Three Phase Synchronous Motors

Dr. [Link]
Professor/EEE
National Institute of Technology Puducherry (NITPY)
Karaikal-609609
India

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines

1
 Three Phase Synchronous Motor

• It always runs at constant speed. That is, it is

always run at synchronous speed.
• The construction details of synchronous motor is
similar to synchronous generator.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 2

 Three Phase Synchronous Motor
[Link]
work?srsltid=AfmBOooZa497kSn6TOGizDzJmIS5iLzTZj0RbbbhylIgILX7cB_J8zaO

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 3

 Three Phase Synchronous Motor
• The synchronous motor is not self starting in
nature.
• The reasons are as follows:
– The three phase supply is given to the stator
which has three phase windings.
– It produces rotating magnetic field which rotates
at synchronous speed.
– The dc excitation is applied to the rotor which
has field winding. It produces constant magnetic
field.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 4

 Synchronous Motor
• The rotor magnetic poles will try to attract with
stator magnetic poles but the rotor has inertia. It
cannot cope up with the fast rotating magnetic field
of stator.
• By the time, it is about to catch and get locked
with the stator rotating magnetic field, the stator
poles will reverse its pole as it is rotating at high
speed (synchronous speed).
• Hence the rotor will not able to get locked with the
stator magnetic poles.
• Hence the rotor will experience oscillatory motion.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 5

 Not self Starting-Illustration
[Link]
work?srsltid=AfmBOooZa497kSn6TOGizDzJmIS5iLzTZj0RbbbhylIgILX7cB_J8zaO

Fig. a Fig. b
Assume the stator and rotor has north and south pole as shown in the
Figure.
The rotor will try to rotate in anticlockwise direction and try to catch
the stator poles as shown in Fig a. By that time, stator poles get
reversed as shown in Fig. b. Now, the rotor will try to rotate in
clockwise direction. Hence it will not able to develop unidirectional
torque and it will produce oscillatory motion.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 6
 Working Principle

• If the rotor is rotated very closer to the synchronous

speed by using some external means initially (during
starting).
• The rotor can cope up with stator rotating magnetic
field and gets locked with the stator poles.
• This is called “magnetic locking”. The motor works
with magnetic locking principle.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 7

Magnetically locked and runs at
synchronous speed

[Link]
work?srsltid=AfmBOooZa497kSn6TOGizDzJmIS5iLzTZj0RbbbhylIgILX7cB_J8zaO

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 8

 Procedure to start

• Apply three phase supply to the stator.

• Rotate the rotor using external means and bring
the speed of the motor near to the synchronous
speed.
• Give dc excitation to the field winding of the rotor.
• At particular instant, the rotor gets locked with the
stator and runs with synchronous speed.
• Then the external means/support is disconnected.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 9

 External Means/support

• Ponny Motors-Induction motor

– Used as the prime mover to rotate the rotor of
the synchronous motor at start.
• Small DC Motor
• Used as the prime mover to rotate the rotor of
the synchronous motor at start.
• Damper winding

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 10

 Damper Winding

• The copper bars/damper winding are

placed as shown in the figure.
• The copper bars/damper winding are
shorted.
• The arrangement is similar to copper
bars of rotor of squirrel cage induction
motor.
[Link]
synchronous-motor/

• The synchronous motor will start as squirrel cage induction motor.

• It runs near to the synchronous speed. The field excitation is applied
to the rotor.
• The rotor poles get locked with the stator poles.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 11

 Damper Winding

[Link]

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 12

 Damper Winding
When the rotor is rotating at synchronous speed,
then the relative velocity between the RMF (rotating
magnetic field rotating at synchronous speed) and the
rotor is zero. Hence induced EMF in the damper
winding is zero.

Thus, under normal running conditions, damper

winding in synchronous machine does not carry any
current and will not disturb the operation of
synchronous motor.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 13

 Synchronous Induction Motor
[Link]
chronous-motor-starting-methods/

We can make the slip ring induction motor to work as synchronous motor
• The rotor has three phase winding.
• During starting, the motor starts as three phase slip induction
motor (start position) and later dc excitation is given to the rotor
(run position).
• The rotor gets locked with the stator and runs at synchronous
speed.
• This is called as synchronous induction motor. The arrangement
is shown in the figure above.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 14
 Voltage Equation of Synchronous Motor
𝑉ത𝑝ℎ = 𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ + 𝐼𝑎𝑝ℎ
ҧ 𝑍𝑠 (1)
𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ = 4.44𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑑 𝑓𝜙𝑇𝑝ℎ (2)
𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ ∝ 𝜙 ∝ 𝐼𝑓 ∝ 𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (3)
ഥ𝑝ℎ −𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ
𝑉
ҧ
𝐼𝑎𝑝ℎ = (4)
𝑍𝑠
• The emf in synchronous generator is called as
induced emf or generated emf.
• The same is called “back emf in synchronous
motor”.
• Here the back emf is proportional to flux. All
other terms are constant.
• The magnitude of back emf can be varied using
the field excitation.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 15

 Operation of Synchronous Motor

• Constant excitation with no load (ideal condition).

• Constant excitation with no load (practical
condition).
• Constant excitation with variable load.
• Constant Load and Variable excitation.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines

16
 Constant Excitation-Ideal-No load-No
losses
• The ideal condition on no load can be assumed by neglecting
various losses in the motor. 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝐸𝑏𝑝ℎ
• Under this condition, the magnetic locking between stator
and rotor is in such a way that the magnetic axes of both,
coincide with each other as shown in the Figure in next slide.
As this is possible only under no losses condition, is said to
be ideal in case of synchronous motor.
• As magnitude of 𝐸𝑏𝑝ℎ and 𝑉𝑝ℎ is same and opposes, the
phasor diagram for this condition can be shown as in the
Figure in next slide.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 17

Constant Excitation-Ideal-No load-
No losses

𝐼𝑎 = 0
𝑉ത𝑝ℎ − 𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ = 0

No load current is assumed to

be zero
Stator and rotor axis coincide
with each other

U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 18

Constant Excitation-Ideal-No
load-No losses
• In practice this is impossible. Motor has to
supply mechanical losses and iron losses
along with small copper losses. Let us see
how it can be explained in case of
synchronous motor that is the next case.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 19

 Constant excitation with no load
(practical condition)
• Due to the various losses practically present on no
load, the magnetic locking exists between stator
and rotor but in such a way that there exists a
small angle difference between the axes of two
magnetic fields.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 20

 Constant excitation with no load
(practical condition)
• The rotor axis falls back with respect to stator axis by
angle. This angle decides the amount of current
required to produce the torque to supply various losses.
• Hence this angle is called load angle, power angle,
coupling angle, torque angle or angle of retardation.
• The magnetic locking still exists between the two and
rotor rotates at synchronous speed along with rotating
magnetic field maintaining angle difference between the
axes of two fields. The flux lines between the two get
stretched due to such retardation of rotor axis with
respect to stator.
• Ebph will not be located in exact opposition with Vph ,
but will get displaced from its initial position by load
angle.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 21
 Constant excitation with no load
(practical condition)
• Hence the vector difference between the two, Ebph and Vph is
not zero but give rise to a phasor ‘OB’.
• This resultant decides the amount of current Iaph to be drawn
to produce the torque which meets the various losses present
in the synchronous motor. Under no load condition, the load
angle is very small and hence ERph is also very small.
• So current drawn by the motor is also very small on no load.
𝑉ത𝑝ℎ − 𝐸ത𝑏𝑝ℎ = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 (5)
∴ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 = 𝐸ത𝑅𝑝ℎ (6)
• This is called resultant phasor denoted as 𝐸ത𝑅𝑝ℎ which is the
product of armature current per phase and armature
impedance per phase.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines

22
 Constant excitation with no load (practical
condition)

U.A. Bakshi
and M.V.
Bakshi,
“Electrical
Machines-II,
Technical
Publications,
Pune, First
Edition, Nov
2020

Load angle

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 23

 Angle between stator and rotor axis

• Load angle
• Power angle
• Coupling angle
• Angle of retardation
• Torque angle

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 24

 Constant excitation with variable load
• As the load on the synchronous motor increases,
there is no change in its speed. But what gets
affected is the load angle i.e. the angle by which
rotor axis retards with respect to stator axis.
• As load angle increases, though Ebph and Vph
magnitudes are same, displacement of Ebph from
its ideal position increases.
• As synchronous impedance is constant, the
magnitude of Iaph drawn by the motor increases as
load increases.
• This current produces the necessary torque which
satisfied the increased load demand. The magnetic
locking still exists between the rotor and stator.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 25

Constant excitation with variable load
• The phasor diagrams showing ERph increases as
load increases.
• It is clear that on no load, current drawn by the
motor is very small. This is because the stator and
the rotor magnetic axes are almost matching each
other i.e. load angle is very small.
• As load increases, rotor magnetic axis starts
retarding with respect to stator axis i.e. load angle
increases maintaining the magnetic locking
condition.
• As load angle increases, the magnitude of
ERph increases and motor draws more current from
the supply. This satisfies the increased load torque
demand.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 26
 Constant excitation with variable load
• The torque produced in the synchronous motor
depends on the load angle.
• The load angle is measured in degrees electrical.
• As angle increases, the magnetic flux lines producing
the force of attraction between the two get more and
more stretched. This weakens the force maintaining the
magnetic locking, though torque produced by the motor
increases.
• As load angle reaches upto 90o electrical i.e. half a pole
pitch, the stretched flux lines get broken and hence
magnetic locking between the stator and rotor no longer
exists. The motor comes out of synchronism.
• So torque produced at load angle is equal to
90o electrical is the maximum torque, a synchronous
motor can produce, maintaining magnetic locking i.e.
synchronism. Such torque is called pull out torque.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 27
 Constant excitation with variable load

• As the load increases, armature current increases,

the load angle also increases
• Condition for synchronous motor to be in
synchronism is load angle≤90o
U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 28

 Phasor diagram showing the shift of
back emf axis for various load angle

U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 29

 Numerical Problem
• A 20-pole, 693 V, 50 Hz, 3- 𝜙 , star-connected
synchronous motor is operating at no-load with
normal excitation. It has armature resistance per
phase of zero and synchronous reactance of 10Ω. If
rotor is retarded by 0.5𝑜 (mechanical) from its
synchronous position, compute:
• Rotor displacement in electrical degrees
• Armature emf/phase
• Armature current/phase
• Power drawn by the motor
• Power developed by armature
How will these quantities change when motor is
loaded and the motor displacement increases to 5𝑜
(mechanical)?

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines

30
 Solution (angle is 0.5 degree mechanical)
𝑃 20
(i) 𝛼 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 2 𝛼 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = ∗ 0.5 = 5𝑜 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡)
2

𝑉𝐿 693
(ii) 𝑉𝑃 = = = 400 𝑉, 𝐸𝑏 = 𝑉𝑃 = 400 𝑉
3 3
∴ 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑉𝑃 − 𝐸𝑏 cos 𝛼 + 𝑗𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛼
= 400 − 400 cos 5𝑜 + 𝑗400 sin 5𝑜
= 1.5 + 𝑗35 = 35∠87.5𝑜 𝑉/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

(iii) 𝑍𝑆 = 0 + 𝑗10 = 10∠90𝑜

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐸𝑅 Τ𝑍𝑆 = 35∠87.5𝑜 Τ10∠90𝑜 = 3.5∠ −2.5𝑜 𝐴/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
Obviously 𝐼𝑎 lags by 2.5𝑜

(iv) Power input/phase

𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = 400 ∗ 3.5 ∗ cos 2.5𝑜 = 1399 𝑊 Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous
and Special Electrical Machines
Total input power = 3 ∗ 1399 = 4197 𝑊

(v) Since 𝑅𝑎 is negligible, armature Cu loss is also

negligible. Hence 4197 W also represent power
developed by the armature 31
Solution (angle is 5 degree mechanical)
𝑃
(i) 𝛼 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 2 𝛼 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ
20
= ∗ 5 = 50𝑜 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡
2

(ii) 𝐸𝑅 = 𝑉𝑃 − 𝐸𝑏 cos 𝛼 + 𝑗𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛼

= 400 − 400 cos 50𝑜 + 400 sin 50𝑜
= 143 + 𝑗306.4 = 338.2∠64.9𝑜 𝑉/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

(iii) 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐸𝑅 Τ𝑍𝑆 = 338.2∠64.9𝑜 Τ10∠90𝑜

= 33.8∠ −25.1𝑜 𝐴/𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

(iv) Power input/phase,

𝑉𝑃 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = 400 ∗ 33.8 ∗ cos 25.1𝑜 = 12,244 𝑊
Total input power = 3 ∗ 12,244 = 36,732 𝑊

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 32

 Inferences
It is seen that as the motor load increased:
• Rotor displacement increases from 5𝑜 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡) to
50𝑜 (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡). i.e. 𝐸𝑏 falls back in phase considerably
• 𝐸𝑅 increases from 35 V to 338 V/phase
• 𝐼𝑎 increases from 3.5 A to 33.8 A
• Angle 𝜙 increases from 2.5𝑜 to 25.1𝑜 , so that pf
decreases from 0.999 (lag) to 0.906 (lag).
• Increase in power is almost directly proportional to
increase in load angle.
• Obviously, an increase in 𝐼𝑎 is much more than
decrease in power factor.
• It is interesting to note that not only power but
even 𝐼𝑎 , 𝐸𝑅 and 𝜙 also increases almost as many
times as 𝛿.
• V and 𝐸𝑏 magnitudes are same.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 33

 Power and torque Equation
• The input power per phase to the motor is given by,
𝑃𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 (7)
• Since, 𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 ,
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 (8)
• From the phasor diagram, we have
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 cos 𝜙 = 𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛿
𝐸 sin 𝛿
∴ 𝐼𝑎 cos 𝜙 = 𝑏 (9)
𝑋𝑠
• Using (8) and (9), we obtain
𝑉𝐸 sin 𝛿
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑏 (10)
𝑋𝑠
• This is the expression for mechanical power developed,
𝑃𝑚 per phase by the synchronous motor.
• For 3-phases of the motor, the developed mechanical
power is given by,
3𝑉𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛿
𝑃𝑚 = (11)
𝑋𝑠
[Link]
ed_by_synchronous_motor.htm

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 34

 Power and torque Equation
• From eqn (10) and (11), it is clear that the mechanical
power developed will be maximum when the power angle
𝛿 = 90𝑜 electrical. Therefore,
𝑉𝐸
𝑃𝑚,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏 (For per phase) (12)
𝑋𝑠
3𝑉𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑚,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (For 3-phase) (13)
𝑋𝑠
• The condition for maximum mechanical power developed
by the synchronous motor,
𝑑𝑃𝑚 𝑑 2 𝑃𝑚
=0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 <0 (14)
𝑑𝛿 𝑑𝛿 2
𝑑 𝑉𝐸𝑓
sin 𝛿 = 0 (15)
𝑑𝛿 𝑋𝑠
𝑉𝐸𝑓
cos 𝛿 = 0 ⟹ cos 𝛿 = 0 (16)
𝑋𝑠
𝛿 = 90𝑜 (17)
For torque equation, Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous
𝜔𝑠 𝑇 = 𝑃𝑚 and Special Electrical Machines (18)
𝑃
𝑇= 𝑚 (19)
𝜔𝑠
Stator resistance is small and can be neglected. 35
 Numerical Problem
A three-phase, 4000 kW, 3.3kV, 200 RPM, 50 Hz, synchronous
motor has per-phase synchronous reactance of 1.5Ω. At full
load, the power angle is 22 electrical. If the generated back EMF
per phase is 1.7kV, calculate the mechanical power developed.
What will be the maximum mechanical power developed?
Solution
3.3
• Given data, 𝑉 = = 1.9𝑘𝑉, 𝐸𝑏 = 1.7𝑘𝑉, 𝑋𝑠 = 1.5Ω, 𝛿 = 22𝑜
3
• Therefore, the mechanical power developed by the motor is,
3𝑉𝐸𝑏 sin 𝛿 3∗1.9∗1.7∗sin 22𝑜
𝑃𝑚 = = = 2.42 𝑀𝑊
𝑋𝑠 1.5
• The mechanical power developed will be maximum when, (𝛿 =

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 36

 Power-angle Characteristics
Maximum torque will occur at load
angle is 90o

U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 37

 Torques in Synchronous Motor
• Starting Torque or Break Away Torque
– It pertains to the ability of the motor to accelerate the
load.
– 10% of full load-Centrifugal Pump
– 200 to 250% of full load-reciprocating two-cylinder
compressors
• Running Torque
– It is the torque developed by the motor under running
conditions.
• Pull in Torque
– It refers to the ability of the motor to pull into
synchronism when changing from induction to
synchronous motor operation.
• Pull Out Torque
– It pertains to the ability of the motor to remain in
synchronism under rated load conditions.
– 1.5 to 3.5 times the full load torque.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 38
Power Flow in Synchronous Motor

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 39

 Constant load and variable
excitation

Normal Excitation 𝑬𝒃 = 𝑽
Under Excitation 𝑬𝒃 < 𝑽

Over Excitation 𝑬𝒃 > 𝑽

Critical Excitation Eb is sightly lesser than V

Eb can be varied by adjusting the field current.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 40

Constant load and variable excitation: Concept
Per Phase Power
P= VphIphcosφ

• Load is constant and fixed.

• Load angle is constant and fixed.
• Power drawn (P) by the motor is constant.
• Vph is constant.
• Ebph is varied case by case.
• Iph=Vph-Ebph/Zs
• If Ebph changes, Iph changes, but to maintain
• the power constant, cosφ (power factor has to
change accordingly). Hence the motor can operate in
various power factors by changing its Ebph that is
excitation.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 41

 Constant load and variable excitation: Phasor Diagram
[Link]

Vph is constant, Iphcosφ is constant

These constant lines are shown in
the phasor diagram

Case 1: Normal Excitation

back emf=Voltage
Motor draws lagging current.
If Ra is very much smaller than Xs,
then
angle between Er=IphZs and the
Iph is 90o , power factor is lagging.
Case 2: Under Excitation
back emf<Voltage
The Er Vector shifts towards Vph
because
back emf<Voltage
Since back emf is reduced, Motor
draws more lagging current from
source to magnetize the core.
Power factor is more lagging.
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 42
 Constant load and variable excitation: Phasor Diagram
Vph is constant, Iphcosφ is constant
These constant lines are shown in
the phasor diagram
Case 3: Over Excitation
back emf>Voltage
Motor draws more current.
The Er Vector shifts towards Ebph
because
back emf>Voltage
Here back emf is more. Hence,
Motor draws more leading current
from the source to demagnetize the
core and to establish the required
flux. Power factor is leading.

Case 4: Critical Excitation

back emf slightly lesser than
voltage.
Motors draws minimum current.
Current is in phase with voltage.
The power factor becomes unity. Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 43
 V and Inverted V Curve
U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

1. If field current is less, the machine draws more lagging

armature current from the source (armature current) to
establish the required field (lagging power factor).
2. At some particular field current, the armature current drawn
from the source is less. The machine will develop its required
field with the aid of only field excitation (unity power factor).
3. If field current is increased further, then the machine draws
more leading armature current to demagnetize the core and to
maintain the required field. 44
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines
 Synchronous Condenser
• The synchronous motor operated in overexcited
mode is called “synchronous condenser”.
• It helps to improve the power factor of the
transmission line system.

[Link]
banks/power-factor-improvement-by-synchronous-condenser-method/

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 45

 Numerical Problem
A three-phase, 400V, star-connected synchronous
motor, when driving a certain load takes a current
of 40 A from the mains. Its armature resistance is
0.3 Ω/phase, and synchronous reactance is 2
Ω/phase. Find the power factor at which the
motor would operate when the exciting current is
so adjusted that the generated emf is: (i) 300 V (ii)
450V

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 46

 Numerical Problem
Solution:
Case-i Generated EMF (Line value = 300 V)
400 300
𝑉= = 230.94 𝑉, 𝐸𝑏 = = 173.21 𝑉
3 3
𝑅𝑎 = 0.3 ΩΤ𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 , 𝑋𝑠 = 2 ΩΤ𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝐵
𝑍𝑠 = 𝑅𝑎2 + 𝑋𝑠2 = 0.32 + 22 = 2.02 ΩΤ𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒

−1
𝑋𝑠 −1
2
𝜃 = tan = tan = 81.47𝑜 𝜃 𝜃−𝜙 𝜹
𝑅𝑎 0.3 𝑂 𝜙
𝐴
𝑉 = 230.94 V
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐼𝑎 𝑍𝑠 = 40 ∗ 2.02 = 80.9 𝑉
Using cosine rule,
𝐸𝑏2 = 𝑉 2 + 𝐸𝑟2 − 2𝑉𝐸𝑟 cos 𝜃 − 𝜙
173.21 2
= 230.94 2 + 80.9 2 − 2 ∗ 230.94 ∗ 80.9 ∗ cos 𝜃 − 𝜙
⟹ cos 𝜃 − 𝜙 = 0.7996, 81.47𝑜 − 𝜙 = 36.91𝑜 , 𝜙 = 44.56𝑜
Hence p. f. = cos 𝜙 = cos 44.56𝑜 = 0.71 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔
Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 47
 Numerical Problem
Solution:
Case-ii Generated EMF (Line value = 450 V)
• In this case. Since the generated voltage is greater
than the supply voltage, the motor would operate
with a leading power factor. 𝐵

400 450
𝑉= = 230.94 𝑉, 𝐸𝑏 = = 259.81 𝑉
3 3
Using cosine rule, 𝜃
𝐸𝑏2 = 𝑉 2 + 𝐸𝑟2 − 2𝑉𝐸𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝜙 𝑂
𝜙 𝜹
𝐴
2 2 2 𝑉 = 230.94 V
259.81 = 230.94 + 80.9 − 2 ∗ 230.94 ∗ 80.9 ∗ cos 𝜃 + 𝜙
⟹ cos 𝜃 + 𝜙 = −0.204,
cos 180𝑜 − 𝜃 + 𝜙 = cos 180𝑜 − 81.47𝑜 + 𝜙 = 0.204
𝜙 = 20.3𝑜
Hence p. f. = cos 𝜙 = cos 20.3𝑜 = 0.94 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 48

 Hunting

• Oscillation of rotor about its new equilibrium

position, due to sudden application or removal of
load is called swinging or hunting in synchronous
motor.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 49

Damper winding to overcome hunting
• Under normal condition, the relative motion
between the damper winding and RMF is zero
because the rotor is running at synchronous
speed.
• Rotor oscillates due to hunting phenomenon. Then
rotor speed changes from synchronous speed.
• Then there exist the relative motion between the
rotating magnetic field and damper winding.
• Emf induced in damper winding and it opposes the
cause produced by it (hunting) due to lenz’s law.
• Thus hunting is minimized.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 50

 Hunting
U.A. Bakshi and M.V. Bakshi, “Electrical Machines-II, Technical Publications, Pune, First Edition, Nov 2020

• With damper winding, oscillation is reduced in a

very short period of time.

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 51

 Applications
• Industrial Machinery
– Synchronous finds applications where
constant speed is crucial, such as
conveyor systems, mixers, printing
presses, and packaging machinery.
• Power Generation
– Power Factor Correction

Swayam Course on Induction, Synchronous and Special Electrical Machines 52