A

Mini Project/ Internship Assessment Report on

LOCKER SECURITY ALARM

By

TAPISH KUMAR [19GCEBEN094]

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of
the degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Submitted to

Dr. Diptimayee Dash

Dr. Neha Jain
[Link] Singh

Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida
Abdul Kalam Technical University
November , 2025
 ABSTRACT

It can also referred as a detection and alarming system as it gives an alarming alert to concern
on detection of interruption or suspicion happening on a protected area or facility. System
generally consists of detector using a sensor followed by an alarm or an alerting circuit.
A locker security alarm is a electronic circuit which is used to detect any interruption
happening around the locker which in placed either in Banks, shops or in houses. In this
circuit, a PIN diode is [Link] main concern to design it with PIN diode is due to its light
sensitivity. It gives alarm when a light fall on sensor. Here PIN diode used as light sensor.
When this circuit is placed in a locker, then any person opens the gate of the locker, the
sensor detects light and it gives alarm.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract 1
Contents 2
List of Figures 3
List of Tables 4
Chapter 1: Introduction 5
Chapter 2: Component Description 6
Chapter 3: Circuit Description & Working Principle 17
Chapter 4: Circuit Design & Testing 19
Chapter 5: Application 21
Chapter 6: Conclusion 22
References 23

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Description Page No.

1. (A) Structure of PIN Diode 7
(B) PIN Diode BPW34
2. Pin configuration of BC547 8
3. Pin Configuration of CA3140 10
4. Binary Counter CD4060 11
5. Pin Configuration CD4060 12
6. Wire Wound Resistor 13
7. Thick film Resistor
8. (A) Potentiometer
(B) Trimmers
9. (A) Varister
(B) Photo Resistor
10. (A) Ceremic Capacitor 14
(B) Electrolytic Capacitor
11. (A) LED
(B) Infrared LED 15
12. 9V Battery
13. Piezo Buzzer
14. (A) Old Generation PCB 16
(B) New Generation PCB
15. (A) Jumper Wires
(B) 2mm Wires
16. Main Circuit Diagram 17
17. Part list with Notation
18. (A) PCB Lower Layout 19
(B) PCB Component Layout
(C) Actual Circuit Layout 20

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Description Page No.

1. Component Description 6
2. Datasheet of BPW34 7
3. Pin function of BC547 9
4. Datasheet of BC547
5. Datasheet of CA3140 11
6. Pin function of CD4060 12
7. Datasheet of CD4060

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 CHAPTER -1

INTRODUCTION

Electronic security system refers to any electronic equipment that could perform security
operations like surveillance, access control, alarming or an intrusion control to a facility or
an area which uses a power from mains and also a power backup like battery etc. It also
includes some of the operations such as electrical, mechanical gear. Determination of a type
of security system is purely based on area to be protected and its threats.
Electronic security relates to leveraging innovation in defensive holding by anticipating
unapproved access to individuals and property. The government is a universal and major
customer of such security administrations and business sections also utilizes the security
systems for their workers for giving security.
The electronic security systems are broadly utilized within corporate work places,
commercial places, shopping centers and etc. These systems are also used in railway
stations, public places and etc. The systems have profoundly welcomed, since it might be
worked from a remote zone. And these systems are also utilized as access control systems,
fire recognition and avoidance systems and attendance record systems. As we are know that
the crime rates are increasing day by day so most of the people are usually not feeling
comfort until they provide a sure for their security either it may be at office or home. So we
should choose a better electronic system for securing purpose.
It can also referred as a detection and alarming system as it gives an alarming alert to concern
on detection of interruption or suspicion happening on a protected area or facility. System
generally consists of detector using a sensor followed by an alarm or an alerting circuit.

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 CHAPTER-2

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION

[Link]. Component Name Component No. Quantity

1. PIN Photo Diode BPW34 01

2. Transistor BC547 02
3. OP-AMP CA3140 01

4. Counter CD4060 01
5. Resistor 1M/1K/100 Ω 08

6. Capacitor 0.22 µF 02
7. LED 5mm 03
8. Power Supply 9V 01

9. Piezo Buzzer — 01

10. PCB — 01
11. Connecting Wires — —
Table 1:-Component Description

1. PIN Photo Diode (BPW34) :-

A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, undoped intrinsic semiconductor region between a p-
type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region. The p-type and n-type regions are
typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.
The wide intrinsic region is in contrast to an ordinary p–n diode. The wide intrinsic region
makes the PIN diode an inferior rectifier (one typical function of a diode), but it makes it
suitable for attenuators, fast switches, photodetectors, and high voltage power electronics
applications.
The term PIN diode gets its name from the fact that includes three main layers. Rather than
just having a P-type and an N-type layer, it has three layers such as

 P-type layer
 Intrinsic layer
 N-type layer

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 Fig 1(A):-Structure of PIN Diode Fig 1(B):- PIN Diode BPW34

The working principle of the PIN diode exactly same as a normal diode. The main difference
is that the depletion region, because that normally exists between both the P & N regions in
a reverse biased or unbiased diode is larger..
PIN diode BPW34 (Fig. 2) is used in the circuit as light and IR sensor. BPW34 is a 2-pin
photodiode with anode (A) and cathode (K). The anode end can easily be identified from the
top-view flat surface of the photodiode. A small solder point to which a thin wire is connected
is the anode and the other one is the cathode terminal.
The BPW34 is a high speed Photodiode that is commonly used in control and driver
circuits. Because of it's short switching time (20nS) it can be used in isolated data
communication circuits and other remote communications like TV sets, dimmers and other
equipments.
BPW34 is a tiny PIN photodiode or mini solar cell with radiant sensitive surface that
generates 350mV DC open-circuit voltage when exposed to 900nm light. It is sensitive to
natural sunlight and also to light from fire. So it is ideal for use as a light sensor.
BPW34 photodiode can be used in zero-bias as well as reverse-bias states.

Parameter Test Condition Symbol Typical Value Unit

Reverse Voltage — VR 60 Volt
Breakdown voltage IR = 100 μA, E = 0 VBR 60 Volt
Power dissipation Tamb ≤ 25 °C PV 215 mW
Diode capacitance VR=0V, f=1MHz, CD 70 pF
Soldering Temperature t≤3s TSD 260 o
C
Temperature Ee = 1 mW/cm2, TKIk 0.1 %/K
coefficient of IK λ = 950 nm
Open circuit voltage Ee = 1 mW/cm2, Vo 350 mV
λ = 950 nm
Reverse dark current VR= 10 V, E = 0 Iro 2 nA
Table 2:-Datasheet of BPW34

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2. Transistor (BC547) :-
The word transistor is a combination of two words, transfer and resistor. So, the basic
purpose of transistor is transfer of resistance.
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and
electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of
the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Because the
controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can
amplify a signal.
BC547 is an NPN bi-polar junction transistor hence the collector and emitter will be left
open (Reverse biased) when the base pin is held at ground and will be closed (Forward
biased) when a signal is provided to base pin. BC547 has a gain value of 110 to 800, this
value determines the amplification capacity of the transistor. The maximum amount of
current that could flow through the Collector pin is 100mA, hence we cannot connect loads
that consume more than 100mA using this transistor. To bias a transistor we have to supply
current to base pin, this current (IB) should be limited to 5mA.
BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching [Link] a transistor is used
as a switch it is operated in the Saturation and Cut-Off Region.A transistor will act as an
Open switch during Forward Bias and as a Closed switch during Reverse Bias, this biasing
can be achieved by supplying the required amount of current to the base pin. A Transistors
acts as an Amplifier when operating in Active Region. It can amplify power, voltage and
current at different configurations.

Fig 2:- Pin configuration of BC547

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 Pin Pin Name Description
Number
1. Emitter Current drains out through
Emitter
2. Base Controls the biasing of
transistor
3. Collector Current flows in through
collector
Table 3:-Pin function of BC547

Parameter Test Condition Symbol Typical Value Unit

Emitter-Base IC=10mA, IB=0.5mA VBE(Sat) 700 mV
Saturation Voltage IC=100mA, IB=5mA 900
Collector-Emitter IC=10mA, IB=0.5mA VCE(Sat) 90 mV
Saturation Voltage IC=100mA, IB=5mA 200
Emitter-Base ON VCE=5V, IC=2mA VEB(ON) 580 mV
Voltage VCE=5V, IC=10mA 720
Collector Cut-off VCB=30V, IE=0 ICBO 15(max.) nA
Current
DC Current Gain VCE=5V, IC=2mA hfe 110-800
Input Capacitance VEB=0.5V, IC=0, Cib 9 pF
f=1MHz
Output Capacitance VCB=10V, IE=0, Cob 3.5 pF
f=1MHz
Current Gain VCE=5V, IC=10mA, fT 300 MHz
Bandwidth Product f=100MHz
Power Dissipation — PC 500 mW
o
Junction Temperature — TJ 150 C
Table 4:- Datasheet of BC547

3. OP-AMP (CA3140) :-
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier
with a differential input and a single-ended output. An op-amp produces an output potential
(relative to circuit ground) that is typically hundreds of thousands of times larger than the
potential difference between its input terminals.
An Operational Amplifier is basically a three-terminal device which consists of two high
impedance inputs. One of the inputs is called the Inverting Input, marked with sign ( – ).
The other input is called the Non-inverting Input, marked with sign ( + ). A third terminal

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represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both sink and source either a
voltage or a current.
The following points defines the OP-AMP CA3140 :-
 CA3140 is the 4.5MHz BiMOS Operational Amplifier with MOSFET inputs and
Bipolar output.
 It has gate protected MOSFET transistor at input stage to provide very high input
impedance, very low input current, and high speed performance.
 The output stage uses bipolar transistor and includes built-in protection against
damage from short circuiting to either supply or to ground.
 In this circuit, it is used as a transimpedance amplifier to act as a current-to-voltage
converter.
 KEY FEATURES
 MOSFET Input Stage

 Very High Input Impedance (ZIN) -1.5TΩ (Typ)

 Very Low Input Current (Ii) -10pA (Typ) at ±15V

 Wide Common Mode Input Voltage Range (VlCR)

 Output Swing Complements Input Common Mode Range

 Directly Replaces Industry Type 741 in Most Applications

Fig 3:- Pin Configuration of CA3140

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 Parameter Symbol Typical Value Unit

Input Resistance Ri 1.5 TΩ

Input Capacitance Ci 4 pF

Output Resistance Ro 60 Ω

Gain-Bandwidth Product fT 4.5 MHz

Slew Rate SR 9 V/µS

Input Offset Voltage VIO 0.5 mV

Input Offset Current IIO 0.5 pA

Open loop Voltage Gain AOL 100 dB

Common Mode Rejection Ratio CMRR 90 dB

Power-Supply Rejection Ratio PSRR 80 dB

Device Dissipation PD 120 mW

Table 5:- Datasheet of CA3140

4. Counter (CD4060) :-
A counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a
particular event or process has [Link] most common type is a sequential digital logic
circuit with an input line called the clock and multiple output lines. The values on the output
lines represent a number in the binary or BCD number system. A counter circuit is usually
constructed of a number of flip-flops connected in cascade.
CD4060 consists of an oscillator section and 14 ripple-carry binary counter [Link] the
IC, there is an oscillator and 14 series connected bistables. Internally the oscillator signal is
applied to the first bistable which drives the second bistable and so [Link] only ten active
high outputs can give time delay from few seconds to hours.
Features :-

 12 MHz clock rate at 15 V

 Common reset
 Buffered inputs and outputs Fig 4:- Counter CD4060

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 Schmitt trigger input-pulse line
 Standardized, symmetrical output characteristics
 Oscillator Features:
o All active components on chip
o RC or crystal oscillator configuration
o RC oscillator frequency of 690 kHz min. at 15 V
 Applications Fig
5:-Pin Configuration CD4060
o Control counters
o Timers
o Frequency dividers
o Time-delay circuits
Pin Number Pin Name Description
7,5,4,6,14,13,15,1,2,3 Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q9, Q11, Q12, Q13, Output pins of the Binary counter
Q14

8 Vss /Ground Connected to ground of the system

9 CEXT External Capacitor to set clock
freq.
10 REXT External Resistor to set clock freq.
11 RS CLK Input Pin for setting clock
freq.
12 MR Master Reset
16 Vdd Supply Voltage
Table 6:- Pin function of CD4060

Parameter Symbol Typical Value Unit

Supply Voltage VDD 0-18 V

I/P Clamping Current IIK ±10 mA

O/P Clamping Current IOK ±10 mA

I/P & O/P Current II/O ±10 mA

Suppy Current IDD 50 mA

Power Dissipation PD 100 mW

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 I/P Leakage Current IL ±0.3 µA

I/P Capacitance Ci 7.5 pF

Table 7:- Datasheet of CD4060

5. Resistors :-
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. Resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels,
to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.
It is made of copper wires which is coiled around a ceramic rod and the outer part of the
resistor is coated with an insulating paint.
There are two basic types of resistors as follows:

 Linear resistor Fig 6:-Wire Wound Resistor

 Non-linear resistor

Linear resistors: The resistors whose values change with change in applied temperature
and voltage are known as linear resistors. There are two types of linear resistors:

Fixed resistors: These resistors have a specific value and these values cannot be changed.
Following are the different types of fixed resistors:

 Carbon composition resistors

 Wire wound resistors
 Thin film resistors
 Thick film resistors Fig 7:-Thick film Resistor

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 Variable resistors: These resistors don’t have a specific value and the values can be
changed with the help of dial, knob. These resistors find applications in radio receivers
for controlling volume and tone. Following are the different types of variable resistors:

 Potentiometers
 Rheostats
 Trimmers

Fig.8(A):Potentiometer Fig 8(B):-Trimmers

Non-linear resistors: The resistor values change according to the temperature and voltage
applied and is not dependent on Ohm’s law. Following are the
different types of non-linear resistors:

 Thermisters
 Varisters
 Photo resistors Fig.9(A):Varister Fig.10(B):Photo Resistor
6. Capacitor :-
A capacitor is a device that stores electrical energy in an electric field. It is a passive
electronic component with two terminals. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance.
While some capacitance exists between any two electrical conductors in proximity in a
circuit, a capacitor is a component designed to add capacitance to a circuit. The capacitor
was originally known as a condenser.
In its basic form, a capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive (metal) plates which
are not connected, but are electrically separated either by air or by some form of a good
insulating material such as waxed paper, mica, ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel
as used in electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between a capacitors plates is
commonly called the Dielectric. Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow
through the capacitor as it blocks it allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates
in the form of an electrical charge.
A ceramic capacitor is a fixed-value capacitor where the ceramic material acts as the
[Link] material is chosen as dielectric because of its great ability to allow
electrostatic attraction and [Link] ceramic capacitor is a type of capacitor that is used
in many applications from audio to [Link] of ceramic capacitor range from a few
picofarads to around 0.1 microfarads. Ceramic capacitor types are by far the most

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commonly used type of capacitor being cheap and reliable and their loss factor is
particularly low although this is dependent on the exact dielectric in use.

Fig 10(A):-Ceremic Capacitor Fig 10(B):-Electrolytic Capacitor

7. LED :- A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light
when current flows through [Link] in the semiconductor
recombine with electron holes, releasing energy in the form of
photonsThe colour of the light is determined by the energy
required for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor.
The output from an LED can range from red (700 nm) to blue-
violet (400 nm). Some LEDs emit infrared energy (>830 nm),
such a device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED). Fig 11(A):-LED

Features:-
 Low power requirement
 High efficiency
 Long life
 Reliable & Rugged

Application:-
 Indicator lights
 LCD panel backlighting
 Fiber optic data transmission
 Optoisolator
 Lighted Switch
 Remote Control (IR) Fig 11(B):-Infrared LED

8. Power Supply :-
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A
device or system that supplies electrical or any types of energy to
an output load or group of loads is called a power [Link] it
refers to electrical energy supplies. We are using a 9v DC power
supply for the project. Fig 12:-9V Battery

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9. Piezo Buzzer :-
The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the
piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by
the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material.
These buzzers can be used as switching action, counter signal or
sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. Fig 13:-Piezo Buzzer

The buzzer produces a same noisy sound irrespective of the voltage variation applied to it.
It consists of piezo crystals between two conductors. When a potential is applied across these
crystals, they push on one conductor and pull on the other. This, push and pull action, results
in a sound wave. Most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz.

10. Printed Circuit Board (PCB) :-

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components or electrical components using conductive tracks, pads and other features
etched from one or more sheet layers of copper laminated onto and/or between sheet layers
of a non-conductive substrate. Components are generally soldered onto the PCB to both
electrically connect and mechanically fasten them to it.

Chemical etching is usually done with ammonium persulfate or ferric chloride. Printed
circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. They are also used in some
electrical products, such as passive switch boxes.

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 Fig 14(A):-Old Generation PCB Fig 14(B):-New Generation PCB

12. Connecting Wires :-

Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from
one point on a circuit to another because electricity needs a
medium through which it can move. Most of the connecting
wires are made up of copper or aluminum. Copper is cheap Fig 15(A):-Jumper Wires

and good conductivity. Instead of the copper, we can also

usesilver which has high conductivity but it is too costly to
use.

Fig 15(B):-2mm Wires

Chapter 3
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION & WORKING PRINCIPLE

Circuit Diagram :-

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 Fig 16:-Circuit Diagram

PIN Diode BPW34 is used in the circuit as light and IR

sensor. BPW34 is a 2-pin photodiode with anode (A)
and cathode (K). The anode end can easily be identified
from the top-view flat surface of the photodiode. A
small solder point to which a thin wire is connected is
the anode and the other one is the cathode terminal.

Fig 17:-Part list with Notation

The circuit diagram of the fire sensor based on PIN diode is shown in Fig.16. It is built
around the 9V battery, PIN diode BPW34 (D1), operational amplifier CA3140 (IC1),
counter CD4060 (IC2), transistors BC547 (T1 and T2), a piezoelectric buzzer (PZ1) and
some other components.
In the circuit, the PIN photodiode BPW34 is connected to the inverting and non-inverting
inputs of the op-amp IC1 in the reverse polarized mode to feed the photocurrent at the
op-amp input. CA3140 is a 4.5MHz BiMOs operational amplifier with MOSFET inputs and
bipolar output.
The MOSFET protected transistors with gate (PMOS) in the input circuit provide a very
high input impedance, typically around 1.5T ohms. The IC requires a very low input current,
as low as 10pA, to change the output state to high or low.
In the circuit, IC1 is used as a transimpedance amplifier to act as a current-to-voltage
converter. IC1 amplifies and converts the photo current generated in the PIN diode to the
corresponding voltage at its output. The non-inverting input is connected to the ground and
the anode of the photodiode, while the inverting input receives the current photo of the PIN
diode.

Working Principle :-
The high-value feedback resistor R1 establishes the gain of the transimpedance amplifier
and the non-inverting input connection to GND provides low impedance load for the
photodiode, which keeps the photodiode voltage low. The photodiode works in photovoltaic

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mode without external bias. The operational amplifier feedback keeps the photodiode
current equal to the feedback current through R1.
Therefore, the input compensation voltage due to the photodiode is very low in this self-
polarized photovoltaic mode. This allows a large gain without large output compensation
voltage. This is selected to obtain large gains in low light conditions.
Normally, in ambient light conditions, the photocurrent of the PIN diode is very low, keeps
the output of IC1 low. When the PIN diode detects the visible light or IR of the fire, its
photocurrent increases and the transimpedance amplifier IC1 converts this current into the
corresponding output voltage. The high output of IC1 activates transistor T1 and LED1
lights up. This indicates that the circuit has detected fire. When T1 drives, it carries the reset
pin 12 of IC2 to the ground potential and the CD4060 starts to oscillate.
IC2 is a binary counter with ten outputs that activate one by one when it oscillates due to C1
and R6. The oscillation of IC2 is indicated by the flashing of LED2. When the output Q6
(pin 4) of IC2 becomes high after 15 seconds, T2 drives and activates the piezoelectric
buzzer PZ1, and the LED3 also lights up. The alarm is repeated again after 15 seconds if the
fire persists.

CHAPTER 4

CIRCUIT DESIGN & TESTING

PCB Layout :-
A single side PCB for the PIN diode based fire sensor is shown in Fig.18 and its component
layout in Fig.19. Enclose the PCB in a small box in such a way that you can connect PIN
diode BPW34 easily at the rear side of the box. Install the PIN diode in a

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suitable place and cover it such that normal light/sunlight does not fall on it.

Fig 18(A):-PCB Lower Layout

Fig 18(B):-PCB Component Layout

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 Fig 18(C):-Actual Circuit Layout

Testing :-
Testing the circuit is simple. Normally, when there is no fire flame near the PIN diode, the
piezo buzzer does not sound. When a fire flame is sensed by the PIN diode, piezo buzzer
sounds an alarm. Its detection range is around two metres. It can also detect sparks in the
mains wiring due to short-circuit.

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 CHAPTER 5

APPLICATIONS

1. The main application of this circuit is in Lockers used in Banks, Jewellary shops,
houses and other places. But there is a problem, when it will be placed in a dark
room, it doesn’t work properly.
2. It can be used as a PIN diode based fire sensor that activates an alarm when it detects
fire. In this circuit, a sensitive PIN diode is used as a fire sensor for a longer-range
fire detection. It detects visible light and infrared (IR) in the range of 430nm –
1100nm. So visible light and IR from the fire can easily activate the sensor to trigger
the alarm.
3. It also detects sparks in the mains wiring and, if these persist, it gives a warning
alarm.
4. It is an ideal protective device for showrooms , lockers , record rooms etc.

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 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

The electronic security systems are broadly utilized within corporate work places,
commercial places, shopping centers and etc. These systems are also used in railway
stations, public places and etc. The systems have profoundly welcomed, since it might be
worked from a remote zone. And these systems are also utilized as access control systems,
fire recognition and avoidance systems and attendance record systems. As we are know that
the crime rates are increasing day by day so most of the people are usually not feeling
comfort until they provide a sure for their security either it may be at office or home. So we
should choose a better electronic system for securing purpose.

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 REFERENCES

1. [Link]
2. [Link]
3. [Link]
4. [Link]
5. [Link]
6. [Link]
7. [Link]

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