866 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

12.20. By using the simple Reynolds Analogy, obtain the relation between the heat transfer coefficient and the
mass transfer coefficient for the gas phase for the absorption of a soluble component from a mixture of gases.
If the heat transfer coefficient is 100 W/m2 K, what will the mass transfer coefficient be for a gas of specific
heat capacity Cp of 1.5 kJ/kg K and density 1,5 kg/mr5? The concentration of the gas is sufficiently low for
bulk flow effects to be negligible.

12.21. The velocity profile in the neighbourhood of a surface for a Newtonian fluid may be expressed in terms
of a dimensionless velocity u+ and a dimensionless distance y+ from the surface. Obtain the relation between
u+ and y+ in the laminar sub-layer. Outside the laminar sub-layer, the relation takes the form

u+ = 2.5 In y"f + 5.5

At what value of y4" does the transition from the laminar sub-layer to the turbulent zone occur?
In the 'Universal Velocity Profile', the laminar sub-layer extends to values of y+ = 5, the turbulent zone
starts at y+ = 30 and the range 5 < y+ < 30, the buffer layer, is covered by a second linear relation between
u+ and In y + . What is the maximum difference between the values of u+, in the range 5 < y+ < 30, using the
two methods of representation of the velocity profile?
, Uf
Definitions u+ = —

M* 2 = R/p

where ux is velocity at distance y from surface

R is wall shear stress
p, jit are the density and viscosity of the fluid.

12.22. In the universal velocity profile a "dimensionless" velocity u+ is plotted against l n y + t where y+ is
a "dimensionless" distance from the surface. For the region where eddy transport dominates (eddy kinematic
viscosity 3> kinematic viscosity), the ratio of the mixing length (Ag) to the distance (y) from the surface may
be taken as approximately constant and equal to 0.4. Obtain an expression for dw + /dy + in terms of y+.
In the buffer zone the value of du+/dy+ is twice this value. Obtain an expression for the eddy kinematic
viscosity E in terms of the kinematic viscosity (pi/p) and y+ . On the assumption that the eddy thermal
diffusivity EH and the eddy kinematic viscosity E are equal, calculate the value of the temperature gradient
in a liquid flowing over the surface at y+ = 15 (which lies within the buffer layer) for a surface heat flux of
1 000 W/m2 The liquid has a Prandtl number of 7 and a thermal conductivity of 0.62 W/m K.

13.1. In a process in which benzene is used as a solvent, it is evaporated into dry nitrogen. The resulting
mixture at a temperature of 297 K and a pressure of 101.3 kN/m2 has a relative humidity of 60%. It is desired
to recover 80% of the benzene present by cooling to 283 K and compressing to a suitable pressure. What must
this pressure be?

Vapour pressures of benzene: at 297 K = 12.2 kN/m 2 ; at 283 K = 6.0 kN/m 2 .

13.2. 0.6 m3/s of gas is to be dried from a dew point of 294 K to a dew point of 277.5 K. How much water
must be removed and what will be the volume of the gas after drying?

Vapour pressure of water at 294 K =2.5 kN/m2.

Vapour pressure of water at 277.5 K = 0.85 kN/m 2 .

13.3. Wet material, containing 70% moisture, is to be dried at the rate of 0.15 kg/s in a countercurrent dryer
to give a product containing 5% moisture (both on a wet basis). The drying medium consists of air heated
to 373 K and containing water vapour equivalent to a partial pressure of 1.0 kN/m2. The air leaves the dryer
at 313 K and 70% saturated. Calculate how much air will be required to remove the moisture. The vapour
pressure of water at 313 K may be taken as 7.4 kN/m 2 .

13.4. 30,000 m3 of coal gas (measured at 289 K and 101.3 kN/m2 saturated with water vapour) is compressed
to 340 kN/m2 pressure, cooled to 289 K and the condensed water is drained off. Subsequently the pressure is
 PROBLEMS 867

reduced to 170 kN/not2 and the gas is distributed at this pressure and at 289 K. What is the percentage humidity
of the gas after this treatment?
The vapour pressure of water at 289 K is 1.8 kN/m2.

13*5. A rotary countereurrent dryer is fed with ammonium nitrate containing 5% moisture at the rate of 1,5 kg/s,
and discharges the nitrate with 0.2% moisture. The air enters at 405 K and leaves at 355 K; the humidity of
the entering air being 0.007 kg of moisture per kg of dry air. The nitrate enters at 294 K and leaves at 339 K.
Neglecting radiation losses, calculate the mass of dry air passing through the dryer and the humidity of the
air leaving the dryer.

Latent heat of water at 294 K = 2450 kJ/kg.

Specific heat of ammonium nitrate = 1.88 kJ/kg K.
Specific heat of dry air = 0.99 kJ/kg K.
Specific heat of water vapour = 2.01 kJ/kg K.

13.6. Material is fed to a dryer at the rate of 0.3 kg/s and the moisture removed is 35% of the wet charge. The
stock enters and leaves the dryer at 324 K, The air temperature falls from 341 to 310 K, its humidity rising
from 0.01 to 0.02 kg/kg.
Calculate the heat loss to the surroundings.

Latent heat of water at 324 K = 2430 kJ/kg.

Specific heat of dry air = 0.99 kJ/kg K.
Specific heat of water vapour = 2.01 kJ/kg K.

13.7. A rotary dryer is fed with sand at the rate of 1 kg/s. The feed is 50% wet and the sand is discharged with
3% moisture. The air enters at 380 K with an solute humidity of 0.007 kg/kg. The wet sand enters at 294 K
and leaves at 309 K and the air leaves at 310 K.
Calculate the mass of air passing through the dryer and the humidity of the air leaving the dryer. Allow a
radiation loss of 25 kJ/kg of dry air.

Latent heat of water at 294 K = 2450 kJ/kg.

Specific heat of sand = 0.88 Id/kg K.
Specific heat of dry air = 0.99 kJ/kg K.
Specific heat of vapour = 2.01 kJ/kg K.

13.8. Water is to be cooled in a packed tower from 330 to 295 K by means of air flowing countercurrently.
The liquid flows at the rate of 275 cm3/m2 s and the air at 0.7 m3/m2 s. The entering air has a temperature of
295 K and a humidity of 20%. Calculate the required height of tower and the condition of the air leaving at
the top.
The whole of the resistance to heat and mass transfer may be considered as being within the gas phase and
the product of the mass transfer coefficient and the transfer surface per unit volume of column (hpa) may be
taken as 0.2 s"1.

13.9. Water is to be cooled in a small packed column from 330 to 285 K by means of air flowing countercur-
rently. The rate of flow of liquid is 1400 cm3/m2 s and the flow rate of the air, which enters at a temperature
of 295 K and a humidity of 60%, is 3.0 m3/m2 s. Calculate the required height of tower if the whole of the
resistance to heat and mass transfer may be considered as being in the gas phase and the product of the mass
transfer coefficient and the transfer surface per unit volume of column is 2 s"1.
What is the condition of the air which leaves at the top?

13.10. Air containing 0.005 kg of water vapour per kg of dry air is heated to 325 K in a dryer and passed to
the lower shelves. It leaves these shelves at 60% humidity, reheated to 325 K and passed over another set of
shelves, again leaving at 60% humidity. This is again reheated for the third and fourth sets of shelves, after
which the air leaves the dryer. On the assumption that the material in each shelf has reached the wet bulb
temperature and that heat losses from the dryer may be neglected, determine:

(a) the temperature of the material on each tray;

(b) the rate of water removal if 5 m3/s of moist air leaves the dryer;
(c) the temperature to which the inlet air would have to be raised to carry out the drying in a single stage.
868 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

13.11. 0.08 m;Vs of air at 305 K and 60% humidity is to be cooled to 275 K. Calculate, by use of a psychro-
metric chart, the amount of heat to be removed for each 10 deg K interval of the cooling process. What total
mass of moisture will be deposited? What is the humid heat of the air at the beginning and end of the process?

13.12. A hydrogen stream at 300 K and atmospheric pressure has a dew point of 275 K. It is to be further
humidified by adding to it (through a nozzle) saturated stream at 240 kN/m2 at the rate of 1 kg steam: 30 kg
of hydrogen feed. What will be the temperature and humidity of the resultant stream?

13.13. In a countercurrent packed column n-butanol flows down at the rate of 0.25 kg/in2 s and is cooled
from 330 to 295 K. Air at 290 K, initially free of n-butanol vapour, is passed up the column at the rate of
0.7 rtrVm2 s. Calculate the required height of tower and the condition of the exit air.
Data:

Mass transfer coefficient per unit volume: h^a = 0.1 s~'

Psychrometric ratio: = 2.34
ho PAS
Heat transfer coefficients: hi = 3hc
Latent heat of vaporisation of n-butanol, A. = 590 kJ/kg.
Specific heat of liquid n-butanol: C/. = 2.5 kJ/kg K.
Humid heat of gas: s — 1.05 kJ/kg K.

Temperature Vapour pressure of n-butanol

(K) (kN/m2)
295 0.59
300 0.86
305 1.27
310 1.75
315 2.48
320 3.32
325 4.49
330 5.99
335 7.89
340 10.36
345 14.97
350 17.50

13.14. Estimate the height and base diameter of a natural draught hyperbolic cooling tower which will handle
a flow of 5000 kg/s water entering at 300 K and leaving at 294 K. The dry-bulb air temperature is 287 K and
the ambient wet bulb temperature is 284 K.