R Console Page 1

> # ART'S COMMERCE AND SCIENCE COLLEGE,SONAI.

> #
> # DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
> #
> # SUBJECT: STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USING R SOFTWARE
> #
> # Name of Student: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Batch: A
> #
> # Class:[Link](CS) Date:03 \ 01 \ 2026
> #
> # Practical 1: Introduction to R Software and Basic R commands:
> #
> # Q.1) Create vector v1 = c(10,20,30,40,50).find its length.
> #
> # Answer:
> #
> v1 = c(10,20,30,40,50)
> length(v1)
[1] 5
> #
> # Q.2)Generate v2 using seq function also find its sum.
> #
> # Answer:
> v2 = seq(1,50,by=5)
> v2
[1] 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46
> sum(v2)
[1] 235
> #
> # Q.3) Build v3 with characters "CS" and "SPPU" & repeat these characters
> # 3 [Link] v3,count "SPPU" occurances with sum (v3=="SPPU").
> #
> # Answer:
> v3 = c("CS","SPPU")
> v4 = rep(v3,times=3)
> sum = sum(v4=="SPPU")
> sum
[1] 3
> # Alternative code
> v3 = rep(c("CS","SPPU"),TIMES=3)
> rep(v3)
[1] "CS" "SPPU"
> #
> #Q.4)Use scan function with 6 values and find its mean.
> #
> # Answer:
> v5 = scan()
1: 10 20 30 40 50 60
7:
Read 6 items
> v5
[1] 10 20 30 40 50 60
> mean(v5)
[1] 35
> #
> # Q.5)Perform arithmetic: Let a <- c(1:5); b <- c(2,4,6,8,10).
> # compute and display a + b, a * b, a / b
> #
> # Answer:
> a = c(1:5)
> a
[1] 1 2 3 4 5
> b = c(2,4,6,8,10)
> a+b
[1] 3 6 9 12 15
> a*b
[1] 2 8 18 32 50
> a/b
[1] 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
> #
R Console Page 2

> # Q.7)Create vectors with scores 70,85,60,92,78,55

> # Compute total and pass percentage assuming 40% pass marks.
> #
> # Answer:
> scores = c(70,85,60,92,78,55)
> pass_marks = 40
> total = sum(scores)
> total
[1] 440
> passed =sum(scores>=pass_marks)
> passed
[1] 6
> pass_percentage =(passed/length(scores))*100
> pass_percentage
[1] 100
> #
> # *****************************END OF PRACTICAL************************
>
 Art's Commerce And Science college Sonai.

Department of [Link] Computer Science

Subject: Statistical Analysis Using R Software

Name of Student: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Batch: A

Class: [Link] (Computer Science) Date: 9/01/2026
Practical no 2&3: Diagramatic Representation (bar, pie, histogram, stem and leaf, density plot)
# Q.1) Create data frame with student name ,marks and grades .Display with view data and str
function.
#Answer:
>students = [Link](Name = c("Ram","Shyam","Rita","Gita"),marks = c(85,92,78,65),
Grade= c("A","A","B","c"))
#"View" shows data in a tabular format
> View(students)

> #Str gives data type of each variable,[Link] observations and [Link] variables.
> str(students)
'[Link]': 4 obs. of 3 variables:
$ Name : chr "Ram" "Shyam" "Rita" "Gita"
$ marks: num 85 92 78 65
$ Grade: chr "A" "A" "B" "c"
> #*****************************************************************************

# Q.2) Import CSV file in R console, create bar plot of sales and summary.
> #Answer:
> sales =[Link]("C:/Users/ADMIN/Desktop/[Link]")
> View(sales)

> #To display bar chart use the following code.

> #simple Barplot
> barplot(sales$sales,[Link]=sales$product,
main ="simple bar diagram",
xlab="product",ylab = "sales", col= c("red"))
# Sales in Units
# Interpretation: Laptops in the Mumbai region has highest sales.

# Q.3) Create pie chart showing household budget allocation with percentages. #Data Budget in
('000): 40, 25,20,10,10 # Categories :Rent ,Food,Travel,Enjoy, Savings
#Answer:
> budget = [Link](Budget = c(40,25,20,10,10),
categories = c("Rent","Food","Travel","Enjoy","Savings"))
> View(budget)

> #Percentage of distribution

> pct = round((budget$Budget/sum(budget$Budget))*100,1)
> pct
[1] 38.1 23.8 19.0 9.5 9.5
> #pie chart percentage
> pie= pie(budget$Budget,labels=paste(budget$categories,pct),
main="Monthly Household Budget Distribution",
col= c("red","orange","yellow","blue","green"),radius=0.9)

# Interpretation: Highest expenditure of budget goes for rend which is 38.1

#*****************************************************************************
 # Q.4) Generate stem-leaf plot for the following heights data.
150,155,160,162,165,170,172,175,178,180
> #Answer:
> heights =c(150,155,160,162,165,170,172,175,178,180)
> stem(heights)
15 | 05
16 | 025
17 | 0258
18 | 0
> #*****************************************************************************
# Q.5) For the following data of weight draw histogram and stem-leaf plot.
# 55, 60, 58,65,62,70,68,72,75,80,
> #Answer:
> weights= c(55,60,58,65,62,70,68,72,75,80)
> hist(weights,col=c("red"))

# Interpretation: Histogram show a positively skewed data.

> stem(weights)
5 | 58
6 | 0258
7 | 025
8 | 0
> #*****************************************************************************
#Q.6) Create boxplot for the students mark distribution.
> #45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76
> #Answer:
> marks =c(45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76)
> #Basic Boxplot
> #boxplot(marks,main="Student Marks Distribution")
> boxplot(marks,main="Students Marks Distribution",col="lightblue")
# Interpreation: ________________________________________________________________.
> #****************************************************************************
# Q.7) Draw a density plot for the following data using R
> data = [Link]("C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/Salary_data.csv")
> View(data)

# Density Plot
> plot(density(data$Salary),main = "Density plot of MPG",
xlab = "Miles per Gallon",col =c("red"),lwd=2)

# Interpretation: Interpretation: Density plot shows a positively skewed nature.

Signature of Instructor:______________
*********************************** END OF PRACTICAL ******************************
R Console Page 1

> #*******************************************************************************
> # ART'S COMMERCE AND SCIENCE COLLEGE SONAI
> # Department of [Link] Computer Science
> # subject:Statistical Analysis using R Software
>
> #*******************************************************************************
> #Name: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath class:[Link](CS)
>
> #Batch: A Date:15/01/2026
>
> #Practical 4:Measures of Central Tendancy(Mean,Mode,Median,Partition Values.
> #*******************************************************************************
> #
> #Q.1)Mean,Mode,Median and Quartiles for the following Ungrouped data
> #45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76
> #
> #Answer:
> marks =c(45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76)
> #Arithmatic mean
> mean(marks)
[1] 67.73333
> #Median
> median(marks)
[1] 68
> #Mode
> table_marks =table(marks)
> mode = names(table_marks)[[Link](table_marks)]
> mode
[1] "45"
> #Partition values (Quartiles = Q1,Q2,Q3) Q2 = Median
> #0.25 refers Q1, 0.50 refers Q2 and 0.75 refers Q3
> quantile(marks, c(0.25,0.50,0.75))
25% 50% 75%
57 68 77
>
> #*****************************************************************************
> #Q.2)Measures of central tendancy and partition values for a data file .
> data = [Link]("C:/Users/ADMIN/Desktop/Salary_data.csv")
> head(data,5)
YearsExperience Salary
1 1.1 39343
2 1.3 46205
3 1.5 37731
4 2.0 43525
5 2.2 39891
> mean(data$Salary)
[1] 76003
> median(data$Salary)
[1] 65237
> t_marks = table(data$Salary)
> mode1=names(t_marks)[[Link](data$salary)]
> mode1
character(0)
> #Quartile (Q1,Q2,Q3)
> quantile(data$Salary,c(0.25,0.50,0.75))
25% 50% 75%
56720.75 65237.00 100544.75
> #Alternative way to get mean median and all the quartiles expect mode.
> summary(data$Salary)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
37731 56721 65237 76003 100545 122391
> #
> #*****************************************************************************
> #Q.3)Measure of central tendancy and partition values for data frames.
> #sample student scores data frame
> df = [Link](
+ Math = c(85,92,78,88,95,76,89,84,91,87),
+ Science = c(79,85,82,90,88,77,86,83,92,80),
+ English = c(88,87,81,89,94,79,85,82,90,86)
+ )
R Console Page 2

> View(df)
> #Central tendancy per column
> sapply(df,mean)
Math Science English
86.5 84.2 86.1
> #Medians
> sapply(df,mean)
Math Science English
87.5 84.0 86.5
> #Mode helper function #Math
> t_marks = table(df$Math)
> mode1=names(t_marks)[[Link](df$Science)]
> mode1
[1] "92"
> #science
> t1_marks = table(df$Math)
> mode2=names(t1_marks)[[Link](df$Science)]
> mode2
[1] "92"
> #English
> t2_marks = table(df$English)
> mode3=names(t2_marks)[[Link](df$English)]
> mode3
[1] "86"
> #Partition values
> quartiles = t(apply(df,2,quantile,prob=c(0.25,0.50,0.75)))
> colnames(quartiles) =c("Q1","Q2","Q3")
> print(quartiles)
Q1 Q2 Q3
Math 84.25 87.5 90.50
Science 80.50 84.0 87.50
English 82.75 86.5 88.75
> #Quick summary
> summary(df)
Math Science English
Min. :76.00 Min. :77.0 Min. :79.00
1st Qu.:84.25 1st Qu.:80.5 1st Qu.:82.75
Median :87.50 Median :84.0 Median :86.50
Mean :86.50 Mean :84.2 Mean :86.10
3rd Qu.:90.50 3rd Qu.:87.5 3rd Qu.:88.75
Max. :95.00 Max. :92.0 Max. :94.00
> #
> #*****************************************************************************
> #
> #Signature of Instructor:
> #
> # END OF PRACTICAL
>
R Console Page 1

> # *****************************************************************************
> # Art's Commerce And Science College , Sonai.
> #
> # Department of [Link] Computer Science.
> #
> # Subject: Statistical Analysis Using R Software
> #
> # Name of Student : Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Class : [Link](CS)
> #
> # Batch : A Date : 13 / 02 / 2026
> #
> # Practical No.5 : Measures of Dispersion (Range,Variance,SD,Coefficient of
> # Variation,Quartile deviation,Mode)
> #
> # *****************************************************************************
> #
> # Q.1 : Calculate the Mode of the given marks.
> df = [Link](
+ Math = c(85,92,78,88,95,76,89,84,91,88)
+ )
> table_marks = table(df)
> mode = names(table_marks)[[Link](table_marks)]
> mode
[1] "88"
> #
> # Q.2 : Calculate the Range of the given data.
> v1 = c(45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76)
> range(v1)
[1] 45 91
> #
> # Range Formula :
> range = max(v1) - min(v1)
> range
[1] 46
> #
> # Q.3 : Calculate the Standard deviation of the given data.
> v2 = c(79,85,82,90,88,77,88,83,92,80)
> std_dev = sd(v2)
> std_dev
[1] 5.015531
> #
> # Q.4 : Calculate the Variance of the given data.
> v3 = c(88,87,81,90,94,79,85,82,90,86)
> variance = var(v3)
> variance
[1] 21.28889
> #
> # Q.5 : Calculate the Mean and Coefficient of the Variation(CV) of the give data.
> v4 = c(34,87,90,45,68,78,55,89,99,77,67,54,69,100)
> mean = mean(v4)
> mean
[1] 72.28571
> #
> # CV Formula :
> cv = (std_dev/mean)*100
> cv
[1] 6.938482
> #
> # Q.6 : Calculate the Interquartile range , First Quartile , Third Quartile and Quartile
> # Deviation using following data.
> # Formula IQR = (Q3 - Q1) / 2
> marks = c(45,52,68,72,55,78,82,65,91,74,59,83,67,49,76)
> IQR(marks)
[1] 20
> #
> # First Quartile
> Q1 = quantile(marks, prob = 0.25)
> Q1
25%
57
 R Console Page 2
> #
> # Third Quartile
> Q3 = quantile(marks, prob = 0.75)
> Q3 75%
> 77
> #
> # Quartile Deviation (QD)
> QD = (Q3 - Q1) / 2
> QD 75%
> 10
> #
> # Q.7 : Create a CSV file and Calculate the Mean,Mode,Standard Deviation
> # and Variance.
> data = [Link]("C:/Users/HP/OneDrive/Desktop/student_marks.csv")
> data
Roll_no Name Marks
1 1 Amit 45
2 2 Neha 52
3 3 Rahul 68
4 4 Priya 72
5 5 Anjali 55
6 6 Rohit 78
7 7 Sneha 82
8 8 Karan 65
9 9 Pooja 91
10 10 Arjun 74
> # Mean
> mean(data$Marks)
[1] 68.2
> #
> # Median
> median(data$Marks)
[1] 70
> #
> # Mode
> table_marks = table(data$Marks)
> mode = names(table_marks)[[Link](table_marks)]
> mode
[1] "45"
> #
> # Quartile (Q1,Q2,Q3)
> quantile(data$Marks,
c(0.25,0.50,0.75))
25% 50% 75%
57.5 70.0 77.0
> #
> summary(data$Marks)
Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
45.0 57.5 70.0 68.2 77.0 91.0
> #
> #
*****************************************************************************
**
> #
> # Signature of Instructor : .
> #
> # END OF PRACTICAL
> #
> #
*****************************************************************************
**
>
>
 Art's Commerce And Science college Sonai.

Department of [Link] Computer

Science Subject: Statistical
Analysis Using R Software
Name of Student: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Batch: A

Class: [Link] (Computer Science) Date: 8 / 4 / 2026

Practical no 6 : Frequency Distribution and Ogive Curve.

# Q.1) Draw Box Plot for mtcars for mpg dataset and identify outliers.

# Answer:
data(mtcars)
> head(mtcars,5)
mpg cyl disp hp drat wt qsec vs am gear
carb

Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 4 4

Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.875 17.02 0 1 4 4

Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 1 1 4 1

Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3.0 3.215 19.44 1 0 3 1

8
Hornet 18.7 8 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 0 0 3 2
Sportabout

> str(mtcars)
'[Link]': 32 obs. of 11 variables:

$ mpg : num 21 21 22.8 21.4 18.7 18.1 14.3 24.4 22.8 19.2 ...

$ cyl : num 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 ...

$ disp: num 160 160 108 258 360 ...

$ hp : num 110 110 93 110 175 105 245 62 95 123 ...

$ drat: num 3.9 3.9 3.85 3.08 3.15 2.76 3.21 3.69 3.92 3.92 ...

$ wt : num 2.62 2.88 2.32 3.21 3.44 ...

$ qsec: num 16.5 17 18.6 19.4 17 ...

$ vs : num 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 ...

$ am : num 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...

$ gear: num 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ...

$ carb: num 4 4 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 ...
> boxplot(mtcars$mpg,
main = "Boxplot of
MPG", ylab = "Miles
Per Gallon")

# Interpretation : The median MPG is about 18 , and most values lie between 14
and 22 MPG.

> #****************************************************************************
# Q.2) Create frequency distribution table. for 100 random numbers 0-
100,count bins 0-10,..., 90-100 and give it table and barplot.
> #Answer:
> rand = sample(0:100,100)
> bins = cut(rand , breaks = seq(0,100,10))
> # bins
> bins
[1] (60,70] (30,40] (60,70] (70,80] (30,40] (80,90] (90,100] (30,40]

[9] (80,90] (60,70] (40,50] (60,70] (20,30] (90,100] (0,10] (50,60]

[17] (30,40] (20,30] (70,80] (90,100] (20,30] (40,50] (30,40] (40,50]

[25] (80,90] (30,40] (30,40] (10,20] (10,20] (90,100] (20,30] (40,50]

[33] (40,50] (80,90] (40,50] (30,40] (60,70] (30,40] (20,30] (10,20]

[41] (10,20] (90,100] (80,90] (20,30] (50,60] (60,70] (70,80] (90,100]

[49] (0,10] (70,80] (0,10] (10,20] (10,20] (80,90] (60,70] (0,10]

[57] (90,100] (0,10] (10,20] (60,70] (60,70] (80,90] (50,60] (70,80]

[65] (50,60] (40,50] (10,20] (0,10] (70,80] (70,80] (20,30] (90,100]

[73] (70,80] (80,90] (40,50] (40,50] (50,60] (10,20] (70,80] (50,60]

[81] (0,10] (90,100] (20,30] (0,10] (10,20] <NA> (50,60] (50,60]

[89] (40,50] (0,10] (80,90] (80,90] (50,60] (20,30] (0,10] (20,30]

[97] (70,80] (90,100] (60,70] (30,40]

10 Levels: (0,10] (10,20] (20,30] (30,40] (40,50] (50,60] (60,70] ... (90,100]

> barplot(table(bins))
# Interpretation : The data is evenly distributed , with a slight dip in the
(60,70) interval.

> #****************************************************************************
*

# Q.3) Create two vectors make a dataframe of them and then identify duplicate
and the unique elements for the dataframe. vecl = 1:5 , vec2 =
c("a","b","c","d","e")

#Answer:
> vec1 = 1.5
> vec2 = c("a","b","c","d","e")
> df = [Link](vec1 , vec2)
> df
vec1 vec2
1 1.5 a
2 1.5 b
3 1.5 c
4 1.5 d
5 1.5 e
> duplicated(df)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
> unique(d
f) vec1
vec2
1 1.5 a
2 1.5 b
3 1.5 c
4 1.5 d
5 1.5 e
#*****************************************************************************
# Q.4) Create data frame for 5 employees (Name,Gender,Age,Designation) and
short by name [Link] the data frame also
> #Answer:
> employees = [Link](
Name = c("Anita","Ravi","Sunil","Meera","Kiran"),
Gender =
c("Female","Male","Male","Female","Male"),
Age = c(28 , 35 , 40 , 30 , 25),
Designation=c("Analyst","Manger","Developer","HR","Intern")
)
> # View the original data frame
> print(employees)
Name Gender Age Designation
1 Anita Female 28 Analyst
2 Ravi Male 35 Manger
3 Sunil Male 40 Developer
4 Meera Female 30 HR
5 Kiran Male 25 Intern
> # Sort by Name in ascending order
> sorted_employees = employees[order(employees$Name),]
> sorted_employees
Name Gender Age Designation
1 Anita 28 Analyst
Female
5 Kiran 25 Intern
Male
4 Meera 30 HR
Female
2 Ravi 35 Manger
Male
3 Sunil 40 Develope
Male r
> # View the sorted data frame
> print(sorted_employees)
Name Gender Age
Designation 1 Anita
Female 28 Analyst
5 Kiran Male 25 Intern
4 Meera Female 30 HR
2 Ravi Male 35 Manger
3 Sunil Male 40 Developer
#*****************************************************************************
> # Q.5) Write R program to extract first 10 English letters in lower case,
last 10 in upper case, and letters 22nd to 24th in upper case.
> # Answer :
# first 10 English letters in lower case
> letters_lower = tolower(letters[1:10])
> print(letters_lower)
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f"
"g" "h" "i" "j" #
# last 10 in upper case
> letters_upper_last = toupper(letters[22:24])
> print(letters_upper_last)
[1] "V" "W"
"X" #
# letters 22nd to 24th in upper case
> letters_upper_mid = toupper(letters[22:24])
> print(letters_upper_mid)
[1] "V" "W" "X"
>#
*****************************************************************************
***** # Q.6) For the following data draw more than ogive curve .Length(cm):
5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 , [Link] Screw: 2 7 16 34
13 6 2
> # Answer :
# To draw more than cumulative frequency curve
> # lower limits
> lower_limits = c(5,10,15,20,25,30,35)
> # frequency
> f = c(2,7,16,34,13,6,2)
>#
> # More than cumulative frequency curve (mtcf)
> mtcf = rev(cumsum(rev(f)))
> mtcf
[1] 80 78 71 55 21 8 2
> # To add one lower limit at the end which is 40 width mtcf 0
> mtcf = c(mtcf,0)
> mtcf
[1] 80 78 71 55 21 8 2 0
> lower_limits = c(lower_limits,40)
> lower_limits
[1] 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
> # more than cumulative frequency curve
> plot(lower_limits,mtcf,type="o",xlab="
lower limits", ylab="mtcf",main="mtcf
curve",col="red")
# Interpretation : The mtcf value steadily decreases as the
lower limits increase. # Less than cumulative frequency curve
> # upper limits
> upper_limits = c(10,15,20,25,30,35,40)
> # Less than cumulative frequency curve (mtcf)
> ltcf = cumsum(f)
> ltcf
[1] 2 9 25 59 72 78 80
>#
> # To add one upper limits before 10 which is 0 with ltcf 0
> upper_limits = c(0,upper_limits)
> upper_limits
[1] 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
> ltcf = c(0,ltcf)
> ltcf
[1] 0 2 9 25 59 72 78 80
>#
> plot(upper_limits,ltcf,type="o",xlab="
upper limits", ylab="ltcf",main="ltcf
curve",col="red")

# Interpretation : The ltcf value steadily increases as the upper limits

increase.

>#
*****************************************************************************
*****
# Q.7) Draw less than and more than ogive curves for the following data and
find the median values. [Link] children : 0 1 2 3 4 5 , [Link] families : 50
172 119 32 8 1. Data

> # Answer:
> children = c(0 , 1, 2 ,3 ,4, 5 )
> families = c(50, 172,
119, 32 ,8, 1) # Total
Families
> N = sum(families)
>N
[1] 382
>#
> # Less than cumulative frequency
> less_cf = cumsum(families)
> less_cf
[1] 50 222 341 373 381 382
>#
> # more than cumulative frequency
> more_cf = rev(cumsum(rev(families)))
> more_cf
[1] 382 332 160 41 9 1
>#
> # Plot less than ogive
> plot(children,less_cf,type="o",col="blue",xlab="[Link] children",
+ ylab="cumulative frequency",main="less than ogive")
>#
> # Plot more than ogive
> plot(children,more_cf,type="o",col="red",xlab="[Link] children",
+ ylab="cumulative frequency",main="more than ogive")
# Interpretation : The cumulative frequency decreases as the number of children increases.
> # **********************************************************************************
>#
> # Signature of Instructor : .
>#
># END OF PRACTICAL
>#
#************************************************************************************
 Art's Commerce And Science college Sonai.

Department of [Link] Computer

Science Subject: Statistical

Analysis Using R Software

Name of Student: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Batch: A

Class: [Link] (Computer Science) Date: 28 / 3 / 2026

Practical no 7 : Correlation

# Q.1) Draw the relationship between [Link] and [Link] of the Iris
dataset using scatter plot.

#Answer:

> data(iris)

> str(iris)

'[Link]': 150 obs. of 5 variables:

$ [Link]: num 5.1 4.9 4.7 4.6 5 5.4 4.6 5 4.4 4.9 ...

$ [Link] : num 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...

$ [Link]: num 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...

$ [Link] : num 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...

$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...

> plot(iris$Sepal.
Length,
iris$[Link]
h,
main="Sepal Length vs Sepal

Width", xlab="Sepal Length",

ylab="Sepal
Width",
col="red",

pch=19)

> abline(lm(iris$[Link] ~

iris$[Link]), col="blue",

lwd=2)
# Interpretation : The scatter plot shows a weak negative relationship between
Sepal Length and Sepal Width.

> cor(iris_df$SepalLength, iris_df$SepalWidth)

[1] -0.1175698

> #*****************************************************************************
# Q.2) The Marks obtained by two students in Subject A :
54,56,78,21,45,32,78,53,65,54 & B :
32,46,62,27,49,59,90,76,43,65. Draw scatter and find
correlation.

> #Answer:

> A = c(54,56,78,21,45,32,78,53,65,54)

> B = c(32,46,62,27,49,59,90,76,43,65)

>#

> #Scatter Plot

> plot(A,B,

col="red",
pch=19,
main="Scatter Plot of A
vs B", xlab="Marks A",

ylab="Marks B")

>#

> # Regression line

> abline(lm(B~A), col="blue", lwd=2)

>#
# Interpretation : The scatter plot shows a positive relationship between Marks A and
Marks B.

> # Correlation

> cor(A,B)

[1] 0.5466082

> #*****************************************************************************
# Q.3) Study Hours : 5,7,3,8,6,9 & Scores : 80,85,60,90,75,95. Draw a scatter
plot and find the correlation between study hours and scores using the Pearson
method.

#Answer:

> Study_Hours = c (5,7,3,8,6,9)

> Scores = c (80,85,60,90,75,95)

> # Scatter Plot

> plot(Study_Ho
urs, Scores,
col="purple"
, pch=19,
main="Study_Hours vs

Scores",
xlab="Study_Hours",
ylab="Scores")

> # Regression Line

> abline(lm(Scores~Study_Hours), col="black", lwd=2)

# Interpretation: The graph shows a positive linear relationship between Study_Hours
and Scores.

> # Pearson Correlation

> cor(Study_Hours,Scores,method="pearson")

[1] 0.9569094

#*****************************************************************************
# Q.4) The demand (20, 32, 45, 21, 19, 23, 47, 67, 34) and supply (16, 38, 54, 25, 20,
20, 42, 66, 40)
data are given; draw a scatter plot and find the correlation using the Spearman method.

> #Answer:

> Demand = c (20,32,45,21,19,23,47,67,34)

> Supply = c (16,38,54,25,20,20,42,66,40)

> # Scatter Plot

> plot(Deman
d, Supply,
col="orang
e",
pch=19,
main="Demand vs
Supply",
xlab="Demand",
ylab="Supply")

> # Regression Line

> abline(lm(Supply~Demand), col="blue", lwd=2)

# Interpretation: The graph indicates a positive relationship between demand and
supply.

> # Spearman Correlation

> cor(Demand,Supply,method="spearman")

[1] 0.9288784

#> #*****************************************************************************
> # **************************************************************************

>#

> # Signature of Instructor : .

>#

># END OF PRACTICAL

>#

> #***************************************************************************

>
R Console Page 1

> # *****************************************************************************
> #
> # Art's Commerce And Science College , Sonia.
> #
> # Department of [Link] Computer Science .
> #
> # Subject : Statistical Analysis Using R Software.
> #
> # Name of Student : Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath Batch : A
> #
> # Class : [Link](Computer Science). Date : 1 / 4 / 2026
> #
> # Practical No. 8 : Regression.
> #
> # ***************************************************************************
> #
> # Q.1) Soil depth X : 1.8,1.9,2.5,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.3 ; Yield
> # Y : 200,270,450,160,90,440,380. Regression y on x , estimate y at x = 2
> # Answer :
> X = c(1.8,1.9,2.5,1.4,1.3,2.1,2.3)
> Y = c( 200,270,450,160,90,440,380)
> #
> # Regression equation : y = a + bx
> model = lm(Y ~ X)
> #
> # Predication of y values for the given value of x
> predict(model , [Link](X = 2))
1
314.4552
> # Regression equation
> # Y = -288.9 + 301.7X
> #
> # Q.2) Load iris dataset and determine the regression equation of [Link] on [Link].
> # Estimate [Link] when [Link] = 3.1.
> data(iris)
> head(iris,5)
[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link] Species
1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
> model = lm([Link] ~ [Link] , data = iris)
> model

Call:
lm(formula = [Link] ~ [Link], data = iris)

Coefficients:
(Intercept) [Link]
3.41895 -0.06188

> new_x= [Link]([Link] = 3.1)

> Ypre=predict(model,new_x)
> Ypre
1
3.227104
> #
> # Regression equation
> # [Link] = 3.41895 - 0.06188([Link])
> #
> # Q.3) Determine the regression equation of y on x. also estimate y when x = 25.
> # Demand : 20,32,45,21,19,23,47,67
> # Supply : 16,38,54,25,20,42,66,40.
> # Answer :
> x = c(20,32,45,21,19,23,47,67)
> y = c(16,38,54,25,20,42,66,40)
> model = lm( y ~ x )
> model
 R Console Page 2

Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)

Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
16.1973 0.6256
> predict(model , [Link](x=25)) 1
> 31.83795#
> # Regression equation
> # Y = 16.1973 + 0.6256X
> #
> #*************************************************************************
***
> #
> # Sign of Instructor :
> #
> # END OF PRACTICAL
> #*************************************************************************
**
>
>
>
 Art's Commerce And Science college Sonai.

Department of [Link] Computer

Science Subject: Statistical Analysis

Using R Software

Name of Student: Bankar Siddheshwar Adinath

Batch: A

Class: [Link] (Computer Science) Date:

Practical No.9 : Discrete Probability Distributions ( Binomial , Poisson )

.

# Q.1) A factory produces light bulbs with a 5% defect rate.

# a) Simulate 100 inspections ( 1 = defective , 0 = non-defective ).
# b) Estimate the proportion of defective bulbs from the simulation.

> # Answer:

> a) Simulation : Generating 100 observations

> [Link](123)
> x <- rbinom(100,size=1,prob=0.05)
>x
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0
[38] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
[75] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

> b) Estimated proportion

> n= length(x)
>n
[1] 100

> mean(x)
[1] 0.05

# OR
> mean = sum (x) / n
> mean
[1] 72.28571

> #*************************************************************************
****

# Q.2) Each student passes an exam with probability 0.6. A class has 12
students.
> # a) What is the probability exactly 8 students pass ? (dbinom)
> # b) What is the probability at least 9 pass ? (pbinom)
> # c) What is the probability at most 5 pass ?
> # d) Simulate 100 such classes and estimate P(X ≥ 9).
> # e) Find the 90th percentile of the number of students passing.
> # Answer :

> # n = 12 , p = 0.6
> # a) P(X=8)
> dbinom(8,12,0.6) # dbinom(x,n,p)
[1] 0.2128409

> # b) P(X>=9) = 1-P(X<=8)

> 1-pbinom(8,12,0.6)
[1] 0.2253373

> # c) P(X<=5) # at most 5 students pass

> pbinom(5,12,0.6)
[1] 0.1582123

> # d) Generating 100 random observations

> [Link](123)
> sim = rbinom(100,size=12,prob=0.6)
> sim
[1] 8 6 8 5 5 10 7 5 7 7 4 7 6 7 9 5 8 10 8 4 5 6 7 3 7
[26] 6 7 7 8 9 4 5 6 6 10 7 6 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 8 7 8 5
[51] 10 7 6 9 7 9 9 6 5 8 7 9 8 8 6 7 6 6 6 7 6 7 6 12 7
[76] 9 8 7 8 9 8 6 8 6 9 8 3 5 5 9 9 7 8 7 8 9 6 9 7 7

> # e) Estimated Probability P(X = 9)using simulation

> mean(sim>=9)
[1] 0.22

> #*************************************************************************
*****

# Q.3) A vaccine works with probability 0.85. It is given to 20 patients.

> # Probability between 16 and 19 . P(16 <= X <= 19) .
> # a) Calculate mean and standard deviation theoretically .
> # b) Determine the ( median , Q1 , Q2 , Q3 ) .
> # c) Generate 5000 simulations and plot a histogram.

> # Answer :

> # 1) P(16 < X < 19) = P(X<19) – P(X<16)

> pbinom(18,20,0.85) - pbinom(15,20,0.85)
[1] 0.654289

> # 2) P(16 <= X <= 19)

> sum(dbinom(16:19,20,0.85))
[1] 0.7910873
> # a) mean and standard deviation
> n = 20
> p = 0.85
> # mean
> n*p
[1] 17
> # standard deviation
> sqrt(n*p*(1-p))
[1] 1.596872

> # b) Median , Q1 , Q2 , Q3 .
> # median
> qbinom(0.5,20,0.85)
[1] 17
> # Q1
> qbinom(0.25,20,0.85)
[1] 16
> # Q2
> qbinom(0.50,20,0.85)
[1] 17
> # Q3
> qbinom(0.75,20,0.85)
[1] 18

> # c) Histogram
> [Link](123)
> sim = rbinom(5000,20,0.85)
> hist(sim ,col = "lightblue")
> #*************************************************************************
******

# Q.4) A hospital receives an average of 4 emergency cases per hour.

> # a) Probability of exactly 6 cases in one hour.
> # b) Probability of fewer than 3 cases.
> # c) Probability of more than 5 cases.
> # d) Simulate 100 hours and estimate the average number of cases.
> # e) Find the 95th percentile of hourly cases.

> # Answer :

> # a) P(X=6)
> dpois(6,4)
[1] 0.1041956

> # b) P(X < 6) = P(X <= 5)

> ppois(5,4)
[1] 0.7851304

> # c) P(X > 5) = 1-P(X<=5)

> 1-ppois(5,4)
[1] 0.2148696

> # d)
> [Link](123)
> sim = rpois(100,4) # Random number generation # rpois(100,lambda)
> mean(sim)
[1] 4.09
> hist(sim)
> # e) 95th percentile
> qpois(0.95,4)
[1] 8

>#**************************************************************************
******

# Q.5) A website receives an average of 10 visitors per minute.

> # a) Probability of at most 8 visitors.
> # b) Probability of at least 10 visiters.
> # c) Determine median.
> # Answer :
> # a) P(X<=8)
> ppois(8,10)
[1] 0.3328197

> # b) P(X>=10) = 1-P(X<=9)

> 1-ppois(9,10)
[1] 0.5420703

> # c) Median
> qpois(0.5,10)
[1] 10

Signature of Instructor:

*********************************** END OF PRACTICAL

******************************