Chapter – 8

Function
8.1 Patterns and Functions
8.2 Functions Notation
8.2.1 Evaluating Functions
8.2.2 Recognizing Functions
8.3 Key Features of Function Graphs
8.3.1 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
8.3.2 Relative Maximums and Minimums
8.3.3 Positive and Negative Values
8.3.4 End Behavior and Periodic Functions
8.4 Function Applications

1
 Article 8.1
Patterns and Functions Notation

2
Key Ideas
❖ A pattern is a sequence of numbers determined by a mathematical rule.
❖ A function is a rule that shows how one set of numbers is related to another set of numbers.
To use a function, substitute values for variables and solve.

➢ A pattern is a series of numbers or objects whose sequence is determined by a particular

rule. You can figure out what rule has been used by studying the terms you are given.

✓ Think: What operation or sequence of operations will always result in the next term in
the series? Once you know the rule, you can continue the pattern.

3
o Which number should come next in the following pattern?

List of Numbers Observations Pattern

+𝟐 +𝟐 +𝟐 +𝟐
“2 is added to each previous
2, 4, 6, 8, 10,….. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,….. term in the list
×𝟑 ×𝟑 ×𝟑
“3 is multipied times each
3, 9, 27, 81, .….. 3, 9, 27, 81,….. previous term in the list
+𝟖 +𝟖 +𝟖
“8 is added to each previous
3, 11, 19, 27, ….. 3, 11, 19, 27,….. term in the list
×𝟐+𝟏
“multiply each previous term
2, 5, 11, 23, 47,….. 2, 5, 11, 23, 47,….. times 2 and add 1”

4
Example 1: Find the seventh term in the sequence: : 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, . . .

1. Determine the rule. Each number in the sequence is two times the number before it.

2. Apply the rule. You have been given five terms and must find the seventh.

Continue the pattern.

The sixth term is 16 × 2 = 32

So, the seventh term is 32 × 2 = 64

5
❖ What is a function?
✓ A function relates an input to an output.

It is like a machine that has an input and an output.

And the output is related somehow to the input.

6
 For example,
A sidewalk vendor charges $1.50 for a slice of pizza.
The chart below shows how much it would cost to buy one to six slices.
Number of Pizza 1 2 3 4 5 6
Slices
Cost $1.50 $3.00 $4.50 $6.00 $7.50 $9.00

➢ Each number in the first row corresponds to a price in the second row.
➢ We could say that the amount a customer will pay is a function of (or depends upon)
the number of slices the customer orders.

Cost = $1.50 × number of slices

✓ This function could be written: 𝒚 = $𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒙
𝑦 = $1.50 × 𝑥
f(𝒙) = $𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝒙
7
Example 2: Example 3:
Using the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5, Using the function 𝑛 = 100 − 4 3 + 𝑚 ,
what is the value of 𝑦 when 𝑥 = −3 ? what is the value of 𝑛 when m = 6 ?

𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5 𝑛 = 100 − 4(3 + 𝑚)
= 3(−3) + 5 = 100 − 4(3+ 6 )
= −9 + 5 = 100 − 4(9)
y = −4 = 100 − 36
The function of 𝑦 is −4 𝑛 = 64

𝑓 𝑦 = −4 The function of 𝑛 is 64
𝑓 𝑛 = 64
8
 Practice
A. Solve.
1. Which number should come next in the following pattern?
Answer keys
−𝟏𝟐 , −𝟗 , −𝟔 , −𝟑 , _________
1. 0
2. What is the next number in the sequence? 2. 41
𝟐𝟏 , 𝟐𝟔 , 𝟑𝟏 , 𝟑𝟔 , _________ 3. 2

3. In the function 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 10, if 𝑥 = −2, what is the value of 𝑦 ? 4. 40

4. In the function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 4 + 𝑥 − 2, if 𝑥 = 3, what is the value of 𝑦 ?

9
5. Each term in the second row is determined by the function 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 1. Practice
x 1 2 3 4 5 …… 12
y 1 3 5 7 9 …… Answer keys
What number belongs in the shaded box? 5) 23
𝑥+3
6. In the function 𝑦 = − 8 if 𝑥 = 21. 6) -4
6
7) 32
7. Each term in the second row is determined by the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 5.

x −2 −1 0 1 2 …… 9
y −1 2 5 8 11 ……

What number belongs in the shaded box?

10
 Article 8.2
Functions Notation

11
 Key Ideas
❖ In function notation, the result of the function is expressed in terms of the variable in
the function, for example, f(x) = 4𝑥 + 5.
❖ The domain of a function is the set of valid input values, or those values of the variable
for which the function is defined.
❖ The range of a function is the set of output values that it can generate, given the values
in its domain.
𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
Function Notation

Input ×4 +5 Output

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Function Notation

Input ×6 −3 Output

3 3× 𝟔 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟑 𝟏𝟕
𝒙 𝟔𝒙 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑

𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟑

Input Output

13
Function Notation
𝒙 𝒚
𝒇 Input × 𝟑 + 𝟐 = output
1 5
Input = 1, 2, 3, 4
2 8 𝒙 ×𝟑 + 𝟐 = 𝒚
Output = 5, 8, 11, 14
3 11 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2
4 14 ∴ Domain = {1, 2, 3, 4} y has a relation with x.
input output ∴ Range = {5, 8, 11, 14} 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Domain Range ∴ 𝑦 is a function of x.
𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2

Function Notation

14
 1
Example 1: What is the domain of ?
1−𝑥 2
1. The domain is the set of values that x can take on to produce a defined value for f(x).
✓ Division by zero is undefined.
2. Calculate the values of x that produce a denominator of zero.

1 − 𝑥2 = 0
1+𝑥 1−𝑥 =0
𝑥 = ±1

3. The domain is all real numbers not equal to −1 or 1.

The range of a function is the set of outputs or results of the function.

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 Example 2: What is the range of f(x)= x2 ?
Solution:
1. First, determine the domain of this function. Any number can be squared, so the
domain is all values of x.
2. Find the minimum value of f(x). A squared real number is never negative.
When x = 0, f(x) = 0 and that is the function’s minimum value.
3. Find the maximum value of f(x). As x moves away from zero, whether in a
positive or negative direction, f(x) takes on a greater positive value.
❖ There is no limit on how large f(x) can be. Thus, the range of f(x) is numbers greater
than or equal to zero.
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 Practice
1. Which of the following is written in function notation?
(a) 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
(b) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
(c) 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
(d) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
(e) 𝑔𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1

2. Find the domain and range of the following functions.

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 (Domain is all real numbers; range is all real numbers.)
5
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = ( Domain is all real numbers except x = –3; range is all real numbers except 0.)
𝑥+3
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 +
4𝑥 + 4 (Domain is all real numbers; range is f(x) ≥ 0.)
4. 𝑓 𝑏 = − −6𝑏 (Domain is all real numbers; range is f(b) ≤ 0.)
17
 Practice
3. Rafael enjoys baking cookies with his nieces and nephews. For every cup of oats, they
can make 24 oatmeal cookies. If they made 180 oatmeal cookies today, how many cups
of oats did they use?

✓ 1. Write the function.

f(c) = 24c,
( where c is the number of cups of oats and f(c) is the number of cookies.)

✓ 2. Substitute the value of the outcome for f(c).

180 = 24c

✓ 3. Solve for c.
180
𝐶= = 7.5
24
18
 Article 8.2.1
Evaluating Functions

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Evaluating Functions
❖ In any function rule, the x or other variable acts as a placeholder for the domain of
that function.

❖ To evaluate a function means to substitute a number for this variable.

For example,
f(-1)(read “f of negative 1”) means
✓ you should replace each x in the rule with -1.

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Function: mathematical machines that give an output for an input.

Input (𝑥) Input (−3) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟑 find 𝒇 −𝟑 .

Function
𝒙𝟑

Output f(𝑥) Output f(𝑥)

−𝟐𝟕

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22
Example 3:

Given 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖 calculate:

(1) 𝑓 4 = 3( 4 ) + 8 (2) 𝑓 −5 = 3(−5) + 8 2 2

(3) 𝑓 = 3( ) + 8
3 3
= 12 + 8 = −15 + 8 =2+8
= 20 = −7 = 10

𝑓 4 = 20 𝑓 −5 = −7 2
𝑓 = 10
3

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Example 4: Given 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 calculate:

(1) 𝑔 3 = 33 − 3 ( 3 ) (1) 𝑔 −2 = −23 − 3 (−2)

= 27 − 9 = −8 + 6

= 18 = −2

𝑔 3 = 18 𝑔 −2 = −2

24
 Practice
A. Directions: Evaluate each function as indicated.
o For Questions 1 and 2, let f(x) = 5x + 2 and find the given value.
1. f (4)
2. f (-6)

o For Questions 3 to 5, let g(x)=2x2-x+3 and find the given value.

3. g(0)
4. g(-1)
[Link]
5. g(2) c86:functions/x2f8bb11595b61c86:evaluating-
functions/e/functions_1

25
 Practice
B. Evaluate each function for the given value.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 3; find 𝑓(−4)
A. 6 B. −9
C. 1 D. −3
1
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 6𝑥 − 7 ; Find 𝑓( )
4
A. − 87 B. 87
25 25
C. D. −
16 16

3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 24; find 𝑓(−4.8)

A. − 3.75 B. 5.76
C. − 1.59 D. −0.96
26
 Practice
4. A student wants to calculate the temperature in degree Celsius from the Fahrenheit
temperature. The process is to take the produce of five-ninths and 32 less than the
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. What is the temperature in degrees Celcius if
it is 85 degrees Fahrenheit.
5
𝐶 = (𝐹 − 32)
9
A. − 29.4
B. 29.4
C. 55
D. 238.5

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 Article 8.2.2
Recognizing Functions

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Recognize a Function

How can you tell if the rule is a function?

❑ Recognize a function in a table or graph by determining whether or not

there is only one output value for each input value

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A function has only one output for each input.

Input Output
Student’s name Student’s age
Jack 14
Katrina 17
Paul 17
Marcos 15
Ana 16
Esther 17
A student can only be one age. (An input should only have one output)
But many students can be the same age. ( Multiple inputs can have the same output.)
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Does the following graph represent a function?
Function Not a function Not a function
𝑥 = input
𝑦 = output

Steps to determining if a graph is a function:

1. Complete the vertical line test
(Imagine a vertical line crossing over the line/ graph)
2. If there is only one intersection or point it is a function.
3. If more than one intersection or point it is not a function. 31
Example: 1
Determine if the following relations are functions.
1. (1, 3) , (−1, −2), (3, 5), (2, 5), (3, 4)
• To determine whether this relation is a function,
• There is one input that appears twice: x = 3.
• However, since the input of 3 has two output, 4 and 5.
• This relation is NOT a function.

2. (−3, 20) , (−5, 25), (−1, 5), (7, 12), (9, 2)

• Applying the definition of a function, each input has only one output .
• Therefore, this relation is a function.
32
Example: 2
In the table, y is the value after a rule f is applied to x. Based on this, is f a function of x?

(Input)
NOT a function
(Output)

Steps to determining if a table or graph is a function:

1. Look for duplicate inputs
2. Duplicates-make sure they have the same output
(No Duplicates-then by default the data means it is a function
3. If the duplicate inputs have different outputs it is NOT a function
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Example: 3
Does the following table represent a function?
Input Output
−4
−2 −1
0 1
2 4
4

• Applying the definition of a function, each input has only one output .
• Therefore, this relation is a function.
34
Example: 4
Determine if the graph represents y as a function of x.

✓ This graph looks like a function until you approach x = 3.

After that, there are two y outputs for each x input. You
can see this by using the vertical line test.

Because the line intersects with two separate lines at the same position, this graph
does not show y as a function of x.

35
 Practice
Directions: In Problems 1 and 2, determine whether the table represents y as a function
of x for the given values.

1) 𝑥 1 0 2

𝑦 3 4 3

Function

2) 𝑥 1 0 0

𝑦 2 -5 6

NOT Function

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In Problems 3 to 5, determine whether the given graph represents y as a function of x.

3) 4) 5)

function NOT a function function

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 Practice
6. Which of the following values keeps this table a function? 𝒙 𝒚
−2 4
A. 1 B. 5
1 5
C. 4 D. −3
6 −3
1

7. Adding which point would keep this graph a function?

A. (0,2) B. (2, 1)
C. (4, 5) D. (6, 3)

38
 Practice
B. Determine whether the following relation is a function.
(Type either “function” or “NOT function” in space below.)
1. John was telling his friends about a recent bike ride that he took. He said that after
one hour he had traveled 15 miles, after two hours he had traveled 25 miles, and
after three hours he had traveled 32 miles. function

2. Can the actual attendance be represented as a function of the planned attendance?

function

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 Article 8.3.1
Increasing & Decreasing Functions

40
8.3.1 Increasing & Decreasing Functions

When working with lines, a line with a positive slope rises from left to right and a line
with a negative slope falls from left to right.
y
y

x
x

positive slope negative slope

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Increasing Function

If a function rises from left to right for

a range of x values, it is said to be increasing

over that interval.

Definition : Graph rises from left to right.

Slope : Positive slope.

For a<b in I, f(a) < f(b); f is increasing on I.

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Decreasing Function

If the function falls from left to right for a

range of x values, it is said to be decreasing over

that interval.

Definition: Graph falls from left to right.

Slope: Negative slope.

For a>b in I, f(a) > f(b); f is decreasing on I.

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Constant Function

If the function values stay the same from

left to right, the function is said to be constant.

Definition: Stay the same from left to right.

Slope: No slope.

For all a and b in 1, f(a) = f(b);

f is constant on L
44
 Example
Determine the intervals on which the function is (a) increasing ;(b) decreasing ;(c) constant.

Y-Values
12

10
Solution
8
(a)Increasing 1≤ x ≤4
6

4 (b) Decreasing -1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and x ≥ 4

2
(c) Constant -∞ ≤ x ≤ -1
0
-2 0 2 4 6 8

45
Example 2
Determine the intervals on which the function is (a) increasing ;(b) decreasing ;(c) constant.

Solution

(a)Increasing (-∞ ≤ x ≤ -8) and (-3 ≤ x ≤-2)

(b) Decreasing (-8 ≤ x ≤ -6)

(c) Constant (-6 ≤ x ≤ -3) and x ≥ ∞

46
 Article 8.3.2
Relative Maximum and Minimum Values

47
8.3.2 Relative Maximum and Minimum Values
Suppose that f is a function for which f(c) exists for some
c in the domain of f.

f(c) is a relative maximum if there exists an open interval, I

containing c such that f(c) > f(x), for all x in I where x ≠ c
f(c) is a relative minimum if there exists an open
interval, I containing c such that f(c) <f(x), for all x in I
where x ≠ c

48
EXAMPLE
Using the preceding graph, determine over what values of x the function is increasing or
decreasing. Also determine at what x values the function reaches any relative minima or
maxima.
Solution;
(a)The function is increasing for x values less than –3 or
greater than 4.
(b)The function is decreasing for x values between –3 and
4.

(c)The function reaches a relative maximum at x= -3

(d)The function reaches a relative minimum at x = 4.

49
 Practice

1. What value or values of x does the function reach a relative minimum?

Answer-
relative minimums at x = –3 and x = 3
50
2. What value or values of x does the function reach a relative maximum?

Answer-
relative maximum when x51= 0
3. What values of x is the function increasing?

Answer-
The function is increasing when x is
between –3 and 0 and when x is larger
than 3.

52
4. What values of x is the function decreasing?

Answer-
The function is decreasing when x is
smaller than –3 and when x is between 0
and 3.

53
 Article 8.3.3
Positive and Negative Values

54
8.3.3 Positive and Negative Values
Using a graph, it is possible to determine when a function is positive (f (x) > 0) or negative
(f (x) < 0) by paying close attention to the x-axis.

55
Positive

❑ The intervals where the graph lies above

the x-axis (y-values are positive).

Negative
-ve
y = -3
❑ The intervals where the graph lies below
the x-axis (y-values are negative).

56
57
 Example
Determine what values of x make the function positive and negative.

Solution

The function is above the 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = – 1

and 𝑥 = 2. So, the function is positive whenever 𝑥 is
between –1 and 2.
Before 𝑥 = –1 the graph is below the x-axis, the
values smaller than 𝑥 = –1 the function is negative.
The same is true for values greater than (to the right
of) 𝑥 = 2.

58
 Practice
Determine what values of x make the function positive and negative.

Answer

The function is above the 𝑥-axis before 𝑥 = – 4.5 and

after 𝑥 = – 2.5, so the function is positive whenever
the values smaller than 𝑥 = – 4.5 and the values greater
than 𝑥 = – 2.5.
The function is below the 𝑥-axis between 𝑥 = – 4.5 and
𝑥 = – 2.5. So, the function is negative whenever 𝑥 is
between – 4.5 and – 2.5.

59
 Article 8.3.4
End Behavior and Periodic Function

60
 8.3.4 End Behavior and Periodic Function

End Behavior

➢ Whether a function rises or falls at the far end of a graph is called its end behavior.
➢ This corresponds to what happens as 𝑥 gets very negative (left hand side of the graph) or
what happens as 𝑥 gets very large (right-hand side of the graph).
➢ The behavior of the graph as 𝑥 approaches positive or negative infinity (indicated by
arrows).

If a graph … Then the function value …

falls at the right gets smaller as 𝑥 gets very large
rises at the right gets larger as 𝑥 gets very large
falls at the left gets smaller as 𝑥 gets very negative
rises at the left gets larger as 𝑥 gets very negative

61
 Mathematically, we write:
as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞
𝑓(𝑥)
gets (Say, "as 𝑥 approaches positive
more + infinity, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches positive infinity.")

𝑥 gets as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞
more + (Say, "as 𝑥 approaches negative
infinity, 𝑓(𝑥) approaches negative infinity.")

62
 Example

Based on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), describe what happens to the value of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 gets very large
or very negative.

Solution

The function is falling on the left and rising on the

right. As 𝑥 gets very large, the value of 𝑓(𝑥) also
gets large. As 𝑥 gets very negative, the value of
𝑓(𝑥) gets very negative.
𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞
𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞

63
 Practice

Based on the graph of 𝑓(𝑥), describe what happens to the value of 𝑓(𝑥) as 𝑥 gets very large
or very negative.

Solution

The function is falling on the right and rising on

the left. As 𝑥 gets very large, the value of 𝑓(𝑥)
also gets large. As 𝑥 gets very negative, the value
of 𝑓(𝑥) gets very negative.
𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞
𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞

64
End Behavior of Monomials: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑛

❖ When 𝑛 is even, the behavior of the function at both "ends" is the same. The sign of the
leading coefficient determines whether they both approach +∞ or whether they both
approach −∞.

65
❖ When 𝑛 is odd, the behavior of the function at both "ends" is opposite. The sign
of the leading coefficient determines which one is +∞ and which one is −∞.

66
 Example

1. Consider the monomial 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 .

(i) For very large positive 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑓(𝑥)?
A. 𝑓 𝑥 is a large positive number.
B. 𝑓(𝑥) is a large negative number.
Answer is A.

(ii) For very large negative 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑓(𝑥)?
A. 𝑓 𝑥 is a large positive number.
B. 𝑓(𝑥) is a large negative number.
Answer is A.

67
2. Consider the monomial 𝑔 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 .
(i) For very large positive 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑔 𝑥 ?
A. 𝑔 𝑥 is a large positive number.
B. 𝑔 𝑥 is a large negative number.
Answer is B.

(ii) For very large negative 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑔 𝑥 ?

A. 𝑔 𝑥 is a large positive number.
B. 𝑔 𝑥 is a large negative number.
Answer is B.

68
End behavior of Polynomials

✓ In general, the end behavior of a polynomial function is the same as the end behavior
of its leading term, or the term with the largest exponent.

✓ So, the end behavior of 𝑓 𝑥 = −3𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 is the same as the end behavior of the
monomial −3𝑥 2 .

✓ Since the degree of −3𝑥 2 is even (2) and the leading coefficient is negative (−3), the
end behavior of 𝑓 is: as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞.

69
70
 Practice
1. Consider the monomial 𝑓 𝑥 = −2𝑥 3 .
(i) For very large positive 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑓(𝑥)?
A. 𝑓 𝑥 is a large positive number. Answer
B. 𝑓(𝑥) is a large negative number. 1.(i) B
(ii) A
(ii) For very large negative 𝑥 values, what best describes 𝑓(𝑥)? 2. B
A. 𝑓 𝑥 is a large positive number.
B. 𝑓(𝑥) is a large negative number.

2. What is the end behavior of 𝑔(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 .

A. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
B. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.
C. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
D. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.

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 Practice

1. What is the end behavior of 𝑓 𝑥 = 8𝑥 5 − 7𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 − 1?

A. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞. Answer
B. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞. 1. B
C. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞. 2. D
D. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞.

2. What is the end behavior of 𝑔 𝑥 = −6𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 ?

A. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
B. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.
C. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
D. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.

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 Practice

3. What is the end behavior of 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 1?

A. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞. Answer
B. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞. 1. A
C. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → +∞. 2. C
D. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑓 𝑥 → −∞.

4. What is the end behavior of 𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 3 − 7𝑥 2 + 4?

A. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
B. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.
C. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → +∞.
D. as 𝑥 → +∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞ and as 𝑥 → −∞, 𝑔 𝑥 → −∞.

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 Periodic Function

▪ Instead of rising or falling on the ends, some functions have a pattern that repeats over a given
range.
▪ These functions are called periodic functions.
▪ How often the pattern repeats is called the function’s period.
▪ A repeating pattern that occurs at regular intervals, characteristic of trigonometric functions.

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 Example

If the function 𝑔(𝑥) is periodic, what is the function’s period?

Solution

The function 𝑔(𝑥) is periodic with the

period of 2 because its pattern repeats
every 2 units.

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 Practice

If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic, what is the function’s period?

Solution

The function 𝑓(𝑥) is periodic with the

period of 3 because its pattern repeats
every 3 units.

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 Article 8.4
Function Application

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8.4 Function Application

❑ Functions are fundamental concept of mathematics and programming, vast real life that
affect various industries.
❑ From computer science to economics, and from engineering to biology, functions serve as
a bridge between abstract theories and practical problem-solving.
❑ For instance, they can be used to calculate profit, cost, employee wages, taxes and to
model electrical circuits, population growth and to estimate the likelihood of disease
outcomes based on patient data and so on.

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 Example

1. Celino Advertising is finishing a series of print ads for a client. Finishing the project will
cost $2000 per day for the first seven days and $3500 per day after seven days. The finishing
costs for a project taking longer than 7 days can be found using the function
C = $2000d + $1500(d − 7) where C = the cost of finishing the project and d = the number
of days. If the project takes 12 days to complete, what will the project cost?

Solution
C = $2000d+ $1500(d − 7)
= $2000(12) + $1500(12 − 7)
= $2400 + $1500(5)
= $2400 + $7500
= $31,500

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2. The function 𝒅 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟎𝟕𝒙 gives the stopping distance in feet for a car
traveling 𝑥 mph. What is the stopping distance (rounded to the nearest foot) for a car that is
traveling 70 mph?

Solution
𝑑 𝑥 = 0.05𝑥 2 + 1.07𝑥
𝑑 70 = 0.05 70 2 + 1.07 70
= 0.05 (4900) + 74.9
= 245 + 74.9
= 319.9 ≈ 320 ft

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 Practice

1. The cost to purchase bags of coffee is given by C = 7.50 +15B, where C is the total cost of
the order and B is the number of bags. How many bags were ordered if the total cost of the
order was $97.50?
Answer : 6 bags

2. A company is awarded a $95,000 job that will cost $5,400 per day in expenses. Profits (P)
can be calculated using P = $95,000 − $5700d, where d = days. What is the company’s profit
if the job takes 14 days to complete?
Answer: $19,400

3. In the video game Mario Bros. you get points for breaking bricks and collecting coins. The
expression P = 50B + 200C keeps track of Mario’s points, where B is number of bricks
broken and C is the number of coins collected. If Mario collects 45 coins and breaks 13
bricks, how many points is this?
Answer: 9650 points
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 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
4. An accountant uses the function 𝑹 𝒗 = to predict the pattern of return of a particular
𝒗+𝟏𝟎𝟎
investment, where R is the return, expressed as a percentage, and v is the dollar value
invested. What return can she expect from an investment of $400?
Answer: 4%

5. A baseball is hit by the batter; its height in feet t seconds after being hit is given by
𝒉 𝒕 = −𝟏𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝒕 + 𝟒. What is the maximum height of the ball, reached 4 seconds after
being hit?
Answer: 260 ft

6. A cashier earns $15 per hour for the first 40 hours worked in a week. Any hours worked
over 40 are considered overtime and are paid at 1.5 times the normal rate. If the total pay
function is P(h) = 15h + 22.50(h − 40) then calculate the total pay for a week with 45 hours
worked.
Answer: $712.50 82
7. Nita decides to join a health club. She gets brochures from two health clubs and compares
the plans. Healthstars Fitness charges a one-time membership fee of $250 and $8 per month.
Freedom Health Center charges $25 per month. At both health clubs, the price (P) Nita will
pay is a function of the number of months (m) she attends the club. The functions are
Healthstars Fitness: P = $250 + $8m
Freedom Health Center: P = $25m
Nita plans to move in 18 months. If she attends a health club until she moves, which one
offers the better price?

Answer: Healthstars Fitness offers the better price.

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Thank you
I really appreciate your time.

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