SECTION – A (5 × 7 = 35 Marks)
1. Various Operators in Python
Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables and values in Python.
1. Arithmetic Operators
Used for mathematical operations.
Operator Description Example
+ Addition a+b
- Subtraction a - b
* Multiplication a * b
/ Division a/b
% Modulus a%b
** Exponent a ** b
// Floor division a // b
Example:
a = 10
b = 3
print(a + b)
print(a % b)
2. Relational (Comparison) Operators
Operator Example
== a == b
!= a != b
> a>b
< a<b
>= a >= b
<= a <= b
3. Logical Operators
Operator Meaning
and True if both conditions true
or True if any condition true
not Reverses result
Example:
x = 5
print(x > 2 and x < 10)
4. Assignment Operators
Operator Example
= x = 10
+= x += 5
-= x -= 5
*= x *= 2
5. Bitwise Operators
Operator Example
& a&b
| a|b
^ a^b
~ ~a
6. Membership Operators
Operator Example
in 'a' in word
not in 'b' not in word
7. Identity Operators
Operator Example
is a is b
is not a is not b
2. Control Statements in Python
Control statements control the flow of program execution.
1. Conditional Statements
if statement
x = 10
if x > 5:
print("Greater")
if-else
x = 5
if x % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")
if-elif-else
marks = 80
if marks >= 90:
print("A")
elif marks >= 70:
print("B")
else:
print("C")
2. Looping Statements
for loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)
while loop
i = 1
while i <= 5:
print(i)
i += 1
3. Jump Statements
break
continue
pass
Example:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
3. Built-in Functions and User Defined
Functions
Built-in Functions
These are predefined functions available in Python.
Examples:
Function Purpose
print() Display output
len() Length of object
type() Data type
sum() Adds numbers
max() Largest value
Example:
print(len("Python"))
User Defined Functions
Functions created by the programmer.
Example:
def add(a, b):
return a + b
print(add(5,3))
Advantages:
Code reuse
Easy debugging
Better program organization
4. Main Components of a Function in
Python
A function has several components.
1. Function Definition
Defined using def keyword
def greet():
2. Parameters
Inputs passed to function.
def add(a, b):
3. Function Body
Statements executed in function.
def add(a,b):
result = a + b
4. Return Statement
Returns value to caller.
return result
5. Function Call
Calling the function.
add(5,3)
5. List and List Operations
A List is a collection of ordered and changeable elements.
Example:
numbers = [10,20,30,40]
List Operations
1. Accessing Elements
print(numbers[0])
2. Adding Elements
[Link](50)
3. Removing Elements
[Link](20)
4. Updating Elements
numbers[1] = 25
5. Length
print(len(numbers))
6. Tuple and Tuple Operations
A Tuple is an ordered immutable collection.
Example:
t = (10,20,30)
Tuple Operations
Access
print(t[1])
Concatenation
t1 = (1,2)
t2 = (3,4)
print(t1 + t2)
Repetition
print(t * 2)
Length
print(len(t))
7. Array and Operations on Arrays
An Array is a collection of elements of the same data type.
Example using Python array module:
import array
arr = [Link]('i',[1,2,3,4])
Array Operations
Traversal
for i in arr:
print(i)
Insertion
[Link](5)
Deletion
[Link](2)
Searching
print([Link](3))
8. Importing and Exporting Data between
CSV and DataFrames
Using pandas.
Import CSV to DataFrame
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
print(data)
Export DataFrame to CSV
data.to_csv("[Link]")
Advantages:
Easy data handling
Used in data analysis
Supports large datasets
9. Procedure for Connecting with a
Database
Python connects to databases using connectors like [Link].
Steps
1. Import library
import [Link]
2. Create connection
conn = [Link](
host="localhost",
user="root",
password="1234",
database="testdb"
)
3. Create cursor
cursor = [Link]()
4. Execute query
[Link]("SELECT * FROM students")
5. Fetch data
for row in cursor:
print(row)
10. Charts
i. Scatter Chart
A Scatter Chart displays relationship between two variables.
Example:
import [Link] as plt
x=[1,2,3,4]
y=[10,20,25,30]
[Link](x,y)
[Link]()
Uses:
Detect trends
Show correlation
ii. Histogram
A Histogram represents frequency distribution of data.
Example:
import [Link] as plt
data=[10,20,20,30,30,30,40]
[Link](data)
[Link]()
Uses:
Shows data distribution
Identifies patterns
SECTION – B (5 × 3 = 15 Marks)
11. break Statement
The break statement terminates a loop immediately.
Example:
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break
print(i)
Output:
0 1 2 3 4
12. Comments in Python
Single Line Comment
# This is a comment
Multi-line Comment
"""
This is a
multi-line comment
"""
13. Data Types in Python
Common data types:
Type Example
int 10
float 10.5
str "Hello"
list [1,2,3]
tuple (1,2,3)
set {1,2,3}
dict {"a":1}
14. Dictionary Operations
Dictionary stores key-value pairs.
Example:
student = {"name":"Ram","age":20}
Operations:
print(student["name"]) # Access
student["age"] = 21 # Update
student["course"] = "CS" # Add
del student["age"] # Delete
15. Concatenating Tuples
Two tuples can be joined using + operator.
Example:
t1 = (1,2,3)
t2 = (4,5)
t3 = t1 + t2
print(t3)
Output:
(1,2,3,4,5)
16. Set in Python
A set is an unordered collection of unique elements.
Example:
s = {1,2,3,4}
Operations:
[Link](5)
[Link](2)
print(len(s))
17. Indexing and Slicing
Indexing
Accessing element by position.
name = "Python"
print(name[0])
Output:
Slicing
Accessing range of elements.
print(name[1:4])
Output:
yth
18. Radio Button
A Radio Button allows selecting only one option from multiple choices.
Example using Tkinter:
from tkinter import *
root = Tk()
v = IntVar()
Radiobutton(root,text="Male",variable=v,value=1).pack()
Radiobutton(root,text="Female",variable=v,value=2).pack()
[Link]()