GROUP 4-PROBLEM SET

TOPIC: METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS (MVP)

INSTRUCTIONS: Solve the General Solution of the DE using METHOD OF VARIATION

OF PARAMETERS (MVP). Write your answers NEATLY AND BOX YOUR
ANSWERS.

1) 𝟒𝒚′′ + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑𝒙

2) 𝒚′′ − 𝟒𝒚′ + 𝟒𝒚 = (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝒆𝟐𝒙

3) 𝒚′′′ − 𝒚′ = 𝒙

4) (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏
 GROUP 3-PROBLEM SET
TOPIC: METHOD OF VARIATION OF PARAMETERS (MVP)
(ANSWER KEY)
 1) 𝟒𝒚′′ + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟑𝒙
1
[4y ′′ + 36 = csc3x ]
4
1
y ′′ + 9 = csc3x
4

Get the Aux. Eq. and find the roots. Get the Complementary solution by
𝑚2 + 9 = 0 using the formula for complex roots.

𝑚2 = −9 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥)

𝑚 = √−9
𝑚 = ±3𝑖 𝑦𝑐 = 𝑒 (0)𝑥 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)

𝑚1 = 3𝑖 ; 𝑚2 = −3𝑖 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥

𝑎 = 0;𝑏 = 3

Now that we already have the complementary solution, we will now solve for the
particular solution by using the Wronskian table in variating the parameters.

𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 0

𝑤=[ ] 1
−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 𝑤2 = [ ]
−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥(3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) − (−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) 4
= 3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥) − (−3𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)(0)
4
= 3(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 3𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑥)
= 3(1)
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=3 = ( )
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥

0 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 𝑤=3
𝑤1 = [1 ]
𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥 3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
4
1
1 𝑤1 = −
= 0(3𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥) − ( 𝑐𝑠𝑐3𝑥) (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) 4
4
1 1
= −( ( )) (𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥) 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑤2 = ( )
1 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
=−
4
Now solve for the values of 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒖𝟐 by using the 𝒖𝟏 ′ and 𝒖𝟐 ′ respectively.

𝑤1
𝒖𝟏 ′ =
𝑤
𝒖𝟐 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 ′
1
−4
= 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
3
= ∫( ( )) 𝒅𝒙
1 12 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
= −
12 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
= ∫( ) 𝒅𝒙
12 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
𝑤2
𝒖𝟐 ′ =
𝑤
𝒍𝒆𝒕 𝒖 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
( ) 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙𝒅𝒙
= 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
3
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 1 𝑑𝑢
= ( ) = ∫( )
12 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 36 𝑢
1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥|
36
𝒖𝟏 = ∫ 𝒖𝟏 ′

1 1
= ∫ (− ) 𝒅𝒙 𝒖𝟏 = − 𝑥
12 12
1 1
= − 𝑥 𝒖𝟐 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥|
12 36

Now to get the particular solution use the formula

𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒚𝟐

1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (− 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + ( 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥|) 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
12 36
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥
12 36
Now for the general solution use this formula:
𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑
1 1
𝒚 = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥 + (− 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥 + 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥|𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥)
12 36
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙 + − 𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒙 + 𝒍𝒏|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙|𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒙
𝟏𝟐 𝟑𝟔

∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬

 2) 𝐲 ′′ − 𝟒𝐲 ′ + 𝟒𝐲 = (𝐱 + 𝟏)𝐞𝟐𝐱
𝐷 2 𝑦 − 4𝑦 ′ + 4𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0

Get the Aux. Eq. and find the roots. Get the Complementary solution:
𝑚2 − 4𝑚 + 4 = 0
(𝑚 − 2)2 = 0
𝑚1 = 2 ; 𝑚2 = 2 𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥

Now that we already have the complementary solution, we will now solve for the
particular solution by using the Wronskian table in variating the parameters.

2𝑥
𝑤 = [ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 ]
2𝑒 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 0
𝑤2 = [ ]
= 𝑒2𝑥 (𝑒 2𝑥 2𝑥
+ 2𝑥𝑒 ) - 2𝑒 (𝑥𝑒 ) 2𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥
4𝑥 2𝑥
= 𝑒4𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 − 2𝑥𝑒4𝑥 = 𝑒2𝑥 ((𝑥 + 1)𝑒2𝑥 ) − 2𝑒 (0)

= 𝑒4𝑥
= 𝑒4𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)

0 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝑤1 = [ ]
(𝑥 + 1)𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑥 𝑤 = 𝑒 4𝑥
= 0(𝑒2𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑒2𝑥 ) − (𝑥 + 1)𝑒2𝑥 (𝑥𝑒2𝑥 )
= −(𝑥𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑒2𝑥 )(𝑥𝑒2𝑥 ) 𝑤1 = −𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥)
= −𝑒4𝑥 (𝑥2 + 𝑥)
𝑤2 = 𝑒 4𝑥 (𝑥 + 1)

Now solve for the values of 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒖𝟐 by using the 𝒖𝟏 ′ and 𝒖𝟐 ′ respectively.

𝑤1
𝒖𝟏 ′ = 𝑤 𝒖𝟏 = ∫ 𝒖𝟏 ′

−𝑒4𝑥 (𝑥2 + 𝑥)
= = ∫(−𝑥 2 − 𝑥) 𝒅𝒙
𝑒4𝑥
= −(𝑥2 + 𝑥) 1 1
= − 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
= −𝑥2 −𝑥 3 2

𝑒4𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) 𝒖𝟐 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 ′
𝒖𝟐 ′ =
𝑒4𝑥
= (𝑥 + 1) = ∫(𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥

1 2
= 𝑥 +𝑥
2
 1 1
𝒖𝟏 = − 𝑥3 − 𝑥2
3 2

1 2
𝒖𝟐 = 𝑥 +𝑥
2

Now to get the particular solution use the formula

𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒚𝟐

1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (− 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑒2𝑥 + ( 𝑥2 + 𝑥) 𝑥𝑒2𝑥
3 2 2
1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥 3 𝑒2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑥3 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑥2 𝑒2𝑥
3 2 2
1 1
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥 3 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑒2𝑥
6 2

Now for the general solution use this formula:

𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚𝒑
𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒙𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒆𝟐𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒆𝟐𝒙
𝟔 𝟐

∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬

 3) 𝐲 ′′′ − 𝐲 ′ = 𝐱

𝐷 3 𝑦 − 𝐷𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 3 − 𝐷)𝑦 = 0

Get the Aux. Eq. and find the Get the Complementary solution:
roots.

𝑚3 − 𝑚 = 0
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 (0)𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 (1)𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 (−1)𝑥
𝑚(𝑚2 − 1) = 0
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶3 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑚1 = 0 ; 𝑚2 = 1 ; 𝑚3 = −1

Now that we already have the complementary solution, we will now solve for the
particular solution by using the Wronskian table in variating the parameters.

1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑤 = [0 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ]
0 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥

= [(1)(𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(−𝑒 −𝑥 )(0) + (𝑒 −𝑥 )(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )] − [(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(−𝑒 −𝑥 )(1) +

(𝑒 −𝑥 )(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )]

= 1 − (−1)

𝑤= 2

0 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑤1 = [0 𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 ]
𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥

= [(0)(𝑒𝑥 )(𝑒−𝑥 ) + (𝑒𝑥 )(−𝑒−𝑥 )(𝑥) + (𝑒−𝑥 )(0)(𝑒𝑥 )] − [(𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 )(𝑒 −𝑥 ) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(−𝑒 −𝑥 )(0) +

(𝑒 −𝑥 )(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )]

= −𝑥 − 𝑥

= −2𝑥

1 0 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑤2 = [0 0 −𝑒 −𝑥 ]
0 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥

= [(1)(0)(𝑒−𝑥 ) + (0)(−𝑒−𝑥 )(0) + (𝑒−𝑥 )(0)(𝑥)] − [(0)(0)(𝑒 𝑥 ) + (𝑥)(−𝑒 −𝑥 )(1) +

(𝑒 −𝑥 )(0)(0)]

= −𝑥𝑒−𝑥
 1 𝑒𝑥 0
𝑤3 = [0 𝑒 𝑥 0]
0 𝑒𝑥 𝑥

= [(1)(𝑒𝑥 )(𝑥) + (𝑒𝑥 )(0)(0) + (0)(0)(𝑒𝑥 )] − [(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )(0) + (𝑒 𝑥 )(0)(1) + (𝑥)(0)(𝑒 𝑥 )]

= 𝑥𝑒𝑥

𝑤=2

𝑤1 = −2𝑥

𝑤2 = 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥

𝑤3 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥

Now solve for the values of 𝒖𝟏 , 𝒖𝟐 and 𝒖𝟑 by using the 𝒖𝟏 ′ , 𝒖𝟐 ′ and 𝒖𝟑 ′

respectively.
𝑤1
𝒖𝟏 ′ = 𝒖𝟏 = ∫ 𝒖𝟏 ′
𝑤

−2𝑥
= = ∫ −𝑥 𝒅𝒙
2

= −𝑥 1
= − 𝑥2
2

𝑤2 𝒖𝟐 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 ′
𝒖𝟐 ′ =
𝑤
1
𝑥𝑒−𝑥 =∫ 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒖𝟐 = ′
2
2

1 −𝑥 1 1
= 𝑥𝑒 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2 2 2

𝒖𝟑 = ∫ 𝒖𝟑 ′
𝑤3
𝒖𝟑 ′ = 1
𝑤
= ∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑥𝑒𝑥
𝒖𝟑 ′ =
2 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2
1 𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒
2
 1
𝒖𝟏 = − 𝑥2
2

1 1
𝒖𝟐 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒 −𝑥
2 2

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝒖𝟑 = 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2

Now to get the particular solution use the formula

𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒖𝟑 𝒚𝟑

1 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (− 𝑥 2 ) 1 + (− 𝑒−𝑥 − 𝑥𝑒−𝑥 ) 𝑒𝑥 + ( 𝑥𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑒−𝑥
2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥 2 − − 𝑥 + 𝑥 −
2 2 2 2 2

1
𝑦𝑝 = − 𝑥 2 − 1
2

Now for the general solution use this formula:

𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚 𝒑

𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟑 𝒆−𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝟐

∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬

 4) (𝑫𝟐 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 + 𝟏

Get the Aux. Eq. and find the Get the Complementary solution:
roots.

𝑚2 − 1 = 0

(𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0
𝑦𝑐 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑚1 = −1 ; 𝑚2 = 1

Now that we already have the complementary solution, we will now solve for the
particular solution by using the Wronskian table in variating the parameters.

𝑒𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥 0
𝑤=[ ] 𝑤2 = [ ]
𝑒𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒𝑥 𝑥
𝑒 +1

= [𝑒𝑥 (−𝑒−𝑥 )] - [𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 )] = [(𝑒𝑥 + 1)(𝑒𝑥 )] − [𝑒𝑥 (0)]

= −1 − 1 = 𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥

=−2

𝑤 = −2
0 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑤1 = [ 𝑥 ]
𝑒 + 1 −𝑒 −𝑥

= [0(−𝑒−𝑥 )] − [(𝑒𝑥 + 1)(𝑒−𝑥 )] 𝑤1 = −𝑒 −𝑥 − 1

= −𝑒−𝑥 − 1 𝑤2 = 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥

Now solve for the values of 𝒖𝟏 and 𝒖𝟐 by using the 𝒖𝟏 ′ and 𝒖𝟐 ′ respectively.

−𝑒−𝑥 − 1
𝒖𝟏 ′ = 𝒖𝟏 = ∫ 𝒖𝟏 ′
−2

1 −𝑥 1 1 1
= 𝑒 + = ∫ (− 𝑒 −𝑥 + ) 𝒅𝒙
2 2 2 2
= −𝑥2 − 𝑥 1 1
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥
2 2
𝑒2𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥
𝒖𝟐 ′ =
−2
𝒖𝟐 = ∫ 𝒖𝟐 ′
1 1
= − 𝑒2𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥
2 2 1 1
= ∫(− 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2
 1 1
= − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
4 2

1 1
𝒖𝟏 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥
2 2

1 1
𝒖𝟐 = − 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥
4 2

Now to get the particular solution use the formula

𝒚𝒑 = 𝒖𝟏 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒖𝟐 𝒚𝟐

1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = (− 𝑒−𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑒𝑥 + (− 𝑒2𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 ) 𝑒−𝑥
2 2 4 2

1 1 1 1
𝑦𝑝 = − + 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 − 𝑒𝑥 −
2 2 4 2

1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦𝑝 = 𝑥𝑒 − 𝑒 − 1
2 4

Now for the general solution use this formula:

𝒚 = 𝒚𝒄 + 𝒚 𝒑

𝟏 𝟏
𝒚 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒆𝒙 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒆−𝒙 + 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 − 𝟏
𝟐 𝟒

∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑫𝑬