MATH+ REVIEWER height of basketball

players is 6 ft.”
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO
STATISTICS AND DATA
GATHERING
2. Inferential Statistics - to
Statistics - a branch of make predictions,
mathematics that deals with inferences, or
the collection, organization, generalizations about a
presentation, analysis, and population.
interpretation of data. helps
turn data into useful Example: predicting
information. sales for next month
based on past sales.
Importance of Statistics
Statistical Question -
* politics, like election data
answered by collecting data
and government decisions
that vary. Examples:
* education, checking test
* How many hours do grade 7
results and school
students spend studying?
performance
* Do students spend more
* science and research,
time on social media than
testing medicines or
studying?
inventions
* Do students who study more
* business, studying sales and
do better in exams?
profits
Kinds of Data
* economics, supply and
demand 1. Numerical Data -
expressed in numbers.
* entertainment, measuring
TV ratings * Discrete: countable values,
like number of boys in a class
Two Types of Statistics
* Continuous: can take any
1. Descriptive Statistics- to
value in a range, like height or
describe a set of data.
weight
Example: “The average
 2. Categorical Data - Non- Data Organization - we
numerical data, like organize it so it is easier to
colors, labels, or yes/no understand and interpret.
answers.
Frequency Table - lists items
Examples: * Height of and shows how many times
pineapple plants = continuous each item occurs.
* Brand of ballpens = Steps in Creating a Frequency
categorical Table
* Results of rolling two dice =
discrete
1. Make three columns and
* Hours of sleep = continuous arrange the data in order.
* Lists of officers = categorical 2. Make tally marks.
Statistical Tools / Instruments 3. Count the tallies and write
the frequency.
1. Observation – watching and
recording behavior or changes 4. Add all frequencies to get
the total.
2. Interview – asking
questions directly to a person Important Parts
with knowledge
* Class interval: group of
3. Focus Group Discussion – numbers in a table (desired
small group sharing opinions number to add)
or feelings
* Range: whole (UPPER –
4. Questionnaire – written LOWEST)
questions for many
* Class limits: lowest and
respondents
highest values in each group
5. Experiment – used to find
* Class width: size of each
cause-and-effect under
class interval (range ÷ class
controlled conditions
interval) round up if needed
LESSON 2: DATA
* Frequency: number of data
ORGANIZATION
values in each class
Example from the lesson: Sampling Techniques
Scores ranged from 10 to 38. 1. Simple Random -Every
member of the
Range = 38 – 10 = 28
population has an equal
Desired number of class chance of being selected.
intervals = 6 It is like drawing names
Class width = 28 ÷ 6 = 4.67, from a hat.
rounded up to 5. 2. Stratified - the
population is divided into
Sample class intervals: groups or strata, and
10–14 random samples are
taken from each group.
15–19
3. Cluster - Whole groups or
20–24 clusters are chosen at
random, and then data
25–29
are gathered from them.
30–34 4. Systematic - Select
35–39 members at a regular
interval, such as every
LESSON 3: SAMPLING 4th or every 100th person.
TECHNIQUES 5. Convenience - Choose
Population – total number of people who are easiest
people or things you are to reach.
interested in 6. Snowball - Existing
participants refer or
Sample – smaller number
recruit other participants.
from the population that
This is useful for hard-to-
represents the whole
reach groups.
Sampling - used to save
STATISTICS REVIEWER
money, save time, and
because sometimes it is
physically impossible to study I. PRESENTATION
the whole population. OF DATA
Data Presentation Showing Principles of Good Graphs
data using graphs or charts to Show data clearly Use same
make it easier to understand scale Make it easy to read Use
correct type of graph Keep it
simple
Types of Graphs

II. MEASURES OF
Bar Graph Used to compare CENTRAL
categories Uses rectangular TENDENCY
bars Bars have spaces
between them
Central Tendency A single
value that represents the
Histogram Used for numerical center of the data
data grouped in intervals
Shows frequency No spaces
between bars Mean Also called average
Formula: add all values then
divide by total number of
Pie Chart Circle graph Shows values
parts of a whole Usually in
percentages
Median Middle value when
data is arranged in order If
Line Graph Shows change even number of data, get the
over time Uses points average of the two middle
connected by lines values

Ogive Graph Line graph Mode Most frequent value in

showing cumulative frequency the data Can have more than
Shows total values up to a one mode
certain point
Notes Mean is affected by Sample Space All possible
very high or very low values outcomes of an experiment
Median is more stable for
uneven data Mode shows the
most common value Event The outcome or group
of outcomes you are looking
for
III. PROBABILITY OF
SIMPLE EVENTS
Probability Formula Probability
= number of favorable
Probability The chance that an outcomes divided by total
event will happen Value number of possible outcomes
ranges from 0 to 1 or 0
percent to 100 percent
Steps in Solving Probability
List all possible outcomes
Important Values 0 means Identify the desired outcomes
impossible Between 0 and 1 Count favorable outcomes
means possible 1 means Write the fraction favorable
certain over total Simplify if possible

Basic Terms Examples Rolling a die getting

4: 1 out of 6 Getting even
numbers from 1 to 6: 3 out of
Experiment An action with 6 Getting number greater
uncertain result Examples: than 4: 2 out of 6
tossing a coin, rolling a die

Key Reminder Probability =

Outcome A possible result of favorable outcomes over total
an experiment Example: head outcomes
or tail