MASTER STUDY NOTES
A comprehensive digitization of handwritten notes spanning Governance,
Economy, Agriculture, Science, and Social Welfare
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1. Governance & Social Welfare
Major Government Schemes
PMJVK - Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram
• Sponsorship: Ministry of Minority Affairs.
• Funding Ratio: UT - 100% | NEH - 90:10 | Others - 60:40.
• Duration: 2022-23 to 2025-26 (15th Finance Commission).
• Objectives: Increase socioeconomic indicators, provide basic amenities (drinking water,
electricity), promote inclusive growth and women-led development.
• Target Areas: Minority Concentration Areas (MCAs). All districts with ≥ 25% minority
population. Lowest threshold of 15% (PB & J&K).
• Resource Allocation: ≥ 80% earmarked for Education, Health, and Skill Development. 33-40%
reserved for Women & Girls.
PM VIKAS - Pradhan Mantri Virasat Ka Samvardhan
• Ministry: Ministry of Minority Affairs (MOMA) - 2024.
• Objectives: Empower minority communities, skill development, entrepreneurship, and training
for minority women.
• Merger: Merges 5 earlier schemes: Seekho aur Kamao, Nai Roshni, USTTAD, Nai Manzil, Hamari
Darohar.
• Components: Enterprise development loans via NMDFC, Leadership training for minority
women, support for school dropouts, and artisan support.
Lakhpati DIDI
• Nodal Agency: Initiative under DAY-NRLM (Ministry of Rural Development).
• Goal: Create 3 Crore Lakhpati Didis by empowering women SHGs.
• Income Target: Annual Household Income of ≥ ₹1,00,000 and a Monthly Income of ≥ ₹10,000.
• Financial Support: Revolving Fund (₹20k-₹30k), Community Investment Fund (up to ₹2.5 Lakh),
Collateral-free bank loan up to ₹20 Lakh, Interest Subvention up to ₹3 Lakh, ODF Limit up to
₹5,000.
PMAY (Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana) & PM JANMAN
• PMAY Aim: "Housing for all" targeting low-income groups. Provides pucca houses with basic
amenities (Target of 4.95 Crore).
• PM JANMAN: Enhances socioeconomic status via skill upgrading, community infrastructure
(roads, health centers), and saturating households with government schemes.
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Labour & Employment
e-Shram Portal & SAMADHAN
• SAMADHAN: MoLE portal for handling industrial disputes, claims, and complaints for workers
and trade unions.
• e-Shram Portal: Launched 26 Jan 2021 (MoLE). National Database for Unorganised Workers.
Issues a Universal Account Number (UAN). Integrates multiple social security schemes for
benefit portability.
Demographics & Urbanisation
World Urbanisation Prospects 2025 (UNDESA)
• By 2050, 2/3rd of the global population will live in cities/towns.
• India (44% of people) & China host 1.2 Billion town residents.
• Megacities (10M+): Projected 37 by 2050. Top Cities by 2050: 1. Jakarta | 2. Dhaka | 3. Tokyo | 4.
New Delhi (30.2m) | 9. Kolkata (22.5m).
UN Demographic Report
• India's Population: Reached 1.4639 Billion, world's most populous.
• Fertility Rates: India's TFR is 1.9 (below the 2.1 replacement rate).
• Life Expectancy: India is at 72 years (Men - 71, Women - 74).
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2. Agriculture, Portals & Food Processing
Digital Agriculture & Portals
• Kisan Rin Portal: Unified digital platform for accessing loan data, scheme specifics, and interest
subvention claims under the KCC scheme.
• WINDS (Weather Information Network Data Systems): Leverages advanced weather data
analytics to provide accurate, hyper-local weather advisories to farmers.
• UPAG (Unified Portal for Agricultural Statistics): MoA&FW portal addressing data
governance by acting as a centralized hub for agricultural data (prices, production, trade).
• Krishi 24/7: India's first AI-powered solution for automated agricultural news monitoring,
developed with Wadhwani AI.
• SATHI Portal: Ensures traceability of the seed supply chain from breeder to farmer to counter
spurious seeds.
Agriculture & Allied Sector Schemes
PM SAMPADA & PM-AASHA
• PM SAMPADA (MoFPI): Creates modern infrastructure from farm gate to retail outlet, reducing
post-harvest losses (Mega food parks, cold chains).
• PM-AASHA: Ensures remunerative prices to farmers. Components: PSS (Physical procurement),
PDPS (Price Deficiency Payment for oilseeds), and PPPS (Private Procurement pilot).
Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF)
• Central Sector Scheme with a corpus of ₹1 Lakh Crore (2020 to 2032).
• Provides an interest subvention of 3% per annum up to ₹2 Crore (for max 7 years).
Statutory Boards & Marketing
National Turmeric Board
• Established in Telangana (Nizamabad region).
• India is the largest producer, consumer, and exporter of turmeric. Target: $1 Billion in exports by
2030.
• Top States: Maharashtra > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka > Andhra Pradesh.
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3. Livestock, Fisheries & Animal Husbandry
Fisheries Sector Schemes
PMMSY (Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana)
• Budget: ₹20,050 Crore (Extended to 2025-26). Implemented by NFDB (Hyderabad).
• Achievements: Production increased to 195 LT. India is the 2nd largest fish producer (8% of
global). Generated ~58 Lakh jobs.
• Key Initiatives: 100 Coastal Fishermen Villages with RAS and Biofloc technology. Up to 60%
Financial Assistance for women.
PM-MKSSY (Matsya Kisan Samridhi Sah-Yojana)
• Budget: ₹6,000 Crore (Half World Bank/French Agency, Half Private).
• Components: Formalisation of sector (NFDP), Aquaculture Insurance (covering at least 1 Lakh
hectares with 40% premium subsidy), Supporting Microenterprises via performance grants.
Livestock & Dairy Development
RGM (Rashtriya Gokul Mission)
• Budget: ₹3,400 Crore (2021-22 to 2025-26).
• Objectives: Enhance bovine productivity, propagate high genetic merit bulls, enhance AI
coverage (from 30% to 70%), and promote indigenous cattle.
• Components: 100% Grant-in-aid basis generally. Uses Sex Sorted Semen, IVF Tech, e-Pashu Haat,
and Pashu Sanjivni (Animal Health Cards).
National Livestock Mission (NLM)
• Focuses on entrepreneurship development in small ruminants, poultry, piggery, and fodder.
• Provides 50% Capital Subsidy for Poultry (up to ₹25 Lakh), Sheep/Goat (up to ₹50 Lakh), and
Piggery (up to ₹30 Lakh).
• Fodder Seed Production: 100% incentivization for breeder, foundation, and certified seeds.
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4. Economy, Finance & Infrastructure
Energy & Infrastructure Schemes
PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
• Outlay: ₹75,021 Crore. Target: 1 Crore Rooftop Solar Systems.
• Subsidy: 60% of benchmark cost for first 2 kWp; 40% for the next 1 kWp. No additional CFA
beyond 3 kWp.
• Model Solar Village: ₹800 Crore allocated (₹1 Crore per selected village with highest RE
capacity).
PM-KUSUM (Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan)
• Target: 34.8 GW by March 2026.
• Component A: 10,000 MW Decentralised Solar Power Plants (500 kW to 2 MW).
• Component B: 14 Lakh Standalone Solar Agriculture Pumps (30% CFA, 30% State, 40% Farmer).
• Component C: 35 Lakh Grid Connected Agri Pumps (Individual & Feeder Level Solarisation).
Finance & Banking
PM-SVANidhi (Street Vendor's AtmaNirbhar Nidhi)
• Provides collateral-free working capital loans in 3 tranches (₹15k, ₹25k, ₹50k) with a 7% interest
subsidy.
• Incentivizes digital transactions via cashback (up to ₹1600/yr).
Unified Pension Scheme (UPS)
• Effective Date: 1 April 2025. Middle path between OPS and NPS.
• Assured Pension: 50% of Average Basic Pay (last 12 months) for min 25 years service. Minimum
pension is ₹10,000/month.
• Corpus: Employee contributes 10%. Government contributes 10% (IPF) + additional 8.5% to
Guarantee Reserve Fund (GRF).
S&P Sovereign Ratings Upgrade
• Reflects fiscal consolidation (Fiscal Deficit reduced from 9.2% to target 4.4%), strong growth
(8.8%), and stable inflation (~1.6%).
• Results in better borrowing terms and greater investor confidence.
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5. Environment, Ecology & Science
Climate & Ecosystems
Emission Gap Report
• GHG Emissions reached 51.7 GtCO2e (2023). Primary driver: Deforestation (53% of increase).
• Top Emitters: China > USA > India. India had the highest absolute growth in emission but ranks
7th in per capita emission (3 tCO2).
Wildlife & Unique Traits
• Elephants: India's Top 5 States: KA > AS > KL > TN > OD. Females lead herds.
• Pistol Shrimp: Snapping claw shoots high-velocity water jet. Louder than a gunshot, creates
bubble cavity reaching ~4400°C.
• Axolotls: Critically endangered salamander capable of extreme regeneration and neoteny.
ISRO & Space Tech in Rural Development
• Agri: Crop monitoring, PMFBY damage assessment, Digital Agriculture Mission.
• Water: Watershed mapping, Groundwater recharge monitoring, NADAMS for drought.
• Village Resource Centres: 473 VRCs set up for telemedicine, education, and skill development.
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6. Indices, Social Issues & Reports
Global & National Indices
G20 Global Inequality Report
• Richest 10% hold 54% of Global Income. Richest 1% acquired 41% of new wealth.
• In India, the top 1% expanded their share of wealth to 62%.
SDG National Indicator Framework (2025 Progress)
• Renewable Energy accounts for 22.13% of electricity generation.
• Gini Coefficient improved in both Rural (0.283 to 0.237) and Urban areas.
• Forest Cover increased from 21.34% to 21.76%.
Swachh Survekshan Awards (9th Edition)
• Cleanest Cities: 1. Indore (8th time) | 2. Surat | 3. Navi Mumbai.
• Best Ganga Town: Prayagraj. Best Cantonment: Secunderabad.
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7. Defense, Important Days & Miscellaneous
Defense & International Relations
• AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank): China is the largest shareholder (26.54%),
followed by India (7.58%). President: Zou Jiayi.
• NATO: 32 members (Sweden is the newest). Target of 55% Defence Spending. HQ: Brussels.
• IGMDP Missiles: Akash (SAM), Trishul (SAM), Nag (Anti-tank), Agni (Ballistic), Prithvi (Ballistic).
• Indian Coast Guard: Inducted 1st Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) named Adamya (built at Goa
Shipyard).
Important Days & Observances
Date Observance Notes / Theme
May 28 World Dugong Day / Menstrual Hygiene Day Dugongs are vulnerable marine mammals (Sea Cows).
June 23 International Olympic Day Theme: "Let's Move".
June 26 Int'l Day Against Drug Abuse Theme: "Break the cycle #stop organised crime".
June 29 National Statistics Day Commemorates P.C. Mahalanobis. Focus: "75 yrs of NSS".
July 1 National Doctor's Day / CA Day Honors Bidhan Chandra Roy. Theme: "Behind the mask".
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