Development- is the process of change and growth in a society or a country that will

bring acceptable standard of living/improve standard of living.

The aims of development
 Good quality of life/better standard of living
 Enough food
 Good health services
 Better education
 Safety and security
Through those changes people tend to improve their:
 Social aspects
 Political aspects
 Economic aspects
 Environmental conditions
Advantages of development
 Better standard of living/create employment
 Better health care
 Better education/more schools
 Better housing
 Better sanitation
 Access to clean water supplies
 Better infrastructure e.g roads, electricity, telecommunication
 Improved technology/use of advanced/complex technology
Disadvantages of development
 Lack of jobs/unemployment
 Poor sanitation/poor hygiene
 Lack of housing/land/relocate people to pave ways for development
 Pollution of land, water, air and excessive noise
 Higher crime rate/prostitution
 Deforestation
 Disparity of wealth/ wealth not equally shared
 Overpopulation/overcrowding

 In order to be successful, development must have an economic component to

ensure the creation of wealth and improve standard of living, it must have the
social component to ensure the well- being of the people, there must be an
element of politic to ensure the protection of democracy, human rights and
freedom. Further, development must also be able to maintain the environment.
 We must clearly understand that development does not benefit everyone equally.
Authors are comparing development as a pie meaning some people tend to get a

1
 bigger chunks and others nothing or little a very good example is the disparity of
wealth between urban areas and rural areas.

Four processes of development

1. Economic growth-the creation of wealth and improvement of living standard.
-countries must be able to set up industries to produce goods
and services. Goods and services can be sold locally to other
Countries this will bring in foreign currency that will boost
the economy of the country.
2. Social changes –provision and improvement of basic needs. Basic needs
include:
access to clean water, health, education, nutrition, shelter and
clothing. So development must give people access to all these
Things.
3. Political freedom-ensure protection of democracy human rights and good
governance.
-development should allow people to take part in decision making
And take control of their own life.
4. Environmental conservation-development must promote the conservation of the
the natural environment in which people live and the
the natural resources on which they depend.
Describe some of the challenges that the government faces when trying
to achieve economic growth.
- Reduce environmental costs – pollution and other negative externalities often
accompany increased
economic growth.
- Rising unemployment levels as human labour is replaced by machinery
- Increasing water demand for industries and the mining sector
- Increasing government expenditure which may increase the country’s deficit

2
- Increased investment in towards human development to increase productivity
- Rising income inequality as a result of economic growth
- Poor planning
- Shortage of skilled workforce/technical skills
- Poor infrastructure e.g. power supply/ roads etc.
- Lack of finance/funds
- High/increase corruption and lack of transparency
- Lack of capital goods/technology
Why developing countries find it difficult to create economic growth and
reduce poverty?
 There is very little manufacturing where value is added to raw materials
before being exported
 Developing countries are burdened with high levels of debt
 Limited fiscal space which they operate in
 Lack of skills to compete in the global economy
 Poor infrastructure has made it difficult for the economy to take off in a
significant way
 Regional conflicts/civil wars have made it difficult to achieve economic growth

3
Activity 1

A B

C D
(a) (i) Identify the four processes of development illustrated A, B, C and D. [4]
(ii) Choose any of the process you identified in (i) and explain it fully. [3]
(iii) Define the term development [1]
(iv) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of development [4]
WORLD DEVELOPMENT
In 1945 the world was divided into:
 The capitalist also called first world (Canada, Ireland, New Zealand,
Singapore, Switzerland, Australia, United States, UAE, Mauritius)
Capitalist is defined as a system of production or trade based on private
ownership of properties and wealth.

Characteristics of capitalist
-private ownership
-the aim is to make profit
-there is no government intervention
-businesses/companies compete freely
- tend to produce quality products
4
 -the prices of goods and services are controlled by market forces/supply and
demand

 Communist also called second world (Russia, China, Cuba, North

Korea, Vietnam)
Communist is the political system in which government controls the
production of goods and services.

Characteristics of communist
-Public ownership
-state plan and protect industries
-reduce the gap between poor and rich

 Mixed economies/third world (South Africa, Namibia, France, England,

Germany, India, Sweden, Japan)

Mixed economy- an economic system in which some industries are owned

by the state and others are owned by the individuals or private company

Characteristics of mixed economy

-some aspects are controlled by the state and others by individuals
-they focus on the needs and wants of the community
-individual company compete freely
-government partially controls the prices of the products (goods and services)

Capitalist and Communist are also known as:

Capitalist countries can be Communist countries can be called

called
Free economies Socialist economies
Market economies Centralised economies
Laissez fair system Collective economies
Unplanned economies Planned economies

Developing and developed countries

 Countries are divided into two major categories based on their
economic factor such as GDP, GNP Per capita, level of
industrialization, type of economic activities and standard of
living.
 Developed countries have well developed economy and strong
technological and industrial infrastructure e.g Germany, France, USA,
Britain

5
  Developing countries are still going through the initial levels of
industrial development and have low GNP Per capita, mainly focusing
on primary activities e.g Namibia, Kenya, Columbia, Gambia.
 Developing Continents-Africa
-South America
-Asia
Developed Continents-North America
-Europe
-Australia

 The developed countries are also known as the North countries and the
developing countries are also called the South countries.
 The line that divides developed countries from developing countries is called
Brandt line/North south line.
 Brandt line is defined as the dividing line showing the social, economic and
political division that exist between wealth developed countries from the
poorer developing countries.
 Developing countries are below the Brandt line while developed countries are
above the line, irrespective of their geographical location/position.
Below is the map that illustrates developed continents and developing continents

6
The rich and poor countries are sometimes referred to as:
Rich countries Poor countries
Countries of the North Countries of the South
MEDCs (More Economically Developed LEDCs(Less Economically Developed
Countries) Countries)
Industrialised countries Non-Industrialised countries
Developed countries Developing countries
High income countries Low income countries

Characteristics of MEDCs and LEDCs

MEDCs LEDCs
 GNP per capita is high over GNP per capita is low less than U$1280
U$10000
 Good quality infrastructure Poor quality infrastructure
 Population growth is low below 1% Population growth is high 2-3.5% or more
 Majority of people have access to Few people have access to suitable
suitable housing housing
 Majority of people work in formal Many people work in the informal sector
sector with better working with poor working conditions
conditions
 People are employed more in People are employed more in the primary
secondary and tertiary sector sector
 People have access to balance Many people do not have access to
diet balance diet. Many suffer from
malnutrition
 Higher life expectancy Lower life expectancy
 Higher literacy rate Lower literacy rate
 Access to better health services Poor access to health services

7
Newly industrialised countries (NICs)
 Newly Industrialised countries(NICs) are countries that have recently and quickly
moved away from agriculture based economy of developing countries.
 NICs are not considered to be developed countries but they have massive
industries to produce goods for exporting.

Characteristics of NICs
-Established export oriented industries
-More labour intensive
-High number of skilled workforce
-Workers are usually employed in the manufacturing industries
-Access to improved technology
-Produce products more cheaply
-Rapid urbanisation and growth of urban centres
Examples of NICs: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, UAE, China, Indonesia,
Brazil, Mexico, Philippines, India, Turkey, Malaysia, Argentina, Thailand and in Africa:
South Africa and Egypt.
Explain the role which the state can play in the rapid economic development of
the country
 Diversify in the economy/different types of industries
 Close partnership with the private sector/giving loans to set up business
 Incentives to private sector to encourage them/tax incentives/subsidies create
conducive environment for business
 Peace and national security
 Removed obstacles for businesses like import and export duties and taxes on
imports goods
 Lobbied/lured MNCs to invest in the country/foreign investment
 Government implemented market-conforming interventions like policies to give a
guide towards industrial growth
 Import substitution and export/free trade
 Establish necessary infrastructure
 Train local people/human resources development/educate people

8
Activity 2
(a) (i) State three continents that consist mainly of developing countries.
[3]
(ii) Give another name for rapidly developing countries.
[1]
(iii) How do we call the line that separates developed countries from developing [1]
(b) China classified as a NIC.
What does NICs stand for? [1]
(ii) Name two other NICs.
[2]
(iii) Explain four roles which the state can play in the rapid economic growth of the
country.
[4]

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

 These are countries that are rich in oil.

 The aim is to supply oil and oil products across the whole world examples Iran,
Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Angola, Nigeria, Libya, Canada

Economic sectors

 Primary sector/agriculture and fishing-extraction of resources directly from

nature (growing crops, livestock farming, fishing and mining)
 Secondary sector/industries/manufacturing-producing manufactured goods
from raw materials e.g. turning Mahangu grains into Mahangu flour.
 Tertiary sector/services-involves producing and delivering of services e.g.
teaching, banking, nursing, transport etc.
 Quaternary-involves all knowledge based activities and the use of technology
such as information technology and research.
 Developed countries rely more on tertiary, secondary and quaternary activities to
contribute to the economy of the country. Agriculture or primary sector is the

9
 lowest. Examples Germany, France, Australia, Canada, Italy, Norway, Sweden
etc.
 Developing countries rely mostly on agriculture, manufacturing and little of
services. Examples Namibia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Colombia, Pakistan etc.

Germany (a developed country) the opposite is true for developing countries

Describe how the percentage of people employed in the different sectors of the

economy is likely to change as a country develops

 As the country develops the percentage of people employed in agriculture

decreases
 As the country develops the percentage of people employed in the industry
increases
 As the country develops the percentage of people employed in the services
sector increases

10
Explain why the percentage of people employed in the different sectors of the
economy is likely to change as a country develops.
 Industrialisation occurs/ more industries are set up
 Agriculture becomes mechanised
 Higher wages in secondary- and tertiary sectors
 New industries require development of services such as transport
 Increased demand for services from society / increased need for services
 Increase in skills through education
Measuring development

 To determine whether the country is developed or developing.

 Indicator is something that shows the state or level of something.
 Development indicator is something used to measure and show the progress of a
country in meeting a range of environmental, social, political and economic
aspects of a country.

Indicators of development

1 Economic indicator

2 Social indicator

3 Political indicators

4 Environmental indicators

Economic indicators-GNP

-GDP

- Energy use

-Employment

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

11
Is the total wealth the country produces from goods and services within the country and
excludes the earning from outside the country per year.

 Developed countries have high GDP while developing countries have low GDP.

Gross National Product (GNP)

Is the total wealth the country produces from goods and services within the country and
the wealth earned from outside the country per year.

 Developed countries have high GNP while developing countries have low GNP.

GNP per capita/per head/per person or GDP per capita/per head/per person

Is the average income a person can get if the economy of the country is shared equally.

How to calculate GNP per capita or GDP per capita?

GNP/Population=GNP per capita GDP/Population= GDP per capita

Example USA which is a developed country

U$10533Billion/290 million=U$36320 GNP per capita

Example of Kenya which is a developing country

U$66billion/29million=U$2275.9 GNP per capita

NB take note if the units are not the same you have to convert them into similar unit or
write in whole numbers for you to be able to divide. The rule of mathematics.

How GNP per capita contribute to a good standard of living?

 Proper medical care

 Clean water provision
 Nutritious food/balance diet
 Proper sanitation
 Better housing
 Better education

Advantages of GNP per capita/usefulness of GNP per capita

12
  It is a standardised measure which allows easy comparison between countries
and years
 The data is available from the World bank
 It highlights international wealth differences
 It is better than raw GNP measurement which ignores the size of the population
or GDP which does not include investments abroad

Disadvantages of GNP per capita/shortcomings of GNP per capita

 It does not show us how the income produced by all economic activities is shared
 It does not include all production
 Population figures might be outdated
 It ignores quality of life
 It does not measure happiness, satisfaction or well being
 Government statistics maybe inaccurate/outdated

Suggest reasons for the growth of GNP of certain country e.g. brazil, India, China
etc.

 Industrialisation/ import substitution/ Expo orientation/ more

factories/ export more
 Higher literacy rate/ more education/ better education /more skilled workers

 Role of government support/Subsidies/Loan

 Presence of multinational companies/Foreign investors

Suggest reasons for the growth of GDP of India/or any country given.
 Industrialisation/ import substitution/ Expo orientation/ more
factories/ export more
 Higher literacy rate/ more education/ better education /more skilled workers
 Role of government support/Subsidies/Loan
 Presence of multinational companies/Foreign investors

13
Energy use

 wood, oil, natural gas, coal, falling water are all sources of energy
 we use energy to produce goods and services, goods and services can be sold
locally or internationally and the country will earn foreign currency that will boost
the economy of the country.
 Energy consumption you look at the quantity of energy used.
 Developing countries use less energy compared to developed countries.
Why developed countries use more energy compared to developing?
 They have more industries
 Need more energy to produce goods and services to meet the demand of
the world.
 They use more electrical goods.

Employment

 You look at the number of people employed in each sector of economy

 Developed country have more people employed in the service and secondary
sector only few employed in agriculture.
 Developing countries majority are employed in primary sector and few employed
in tertiary and secondary sector.
 Further developed countries have higher employment rate while developing
countries have low employment rate.

Terms to remember:
Employment-is an economic situation marked by the condition that individuals
have a paid job.
Unemployment-is an economic situation marked by a condition that individuals
are looking for job but cannot secure one.

14
 Underemployment-is an economic situation marked by the condition that
individuals are working on part time basis or overqualified for the job that they are
doing.

Explain why the percentage of people employed in agriculture is lower in

developed countries than in developing countries.

 Developed countries use advanced technology/capital intensive

 Highly skilled people in tertiary and secondary sectors
 Import raw materials

Social indicators (health and education)

 Health –life expectancy

-infant mortality rate
Life expectancy(LE)- is the average number of years a person is expected to
live.
Infant mortality rate (IMR)- is the number of babies who die in a 1000 before
they reach the age of one or first birthday.
Note: developed countries have higher life expectancy and lower infant mortality
rate while developing countries have lower life expectancy and higher infant
mortality rate.
Why developed countries have higher Life expectancy and lower IMR?
 Proper medical care
 Proper sanitation
 Clean water supply
 Better nutrition/balance diet
 Proper hygiene

Why developing countries have higher IMR and lower LE?

 Poor medical care

 Poor sanitation
 Lack of clean water supply
 Lack of balance diet/poor nutrition

15
  Poor hygiene

 Education
-literacy rate-the number or percentage of people who can read and write.
-school enrolment
-teacher learner ratio
-university enrolment

Note: developed countries have higher literacy rate, higher school enrolment and
university enrolment and low teacher learner ratio while developing countries have low
literacy rate, low school enrolment and university enrolment and high teacher learner
ratio.

Political indicators

 Freedom and justice

 War and conflict
 Percentage of people who vote in elections
 Percentage of women in managerial positions
 Human rights ratings -are given to identify which countries allow their citizens the
greatest amount of freedom and access to basic human rights.

Causes of war and conflict

-religious problems

-political differences

-economic interest

-struggle for independence

-ethnic differences

Effects of war and conflict

16
  Instead of investing money into development, the money is used to buy guns
and weapons
 People will be killed
 Families and communities are broken up
 Damage to property and production
 Plant cannot be planted or harvested because of people in danger
 Roads and telecommunication will be destroyed
 Schools and hospitals are damaged and close down

Why are political indicators such as freedom and justice difficult to measure?

 You cannot assign value to them

 You cannot see or touch

Environmental indicators

 Conservation- to look and (care for) take care of our resources

 Sustainable development-the use of resources to meet the needs of today
without compromising the future generation to meet their own needs

Other indicators of the environment

 Rate of pollution
 Rate of deforestation
 Extinction of species

Describe ways to reduce deforestation/describe ways to reduce the extinction of

plant species

 Reforestation/ agro forestry/ replanting of trees - for every tree cut plant more
 Stop burning of forest - fires destroy trees/ vegetation
 Use alternative source of energy like solar power energy/ electricity
 Use alternative building materials like bricks and cement
 Give cutting permits to avoid unnecessary cutting of tress
 Give fines to people who cut tress illegally
 Set quotas for people to cut only a certain amount of trees

17
  Education- educate people on the importance of trees/ negative effects of
deforestation

Note: when the question is asking to indicate the relationship between two or
more things you need to look at the pattern and unlock the pattern. You have to
justify your answer with the data provided.

-the higher the higher

-the lower the lower

- the higher the lower

-the lower the higher

Activity 3

1. Study Fig. 1, which shows social and economic indicators of development.

(a) (i) What is meant by life expectancy at birth [1]

(ii) Identify the country with the highest life expectancy. [1]
(iii) Which country is least developed? Use figures from the table to support your
answer. [4]
(b) Explain why the percentage of people employed in agriculture is lower in developed
countries than in developing countries. [3]
(c) (i) State an aspect of development which is not measured by an indicator in Fig.1[1]
(ii) State one indicator used to measure the aspect of development mentioned in (c) (i).

18
Human Development Index(HDI)/ Composite index
Is the way in which the well-being of the people within the country is measured.
 The HDI measures the level of education, life expectancy/health and per
capita income/standard of living.
 HDI use numbers from 0-1.
 Countries with a score close to 0 are developing countries and countries with the
score close to 1 are developed countries. In 2007 Namibia was 0.647 ranked as
a medium human development categories positioning it at 129 out 189 countries.
 A country scores a high HDI when the life expectancy is higher, the education level
is higher and the GDP per capita is higher.
 The health of the country is measured by looking at life expectancy.
 The level of education is measured by looking at the years of schooling for adults
aged 25 years and above and the expected years of schooling for children of school
entry age.
 The standard of living is measured by GNP per capita income.
Explain why HDI regarded as a better indicator of development than GDP per
person.
- GDP per person is an average figure/some people may be very poor and others may
be very rich.
- HDI is an index that combines several types of data.
The countries are ranked to their HDI. What does the term rank mean?
- means to put in order.
Describe the characteristics of counties at low levels of HDI. Your answer
should include reference to different indicators of poverty and development.
 Low level of education/literacy rates are low/low levels of school
enrolment
 Poor health care/low life expectancy
 High proportion live on less than $1.25 per day
 Many people are malnourished.
 GDP per capita is low
 Large number of people work in the primary sector
 Large rural population
 Population growth rate is high/high birth rate

19
  Poor sanitation
 Lack of gender equality
 High level of unemployment/working in informal sector
 Limited democracy/human rights
Multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI)
Is a composite measure of the percentage of deprivation that the average person would
experience if the deprivation of poor households where shared equally across the
population.
 The global MPI is comprised of 10 indicators corresponding to the three
dimension of HDI which are: Education
Health
Standard of living
The 10 indicators of MPI
[Link]: This dimension includes indicators such as:
-child mortality (if any child in the has passed away)
-nutrition (if any adult or child in the family is malnourished)
2. Education: Education indicators include:
- years of schooling
-school attendance
[Link] Standards: this dimension encompasses a range of indicators such as:
-electricity-considered poor if no access to electricity
-access to clean water-considered poor if you no access to clean water
- sanitation-considered poor if you don’t have access to proper sanitation
-flooring-considered poor if material consist of dirty/sandy or dung
-cooking fuel-considered poor if you don’t have electricity for energy
-asset ownership- considered poor if you don’t have radio, telephone,
Bicycle, motorcycle

Explain factors which may influence the level of development in different

countries
 Availability of resources-it will improve the standard of living

20
 Population growth-people will not have access to resources and services e.g.
water, health care, education
 Fertility rate-high fertility rate country is poor when fertility rate is high because
more resources will be used to sustain the population and it tend to be low in
developed countries.
 Age of the population-more children and more old age depend on active group
 Infant mortality rate-will be high because of poor access to health care
 Life expectancy-the more the country developed the longer the people can live
and the lower the life expectancy the poorer the country tend to be
 Political (war and conflict)-political instability slows down development of the
country because it will push away investors.

How political factors affect development

 Form of government-the type of government can affect both individual and
business development because it determines the employment rate as well as the
type of work.
 Political management-government needs to manage buildings and maintaining
infrastructure wisely and spend appropriately.
 Corruption-is when people in power behave dishonest or illegal way and abuse
power for personal gain.
 Political stability-countries with war and conflict or ethnic divides will struggle to
attract investors.
 Laws and policies-trade laws must facilitate trade the import and export of
goods.
How social factors affect development?
 Discrimination-it may cause some people to be excluded from education and
certain economic activities
 Culture and religion-may limit the economics political and rights of women and
children.
 Population growth-big population will slow down the development of the country
 Nutrition- poor diet makes people vulnerable to poor health conditions results
into slow productivity
 Clean water supply and sanitation-poor water quality can lead to diseases
which weakens people production.
How economic factors affect development
The more the wealth the country has the more money is available for development
of infrastructure, education, health services, sanitation, job creation and industrial
development.

21
How availability of resources affect development
Country that are rich in natural resources can improve their economic conditions
more quickly than countries that suffer as a shortage of natural resources.
End of unit 1

22
Check your progress
1 (a) Study Fig. 1 which shows the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per head of
twelve countries.

(i) Give the meaning of Gross Domestic Product. [1]

(ii) Name the country shown on Fig. 1 with the highest Gross Domestic

Product per head. [1]

(iii) How does the Gross Domestic Product per head of the countries in

Africa differ from those in Europe? Use examples from Fig. 1 in your
answer. [2]
(iv) Explain why Gross Domestic Product per capita is not a good
indicator of development. [2]

23
(b) Study Fig. 2 which shows aspects of development.

(i) What is meant by development? [1]

(ii) Water is a basic need. Give two other examples of basic needs. [2]
(iii) Give two reasons why clean water is a basic need.
[2]
(iv) Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of development. [4]
(c) Study Fig. 3 which shows the GDP growth rates of selected countries.

(i) What do the initials GDP stand for? [1]

(ii) What was the GDP growth of Uganda in 2006? [1]

24
(iii) Name the main contributors of the GDP in a developing country like
Namibia. [3]
(iv) Suggest reasons why the GDP growth rate is higher in a developing
country like Angola than in a developed country like France. [2]
2 Study Fig. 4 which shows the ten countries with the highest infant mortality rates.

(a) (i) What is meant by infant mortality rate? [1]

(ii) On which continent are most of the countries with the highest infant
mortality rate located? [1]
(iii) Suggest three reasons for the high infant mortality rate in these
countries. [3]
(b) (i) State two economic indicators used to measure the level of development
of a country. [2]
(ii) Explain the relationship between economic development and infant
mortality rate. [2]

25
3 Study Fig. 5, which shows statistics for South Africa.

(a) (i) What is meant by Infant Mortality Rate? [1]

(ii) Explain how Access to Improved Water Supply influences the infant
mortality rate. [1]
(iii) What evidence is there that the family planning programmes in South
Africa were successful between 1990 and 2005? Justify your answer by
using data from Fig. 5. [2]
(b) Describe the change that Fig. 5 shows in the life expectancy of South Africa.
Suggest the main reason for this change. [2]
(c) (i) What percentage of the South African population lived in rural areas in
2005? [1]
(ii) What problems can be caused by a high percentage of people living in
urban areas? [2]
(d) (i) Give two pieces of evidence from Fig. 5 that there are attempts to
improve the health of the population in South Africa. [2]

26
(ii) Approximately 10.7% of the South African population live on an income of
less than $1 per day. State two problems these people may experience
and describe a strategy which could be used by the community to try to
solve each of these problems. [4]
[Link] Fig. 6, which is about North/South divide

(a) (i) Which three continents consist mainly of developed countries? [3]
(ii) Give another name for rapidly developing countries. [1]
(iii) Name one example of a rapidly developing country. [1]
(iv) What term is used to describe the fact that countries of the South are
economically dependent on the countries of the North? [1]
(v) Suggest three ways in which dependency affects the less developed
countries. [3]
(b) Suggest two social indicators to measure a country’s level of development. [2]
(c) Explain how colonialism may have limited the development of Africa. [3]

27
[Link] Fig. 7, which shows comparisons of key development indicators between
China and India.

(a) What is meant by life expectancy? [1]

(b) Which one of the two countries is more developed? Justify your answer by
using data from Fig. 7. [4]
(c) (i) What is meant by GDP per capita? [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons for the growth in GDP in India between 2000 and
2009. [2]
(d) (i) China is classified as a NIC.
What does NIC stand for? [1]
(ii) Name two other NICs. [2]
(iii) Explain the role which the state can play in the rapid economic development
of a country. [4]

28
[Link] Fig. 8, which is about the relationship between Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) per person and adult literacy.

(a) (i) What is meant by

(aa) GDP;
(bb) adult literacy? [2]
(ii) What is the GDP per person for Colombia? [1]
(iii) What is the adult literacy of Italy? [1]
(iv) Describe and illustrate the relationship between GDP per person and adult
literacy. Use statistics from Fig. 8 to justify your answer. [4]
(v) Describe reasons for the relationship named in (iv). [2]
(b) Except for GDP state two other ways to measure the level of economic
development of a country. [2]

29
(c) Suggest reasons for the low GDP per person of developing countries. [3]

7.(a) Study Fig. 9 which is about development.

(i) What is meant by development? [1]

(ii) Describe three advantages of development. [3]
(iii) Suggest ways by which the natural environment can be conserved when
development takes place. [4]
(b) Study Fig. 10 which is about GDP and Life expectancy.

(i) Which of the indicators in Fig. 10 measures social improvement? [1]

(ii) According to Fig. 10 which country has the highest GDP? [1]

30
(iii) How much longer is a person likely to live in Germany than a person in India? [2]
(iv) Using data from Fig. 10, explain the relationship between GDP and Life
Expectancy. [4]
[Link] Fig. 11, which shows statistics of Namibia.

(a) (i) What is meant by

infant mortality rate?
Life expectancy? [2]
(ii) What percentage of people could read in Namibia in 2000? [1]
(iii) By how many years did the life expectancy increase between 2000 and 2010?[1]
(iv) Identify the economic indicator in Fig. 11 used to measure the level of
development of a country. [1]
(b) How did the infant mortality rate change between 2000 and 2010? Suggest
reasons for the change. [3]
(c) What evidence is there to show that the family planning programmes were
successful? [1]
(d) Suggest one reason why the death rate was higher in 2010 than in 2000. [1]
(e) Use evidence from Fig. 11 to show that the health of the country improved
between 2000 to 2010. [2]
(f) Briefly describe the relationship between GDP and literacy rate. Suggest
reasons for this relationship. [3]

31
[Link] Fig. 12, which is about aspects of development.

(a) What is meant by development? [1]

(b) State two indicators of social development. [2]
(c) (i) What is meant by GNP per capita? [1]
(ii) Explain why GNP per capita is not a good indicator of development. [3]
(d) Suggest three reasons why life expectancy is low in developing countries. [3]
(e) (i) Define sustainable development. [1]
(ii) Describe two ways to reduce deforestation. [4]
[Link] Fig. 13, which shows social and economic indicators of development.

(a) (i) What is meant by life expectancy at birth? [1]

32
(ii) Identify the country with the highest life expectancy. [1]
(iii) Which country is least developed? Use figures from the table to support
your answer. [4]
(b) Explain why the percentage of people employed in agriculture is lower in
developed countries than in developing countries. [3]
(c) State three ways in which developing countries are dependent on developed
countries. [3]
(d) (i) State an aspect of development which is not measured by an indicator in
Fig.13. [1]
(ii) State one indicator used to measure the aspect of development mentioned
in (d) (i). [1]
[Link] Fig. 14, about indicators that measure some aspects of development.

(a) (i) Which country has the highest GNP per capita? [1]
(ii) According to Fig.14, which country is the least developed? Use data from
the source to support your answer. [3]
(b) (i) What is meant by infant mortality rate? [1]
(ii) Using the information Fig. 14, describe the relationship between infant
mortality rate and GNP per capita. Include statistics in your answer. [2]
(iii) Suggest four reasons for the low life expectancy in Less Economically
Developed Countries (LEDCs). [4]
(c) Describe the advantages and disadvantages of rapid development. [4]

33
[Link] Fig. 15 which shows development indicators of countries at different levels
of development.

(a) (i) What is meant by development? [1]

(ii) From Fig. 15 identify one economic indicator. [1]
(iii) Calculate the Gross National Product (GNP) per capita of Kenya.
Show your working. [2]
(iv) Describe the relationship between the GNP and energy usage.
Use statistics to support your answer. [3]
(b) Explain why GNP per capita is not a good indicator for development. [3]
(c) Explain factors which may influence the level of development in different
countries. [4]
13.(a) Study Photographs 16A and 16B.

34
 A B
(i) State the process of change that took place between Photograph 16A and 16B.[1]
(ii) Identify the house that can catch fire easily and suggest reasons for your
answer. [2]
(iii) State three visible differences between Photographs 16A and 16B. [3]
(b) Study Fig. 17, which shows components of the Human Development Index.

(i) Identify the three dimensions of the Human Development Index. [1]
(ii) Identify the economic indicator from Fig. 17. [1]
(iii) How does the indicator in (ii) contribute to good standard of living. [3]

35
14. Study Fig. 18, which shows the projected global life expectancy.

(a) (i) Define the following terms

Life expectancy
Birth rate [2]
(ii) By how much is global life expectancy predicted to change between 1990
and 2100? [2]

36
(iii) Which type of development indicators are life expectancy and birth rate? [1]
(iv) Suggest reasons why the projected life expectancy will increase by the
year 2100. [4]
(b) State two political indicators which cannot be used to measure the level of
development of a country. [2]
(c) (i) Describe the disadvantages of using GDP as a development indicator. [4]
(ii) State two economic indicators other than GDP. [2]

15. Study Fig. 19, which shows information about access to electricity in seven
countries in Africa.

(a) (i) Using Fig. 19, describe the relationship between HDI and access to
electricity (% ). Justify your answer by using examples. [3]
(ii) State the percentage of:
the rural areas of South Africa with access to electricity [1]
the rural areas of Kenya which do not have access to electricity . [1]
(iii) Suggest three problems caused by the poor access to electricity in rural
areas in Uganda. [3]
16. Study Fig. 20A, which is the Multidimensional Poverty Index.

37
(a) (i) Using Fig. 20A, name the Dimensions of Poverty labelled A and C. [2]
(ii) What is meant by Multidimensional Poverty Index?. [1]
(iii) State two indicators which are used to measure the economic development
of a country. [2]
(iv) Describe how children regularly attending school reduces poverty. [5]
(b) Study Fig. 20B, which shows people using safely managed drinking water
services (% of population).

(i) Name the country that experienced the largest increase in the percentage
of population using safely managed drinking water between 2000 and 2017. [1]
(ii) What is the overall trend in the percentage of population using safely

38
managed drinking water between 2000 and 2017? [1]
(iii) The Human Development Index (HDI) is an index that measures key
dimensions of human development.
State the three key dimensions that are combined to calculate the HDI
of a country. [3]

39