Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer System
A computer is an electronic device that accepts input, processes it using instructions, and produces
output.
It works on the principle of the IPO cycle: Input → Process → Output. It also stores data for future
use.
### Characteristics of Computers
- **Speed:** Performs millions of instructions per second.
- **Accuracy:** Produces correct results if input and instructions are correct.
- **Automation:** Executes tasks automatically after given instructions.
- **Versatility:** Can perform multiple tasks, from education to space research.
- **Storage:** Can store large amounts of data permanently and temporarily.
- **Diligence:** Never tires or loses concentration.
### Limitations of Computers
- Cannot think independently.
- Requires electricity and maintenance.
- Lacks emotions, feelings, and creativity.
### Components of a Computer System
- **Hardware:** Physical parts (CPU, monitor, keyboard).
- **Software:** Programs (System software, Application software, Utilities).
- **Peopleware:** Users and operators who run computers.
- **Data:** Raw facts that are processed into information.
- **Procedures:** Rules for operation.
### Functional Units
- **Input Unit:** Devices like keyboard and mouse.
- **Processing Unit (CPU):** Includes ALU (calculations), CU (control signals), Registers.
- **Output Unit:** Devices like monitors and printers.
- **Storage Unit:** Primary (RAM, ROM) and Secondary (hard disk, SSD).
### Generations of Computers
1. First (1940–1956): Vacuum tubes, very large, slow.
2. Second (1956–1963): Transistors, smaller and faster.
3. Third (1964–1971): Integrated Circuits, more reliable.
4. Fourth (1971–present): Microprocessors, PCs.
5. Fifth (present & future): Artificial Intelligence, robotics, quantum computing.
### Classification of Computers
- By Size: Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Supercomputer.
- By Purpose: General purpose, Special purpose.
- By Type: Analog, Digital, Hybrid.
Chapter 2: Database Management System (DBMS)
A Database is a structured collection of data. DBMS is software that manages this data efficiently.
### Importance of DBMS
Before DBMS, file-based systems were common but suffered from:
- Data redundancy (same data stored in multiple files).
- Data inconsistency (different copies with different values).
- Difficult access and retrieval.
- Poor data security.
DBMS solves these issues with centralized management.
### Advantages of DBMS
- Reduces redundancy and ensures integrity.
- Provides security with authentication and authorization.
- Supports concurrent access by multiple users.
- Ensures backup and recovery.
- Facilitates easy data sharing.
### Components of DBMS
- **Hardware:** Computers, storage devices.
- **Software:** DBMS software like MySQL, Oracle, MS Access.
- **Data:** Raw and processed data.
- **Users:** DBA, programmers, end-users.
- **Procedures:** Guidelines for using DBMS.
### Database Models
- **Hierarchical Model:** Data in tree structure (parent-child).
- **Network Model:** Many-to-many relationships.
- **Relational Model (RDBMS):** Tables with rows and columns.
### Keys in DBMS
- **Primary Key:** Unique identifier for each record.
- **Foreign Key:** Connects two tables.
- **Candidate Key:** Fields that can be primary keys.
- **Composite Key:** Combination of multiple fields.
### SQL (Structured Query Language)
SQL is the language used to interact with databases.
**DDL Commands:**
- CREATE, ALTER, DROP
**DML Commands:**
- INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE
**DQL Command:**
- SELECT
**Example:**
CREATE TABLE Students (RollNo INT PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50), Age INT);
INSERT INTO Students VALUES (1, 'Nishan', 18);
SELECT * FROM Students;
### Normalization
Normalization organizes data to avoid redundancy.
- 1NF: Atomic values only.
- 2NF: No partial dependency.
- 3NF: No transitive dependency.
Chapter 3: Web Technology
Web technology refers to the methods and tools used to create and manage websites.
### Internet vs Web
- **Internet:** A global network of computers.
- **World Wide Web:** Collection of websites and web pages accessible via internet.
### Basic Terms
- **Website:** Collection of web pages.
- **Web page:** A single HTML document.
- **Browser:** Application to view web pages (Chrome, Firefox).
- **Server:** Stores and delivers web pages.
- **URL:** Unique address of a webpage.
- **IP Address:** Numeric identifier of devices.
### Web Protocols
- **HTTP:** Basic protocol for web communication.
- **HTTPS:** Secure HTTP with encryption.
- **FTP:** File transfer protocol.
- **SMTP, POP3, IMAP:** For sending and receiving emails.
### Web Development Languages
- **HTML:** Defines structure of web pages.
- **CSS:** Provides style and layout.
- **JavaScript:** Adds interactivity.
- **Server-side:** PHP, Python, Java, [Link].
- **Database:** MySQL, MongoDB.
### Types of Websites
- **Static:** Content does not change (HTML + CSS).
- **Dynamic:** Content changes using databases (Facebook, YouTube).
### Client–Server Model
The browser (client) sends a request; the server processes and sends back the response.
### Domain and Hosting
- **Domain Name:** Human-readable web address.
- **Web Hosting:** Service for storing website files.
### Benefits of Web Technology
- Facilitates global communication and education.
- Supports online business and banking.
- Enhances entertainment and social networking.
Chapter 4: Data Communication and Networking
Data communication means transferring data between devices. Networking connects multiple
devices to share resources.
### Components of Data Communication
- **Message:** The data being sent.
- **Sender:** Device sending data.
- **Receiver:** Device receiving data.
- **Transmission Medium:** Path of data (wired or wireless).
- **Protocol:** Rules (TCP/IP, HTTP).
### Characteristics
- Delivery to correct destination.
- Accuracy without error.
- Timeliness for real-time communication.
### Types of Communication
- **Simplex:** One-way.
- **Half Duplex:** Two-way but one at a time.
- **Full Duplex:** Two-way simultaneous.
### Networking
- **Advantages:** Sharing resources, communication, centralized backup.
- **Disadvantages:** Costly, security risks, needs expertise.
### Types of Networks
- **LAN:** Local, small area.
- **MAN:** Metropolitan, city-level.
- **WAN:** Wide, across countries.
### Network Topologies
- **Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Hybrid.**
### Transmission Media
- **Wired:** Twisted pair, coaxial, fiber optic.
- **Wireless:** Radio, microwave, infrared, satellite.
### Networking Devices
- **Hub, Switch, Router, Modem, Access Point.**
### Protocols & Models
- **TCP/IP:** Standard internet protocol.
- **OSI Model:** 7 layers (Physical to Application).
- **Protocols:** HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP.