 vo (t) = Vn sin(nω0 )t (81)
io (t) =   (71) n=1
−V Vdc T
 Rdc + Imax + R e−(t−T /2)/τ for ≤ t≤T


2
6 step inverter

Vdc 1 − e −(T /2τ )      
2Vdc nπ n2π
Imax = −Imin = (72) Vn,L−L = 2 + cos − cos f or n = 1, 5, 7, 11, 13... (82)
R 1 + e−(T /2τ ) 3nπ 3 3
s s
Vdc −t/τ 2
Z T Z T /2 
3 phase PWM inverter
  
1 2 Vdc
Irms = i2 (t)d(t) = + Imin − e dt (73)
T 0 T 0 R R
q
Vn3 = A2n3 + Bn3
2 (83)
∞
X 4Vdc
vo (t) = sinnω0 t (74) where,
1,3,5..
nπ     
An3 = Vn sin nπ sin nπ


q 2 3
pP∞ 2
Vrms 2
− V1,rms (84)
(V ) 2    
n=2 n,rms nπ nπ
T HD = = (75) Bn3 = Vn cos 2 sin 3


V1,rms V1,rms