INBOUND TOURS AND TOUR
PACKAGES
LECTURE OBJECTIVES
Define a tour package.
Identify the components of a tour package.
Elaborate different types of tour packages.
Identify the ways to manage carrying capacity and demand.
WHAT IS AN INBOUND TOUR?
WHAT IS A TOUR PACKAGE?
A pre-arrangement, prepaid trip that combines two or more travel components
like airfare, airport transfer, accommodation, and other services.
“A total tourism product consisting of transportation from the market area to the
destination, accommodation at the destination and recreational activities
promoted by the tourists.” Holloway
“A tour package is advertised journey including specific features, arranged and
promoted with tour literature by a tour operator and paid for in full by the
tourists before starting the tour.” Gregorg
A total tourism product because it commonly consists of transport from the origin
place to the destination, accommodation at an en route place or at the
destination and other recreational or travel services.
HISTORY OF TOUR PACKAGE
The idea of tour package first came 1855 by Thomas Cook.
The first “inclusive tour” was created by him to Paris.
His pre-packaged tour inspired other tour organizations in the travel industry to
organize similar tours to all parts of the globe.
According to WTTC, the package tour sales generate,
$25 billion annually in the United States.
$18 billion in Europe.
$19 billion in Britain.
$21 billion in Asia.
Today tour sales represents 50 percent of all leisure travel sales and 35 percent of
all travel agency revenues.
TYPES OF TOUR PACKAGES
Tour packages can be divided into different segments.
The reason behind having different types of tour packages is due to the diverse
requirements and needs of the tourists
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Tour Packages
Independent Incentive
Escorted Tours Hosted Tours Freedom Tours
Tours travels/Tours
COMPONENTS OF TOUR PACKAGES
In any tour package, there are two major components that are offered.
Travel
Ground arrangements
FACTORS AFFECTING TOUR PACKAGE
FORMULATION
Purpose of tour.
Choice of destination.
Tourist budget.
Types of tourist accommodation.
Tour period.
TOUR PACKAGE DESIGN AND SELECTION
PROCESS
Destination research
Market research
Itenary preparation
Negotiations
Costing and pricing a package tour
COMPONENTS OF A TOUR PACKAGE
Name of the Travel Company
Modes of transportation
Details about destinations
Itinerary
Accommodation, types, location, meals
Name of the overseas representative
Duration of each tour
Booking, reservation and cancellation conditions
Details of other services – insurance, currency, entertainment,Travel documents required
Details of price
WHY TOUR PACKAGES?
MANAGING CAPACITY AND
DEMAND
CARRYING CAPACITY
THE CARRYING CAPACITY WEB
(GLASSEN ET AL 1995 P. 52)
VIM OFFERS TWO TYPES OF SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY(GLASSEN ET AL 1995)
Hard line
Physical or financial restrictions on access
Soft line
Planning & marketing to modify Behavior & choice
ECOLOGICALFOOTPRINT
“EF accounts for a person’s use of energy, foodstuffs, raw materials and water along
with the associated costs of transport related impacts such as the carbon dioxide
from burning fossil fuels, the cost of waste and pollution and the loss of productive
land to the construction of roads and buildings in any activity.” (Murphy2008p. 222)
GROWTHMANAGEMENT(GILL & WILLIAMS
1994 CITED IN MURPHY2008)
Capacity planning
•There are two main types of capacity planning: long-term and short-term capacity planning.
•Strategic long-term capacity planning is essential in predicting future demand and aligning
resource capacity, while short-term focuses on allocating current capacity effectively.
Tourism Carrying Capacity
Physical carrying capacity
The physical carrying capacity of a tourist resource is the maximum use of the
resource that can take place by tourists, before the resource begins to be
unacceptably degraded.
Ecological carrying capacity
The ecological carrying capacity of a tourist resource is the maximum use level that
can take place without causing unacceptable damage to the natural environment of
the resource
Social carrying capacity
Social carrying capacity refers to the maximum use of a tourist resource that can take
place, without causing unacceptable levels of local negative feeling towards tourism
Economic carrying capacity
The economic carrying capacity of a tourist resource is the maximum use of the
resource that can take place by tourists before leading to an unacceptable level of
economic dependency on tourism in the area of the resource.
Perceptual carrying capacity
Perceptual carrying capacity is a measurement of tourist’s perceived level of carrying
capacity in a tourist resource, beyond which tourists perceive the resource as over-
crowded.
Political carrying capacity
Political carrying capacity refers to the maximum use that can take place of a tourist
resource without causing political instability, for example, conflicts over land-rights
or control of the incomes from tourism
Other factors
Access capacity
Commercial capacity
Construction capacity
Service capacity
Transport capacity
Other
Establish Criteria that Affect Capacity
• Physical Carrying Capacity
• area size
• accessible space
• visual impact
• climate
• aesthetics
• accommodation quality
• availability of facilities
• transportation
• number of people that can be accommodated
• others
Ecological Carrying Capacity
• the need for conservation
• fragility of the environment
• wildlife resources
• topography
• vegetative cover
• behavioral sensitivity of species
• diversity
• uniqueness of species
• concealment
• resilience of ecosystem/species
• impact of use on the area
• others
For coral reefs, the following must also be taken into account:
• size and shape of reef:
• composition of coral communities:
• type of underwater activity:
• level of experience of divers/snorkellers
• others:
Economic carrying capacity
· investment
· volume of tourists
· cost of the holiday
· level of economic benefits provided
· level of enjoyment suited to the residents
· others
Cultural carrying capacity
· volume of tourism with no detrimental effects
· cultural attractions
· quality of crafts and food
· involvement of local communities/residents
· others
Social carrying capacity
· visitors' choice
· visitors' opinions
· visitors' attitude and behaviour
· expectations and preferences
· perceptual and behavioural response
· response to rising use levels
· visitors' activities
· visitor satisfaction
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
Tourism ressource audit
Environnemental impact asessment
Indirect management techniques
Physical alterations
Information dispersal
Eligibility requirements
Zoning
Restriction on activities
Thank you