Chemistry of Electrical and Electronic Materials

Stream: EE (Common to EC, EE, ET&MD Programs)

I / II SEMESTER
Course Code: 1BCHEE102/202
Effective from the academic year 2025-26

DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ’A’ Grade
(An Autonomous Institution affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi &ISO
9001:2015 Certified)

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SHAVIGE MALLESWARA HILLS, KUMARASWAMY LAYOUT
BENGALURU-560111

2025-26
 MODULE-3
Advanced Materials for Electronics
Introduction to Nanomaterials
Nanoscience and technology are a broad and interdisciplinary area growing explosively worldwide in
the past few years. The concept of nanotechnology was first given by renowned physicist Richard
Feynman in 1959 and earned Nobel Prize. Nanomaterials are defined as a set of substances where at least
one dimension is less than approximately 100 nanometers. A nanometer is one millionth of a millimeter -
approximately 100,000 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Nanomaterials are of interest
because at this scale, unique optical, magnetic, electrical, and other properties emerge. These emergent
properties have the potential for great impacts in electronics, medicine, and other fields.

Nanosize: 1nm = 10-9m

Size-dependent properties of nanomaterials:
1. Surface area:
 The surface area to volume ratio for a material or substance made of nanoparticles has a
significant effect on the properties of the material.
 The materials made up of nanoparticles have a relative larger surface area when compared to the
same volume of material made up of bigger particles. Therefore, as particle size decreases, a
greater proportion of the particles are found at the surface of the material.
 Properties like catalytic activity gas adsorption and chemical reactivity depend on the surface area.
 Therefore, nanomaterials can show specific surface related properties that are not observed in bulk
materials.
 Example: Bulk gold is catalytically inactive, but gold nanoparticles are catalytically very active
for selective redox reaction.
2. Optical properties:
 The nanomaterials of different size can scatter radiation of different wavelengths. Example: Colour
of few colloidal solutions are due to this scattering effect.
 Nano particles of metals exhibit unique optical property called as surface ‘Plasmon resonance.’
 When lights hit the surface of metals particle, electron present on the surface (Surface plasmon)
starts oscillating back and forth in a synchronized way in a small space and the effect is known as
surface plasmon resonance.
 Depending on the frequency of oscillation resonating electrons capture radiation of different wavelength.
 For example, spherical gold nanomaterial of 25-nm diameter appears green while those in the range
of 100 nm appear orange. Semiconductor quantum dots optical absorption and emission shift to the
blue (higher energies) as the size of the dots decreases.

3. Conducting (Electrical) properties:

 Properties like conductivity come under the category of electrical properties. The electronic bands in
bulk material are continuous due to the overlapping of orbitals of atoms. But in the nano-sized
materials, very few atoms or molecules are present so the electronic bands become discrete. Hence,
metals which are good conductors in bulk become semiconductors and/or insulators at nano level.
 The reason is that the electronic bands in bulk material are continuous due to the overlapping of
orbitals of billions of atoms.
 Nanomaterial’s very few atoms or molecules present, and so the electronic bonds become separate,
and the separation between different electronic states varies with the size of the nanomaterial.

Classification of nanomaterials:
Based on Composition: Nanomaterials can be categorized into four types.
 Inorganic-based nanomaterials: An inorganic nanomaterial (NM) can comprise a metal or non-
metal element, or take the form of an oxide, hydroxide, chalcogenide, or phosphate compound.
Example: Examples of metal-based and metal oxide based inorganic nanomaterials are silver (Ag),
gold (Au), zinc oxide (ZnO), and copper oxide (CuO).
 Carbon-based nanomaterials: Carbon-based are amazing technological advancement with unique
properties (high mechanical strength, high conductivity, attractive optical properties, chemical
versatility, etc.). Carbon-based nanomaterials include graphene, fullerene, single-walled carbon
nanotube, multiwalled carbon nanotube, carbon fiber, an activated carbon, and carbon black.
 Organic-based nanomaterials: The organic-based nanomaterials are formed from organic
materials excluding carbon materials. For example, dendrimers, cyclodextrin, liposome, and micelle.
 Composite-based nanomaterials: Composite nanoparticles are defined as the nanomaterials with
composite structure which are constituted by two or more components of nanoscale with special
physical and chemical properties. The composite nanomaterials are any combination of metal-based,
metal oxide-based, carbon-based, and/or organic-based nanomaterials, and these nanomaterials have
complicated structures like a metal-organic framework. For example, ZnO-Cu2O, BiOBr-CoWO4
composites.
Classification of nanomaterials is based on the number of dimensions: Materials are classified as:
zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D)
nanomaterials.
 Zero-dimensional nanomaterials (0D): Here, all the dimensions (x, y, z) are measured within the
nanoscale (no dimensions are larger than 100 nm). Most commonly, 0D nanomaterials are
nanoparticles such as quantum dots and nanospheres.
 One-dimensional nanomaterials (1D): Here, two dimensions (x, y) are at the nanoscale, and the
other is outside the nanoscale. This leads to needle-shaped nanomaterials. It includes nanofibers,
nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires.
 Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D): Here, one dimension (x) is at the nanoscale and the other
two are outside the nanoscale. The 2D nanomaterials exhibit platelike shapes. It includes nanofilms,
nanolayers and nanocoatings with nanometer thickness.
 Three-dimensional nanomaterials (3D): These are the nanomaterials that are not confined to the
nanoscale in any dimension. These materials have three arbitrary dimensions above 100 nm. The
bulk (3D) nanomaterials are composed of a multiple arrangement of nanosized crystals in different
orientations. It includes dispersions of nanoparticles, bundles of nanowires and nanotubes, as well as
multi-nanolayers (polycrystals).
Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles by solution combustion method:
The solution combustion synthesis process involves choosing a suitable oxidiser and fuel, balancing the
reaction equation, and preparing a homogeneous solution of the reactants. Upon heating, a self-
sustaining combustion reaction occurs, leading to the formation of nanoparticles, which are
subsequently calcined at elevated temperatures. This technique enables the rapid and cost-effective
production of nanoparticles typically below 50 nm in size, such as TiO2, without the requirement for
sophisticated equipment.

Step 1: Selection of Precursors

Oxidizer: The metal source that needs to be used for the combustion method. For this, a titanium salt is
typically chosen, such as titanium nitrate [Ti(NO₃)₄] or titanium isopropoxide.
Fuel: A suitable organic fuel rich in carbon atoms, such as urea, glycine, citric acid, or hydrazine
hydrate, is selected.

Step 2: Preparation of Solution

Dissolve the required amount of titanium precursor in distilled water. Add the chosen fuel in a
stoichiometric ratio. Stir the solution well until a clear, homogeneous mixture is obtained.
The overall combustion reaction is balanced to ensure a correct fuel-to-oxidiser ratio.
Step 3: Heating / Combustion Reaction
Transfer the prepared solution into a ceramic or quartz crucible. Place it in a preheated muffle furnace
(around 400–500 °C). Within minutes, the solution undergoes a vigorous self-propagating combustion
reaction, producing TiO₂ nanoparticles.
Step 4: Collection of Product
After the combustion completes, collect the as-prepared product, which usually appears as fine porous
powder. The combustion gases (N₂, CO₂, steam) escape, leaving behind nanosized TiO₂ particles.

3Ti (NO3)4+10CO(NH2)2→3TiO2+10CO2+10N2+20H2O
Step 5: Calcination
To improve crystallinity and remove residual carbon or impurities, the powder is calcined at high
temperature around 500–700 °C for 2–3 hours. This step ensures the formation of pure, crystalline TiO₂
nanoparticles.

Advantages:
 The Solution combustion method is a fast, low- cost, and energy-efficient synthesis route
 This method produces highly pure, Nano sized materials
 This process produces nanomaterials with excellent surface characteristics — ideal for
applications in catalysis, sensors, photonics, and energy materials.

Quantum Dots
Nanometer-sized semiconductor particles called quantum dots, which are usually between 2 and 10 nm
in size, confine electrons in all three spatial dimensions. This creates quantum confinement phenomena,
which give the particles special optical and electrical characteristics like size-dependent light emission.
Since their behavior, they are frequently called "artificial atoms" since they have distinct energy levels
that successfully bridge the gap between single molecules and bulk semiconductors. The colour
(wavelength) of light emitted by a QD depends on its size: smaller QDs emit blue light (shorter
wavelength), larger QDs emit red (longer wavelength).

Properties & Applications of inorganic quantum dots

 Tunable optical properties: By precisely controlling the size of the quantum dot during
synthesis, the colour of the emitted light can be tuned from the ultraviolet to the infrared
spectrum
 High brightness and photostability: highly bright and resistant to photobleaching,
 High quantum yield: They have a high efficiency in converting absorbed light into emitted
light, often much higher than traditional organic dyes.
 High Surface area: Their surface can be modified with ligands or polymers to improve water
solubility, reduce toxicity, and enable bio-conjugation for specific targeting.

Applications
 Displays and lighting: Quantum dot displays (QD-LEDs) offer superior color accuracy,
efficiency, and brightness compared to traditional displays. They are also used in solid-state
lighting to improve colour quality.
 Solar cells: QDs are used in both "quantum dot only" and hybrid solar cells to improve efficiency
in converting sunlight into electricity.
 Biomedical imaging: They can be used as fluorescent labels for high-sensitivity bio-imaging,
such as in confocal microscopy and for tracking cells. Their stability and bright emission are ideal
for this purpose.
 Drug delivery: Functionalized quantum dots can be used to deliver drugs to specific cells and
tissues, with their fluorescence used to monitor the delivery process.
 Sensing: QDs can be incorporated into biosensors and electrochemical sensors for detecting a
wide range of analytes, including heavy metals and biomolecules.
 Quantum dots are also being explored for use in photocatalysis (e.g., water splitting), quantum
computing, and advanced computing technologies.
Inorganic Quantum Dot materials (IQDMs):
These types of QDMs are made from inorganic semiconductors, such as CdSe, PbS, InP, and ZnO.
IQDMs are very tiny crystals of inorganic semiconductors (2–10 nm in size) whose optical and electronic
properties can be tuned by changing their size, due to the quantum confinement effect.
Synthesis and properties of silicon-based QDs by the Sol-Gel method:
The sol–gel method is a chemical process widely used to make Si-QDs. It is cost-effective and scalable.
Steps (simplified):
Step-1: Precursor Selection
In a beaker, take Silicon alkoxides such as tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silicon source.
Step-2: Hydrolysis Si(OC2H5)4+4H2O→Si(OH)4+4C2H5OH
Mix precursor with water and alcohol under acidic or basic conditions → formation of Si–OH groups.
Step-3: Condensation 2Si(OH)4→1H2O+(HO)3-Si-O-Si-(OH)3
Si–OH groups link together forming a 3D Si–O–Si network (sol → gel transition).
Step-4: Drying
The gel is dried to obtain a solid silica network.
Step-5: Annealing
At high temperature (e.g., 800–1100 °C) in a reducing atmosphere (H₂), Si-QDs nucleate and grow
inside the silica matrix. Further, Si can be purified from the matrix if needed.
Properties & Applications of inorganic quantum dots
 Tunable optical properties: By precisely controlling the size of the quantum dot during
synthesis, the color of the emitted light can be tuned from the ultraviolet to the infrared spectrum.
 High brightness and photostability: highly bright and resistant to photobleaching,
 High quantum yield: They have a high efficiency in converting absorbed light into emitted
light, often much higher than traditional organic dyes.

 Surface properties: Their surface can be modified with ligands or polymers to improve water
solubility, reduce toxicity, and enable bio-conjugation for specific targeting.

Organic Quantum Dot materials-(OQDMs):

Quantum Dots that are created from organic materials (such carbon, graphene, conducting polymers, or
organic compounds). Examples include carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs),
and polymer-based QDs,
Synthesis of Graphene Quantum Dots using citric acid method:
Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are tiny pieces of graphene that are less than 20 nm in size and exhibit
unique properties in specific conditions. These can be synthesised through the citric acid method, which
is a simple and cost-effective "bottom-up" approach using a common citric acid organic compound.
Step-1: Take a definite quantity of citric acid (around 1–2 grams) and transfer it to a dry, clean beaker
or crucible.
Step-2: Heating/Pyrolysis
Melt the citric acid on a hot plate or in an oven at 200–250°C for around 10–30 minutes. The citric acid
initially melts, and then slowly becomes orange or brown, showing the production of small carbon-
based particles (GQDs).
C6H8O7 heat 200°C GrpheneQDs+CO2+H2O
Step-3: Cooling and Dissolving
Let the hot melt cool down to room temperature. Dissolve the solidified material by adding distilled
water, creating a GQD solution.
Step-4: Purification
Dispose or dialyse the solution to eliminate any residual unreacted citric acid or larger impurities. The
resulting solution should emit blue glow under UV light due to the fluorescent nature of GQDs.
Properties:
 Less-Toxic & Biocompatible: Carbon/organic QDs are safer compared to heavy-metal
inorganic QDs.
 Photoluminescence: Strong light emission, tunable by size and surface groups.
 Solution Processability: Easily dispersed in water and organic solvents → good for
flexible/printable devices.
 Functionalization: Surface can be chemically modified to improve performance.
 Low-cost: Derived from organic/biological materials.

Display system
Display system: A Display system is a system through which information is conveyed to people
through visual means. Display System means a system for the use of Display Materials. The display
systems consist of Photoactive and electroactive materials as the active materials, which convert the
electrical energy into light emissions. These materials have unique properties, such as piezoelectricity or
electroluminescence, that allow them to be used in a variety of display technologies. They provide
unique features such as high contrast and low power consumption.
Photoactive material: materials that change their properties when exposed to light, often in the
ultraviolet or visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Example: conducting polymers such as
polythiophene, polypyrrole and nanomaterials such as TiO2, ZnS etc.
Electroactive materials: An electroactive material exhibits a change in size or shape when stimulated
by an electric field. Example: polyacetylene, Barium Titanate, Potassium Niobate etc.
Applications of Photo and Electroactive materials in optoelectronic devices:
Photoactive and electroactive materials belong to the huge field of photonics, where materials that
actively interact with light are tuned and optimized to achieve effects such as;
• Convert electrical signal to light- light emission (LEDs and lasers, just to name the most common ones)
• Light detection, with related signal amplification (e.g., in photomultipliers) and processing operations.
• Alternatively, they can be used to develop light-sensitive circuits and switches (such as with
photoresistors),
• Convert light into an electrical signal (photodiodes – PV Cells)
Nano-materials and organic materials used in optoelectronic devices
1. Organic materials as optoelectronic devices:
Organic molecules used as optoelectronic devices: small molecules and conjugated polymers, the two
main types of organic materials used for optoelectronic and photonic devices, can be used in several
applications, including organic light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic devices, etc. Organic molecules
having alternative conjugation with planar sp2 carbon in the backbone structure are basically used for
optoelectronic applications. These conjugated materials, hence, behave as semiconductor materials.
Anthracene is one such molecule known for almost a century (1910) possesses alternative conjugation
and a planar structure.
Anthracene
 Organic semiconductor materials in general can be separated into two classes: conjugated polymers and
small molecules.

Polymers have high molecular weights that result good mechanical and thermal stability, and hence,
polymers are advantageous for large-area device fabrications. Example: polythiophene, polycarbazole
Small molecules have advantages in good batch-to-batch repeatability, high crystallinity, and excellent
charge carrier mobilities due to strong intermolecular π-π stacking. Example: pentacene, triphenylene

2. Nano materials as optoelectronic devices

 Optical properties such as absorption, transmission, reflection, and light emission are exhibited
by nanomaterials.
 Intrinsic characteristics of nanoparticles such as size, shape, and surface properties determine its
applications.
 At a specific wavelength (frequency) of light, the collective oscillation of electrons on the metal
nanoparticle surface causes a phenomenon called surface plasmon resonance, which results in a
strong extinction of light which making the nanomaterial a materials for optical and
optoelectronics applications.
 Metal oxides such as TiO2 and ZnO and quantum dots such as CdSeS and ZnS are used
for optoelectronic applications.

Jablonski diagram
The Jablonski diagram is widely used in fluorescence spectroscopy to illustrate the excited states of a
molecule and the radiative and non-radiative transitions that can occur between them. Light absorption
is the process in which light is absorbed by matter and converted into energy. Once a molecule has
absorbed energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation, there are several routes by which it can return
to ground state.
The naming of the electronic states is based on the spin angular momentum configuration of each state.
Singlet states (a total spin angular momentum of zero) are denoted by an S and triplet states (a total spin
angular momentum of one) by T:
 S0 is the singlet ground state of the molecule
 S1 is the first excited singlet state
 T1 is the first excited triplet state
The two main routes are: radiative process and nonradiative process.
 Radiative process: It involves the emission of the absorbed energy as radiation or photon.
 Fluorescence: If the photon emission occurs between states of the same spin state (e.g. S1→ S0)
this is termed fluorescence. Since the transition is between similar state, it is allowed transition
and lifetimes of fluorescent states are very short (1 x 10-5 to 10-8 seconds).
 Phosphorescence: If the spin state of the initial and final energy levels is different (e.g. T1→ S0),
the emission (loss of energy) is called phosphorescence. This a forbidden transition and hence,
fluorescence is statistically much more likely than phosphorescence for most molecules.
Phosphorescence somewhat longer (1 x 10-4 seconds to minutes or even hours; think about glow-
in-the-dark flying disks).
 Nonradiative process: Three nonradiative deactivation processes,
 Internal conversion (IC): Internal conversion is the radiation less transition between energy
states of the same spin state (compare with fluorescence-a radiative process).
 Intersystem crossing (ISC): Intersystem crossing is a radiation less transition between different
spin states (compare to phosphorescence).
 Vibrational relaxation: Vibrational relaxation, the most common of the three--for most
molecules, occurs very quickly (<1 x 10-12 seconds) and is enhanced by physical contact of an
excited molecule with other particles with which energy, in the form of vibrations and rotations,
can be transferred through collisions. This means that most excited state molecules never emit any
energy because in liquid samples the solvent or, in gas phase samples, other gas phase molecules
that are present "steal" the energy before other deactivation processes can occur.

Liquid crystals
Introduction
LCs are a unique state of matter, between solid (crystalline) and liquid (isotropic) phases some
compounds form a distinct, different intermediate phase, sometimes referred to as the “fourth state
of matter” or “mesophase.” In crystalline solids, molecules exhibit both positional and
orientational order and hence, they are anisotropic in nature. In liquids, molecules exhibit neither
positional nor orientational order and hence, isotropic in nature. In a liquid crystal, the molecules
can move around and flow like a liquid, but they maintain a certain degree of alignment, like a solid
crystal. Hence, the phase is called “mesophase” and molecules are referred to as mesogens.
  Also possess properties characteristics not found in either solids or liquids.
 may response to external perturbation and some changes colour with temperature

Classification of Liquid crystals

Lyotropic Liquid Crystals

Some of the compounds transformed into liquid crystal phase when mixed with another
substance or solvent by the variation of concentration of the compound are called lyotropic
liquid crystals. Ex: Soap water mixture

Thermotropic liquid crystals

The materials that exhibit liquid crystalline behavior on variation of temperature alone are
referred to as thermotropic liquid crystals. Their liquid crystalline phase occurs within a
limited temperature range between the solid and liquid phase.

Examples of thermotropic liquid crystals:

Cholesteryl Benzoate [Liquid crystal range: 145.5°C –178.5°C]
Diethyl p-terphenyl-p-p”-carboxylate [Liquid crystal range: 1730C –1890C]
Thermotropic liquid crystals are further classified as: There are three types of liquid crystals
 1. Nematic Liquid Crystals (NLC)
2. Smectic Liquid Crystals (SLC)
3. Chiral Liquid Crystals or Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (CLC)

Nematic Liquid Crystals (NLC)

 These are formed by the compounds that are optically inactive.
 The nematic phase has calamitic or rod-shaped organic molecules that
have no positional order.
 The molecules have elongated shape and are oriented parallel to the director.
 These molecules possess intermolecular force of the attraction such that they stay parallel to one
another to form nematic liquid crystals.

Smectic Liquid Crystals:

 Smectic liquid crystals are a type of liquid crystals that have well-defined layers of
molecules that can slide over one another. This behaviour is like the sliding effects
given by soap.
 These liquid crystals have small amount of positional order and orientational order.
 smectic liquid crystals occur at temperatures lower than that of the nematic liquid crystals.

Cholesteric Liquid Crystals:

 Cholesteric liquid crystals are a type of liquid crystals made only of chiral
molecules. This type of phase shows chirality.
 The term cholesteric comes from its first observation where this phase of
matter first appeared in cholesterol derivatives.
 We can observe this type of phase exhibiting a twisting of the molecules, which are
perpendicular to the director where the molecular axis is parallel to the director.

Properties and applications of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

Properties:
1. Electro-Optical Effect: LCDs modify the optical properties of liquid crystal molecules to realign
them with a tiny electric field, modulating light passage through each pixel.
2. Low Power Consumption: Because LCDs only require low voltages to operate, they consume a lot
less energy than more outdated technologies like CRTs.
3. Lightweight and Thin: LCDs are ideal for portable and wall-mounted devices because to their
structure, which makes them extremely light and thin.
4. No Direct Light Emission: Liquid crystals don't emit light on their own. They need backlighting
from LED or fluorescent lights or external reflection.
5. Outstanding Display Quality: Because of its excellent contrast, sharpness, and colour reproduction,
LCD panels offer high-quality images for a variety of devices.
Applications:
1. Display Screens: The most common use is in screens for gadgets like digital watches, laptops, TVs,
smartphones, and calculators. LCDs are also utilised in instrumentation panels and medical devices.
2. Medical Imaging: Liquid crystals are used in specialised instruments, including thermography
systems, to identify temperature changes in the human body in order to make diagnoses.
 3. Optical Devices: By precisely manipulating light, LCD technology is used in lenses, filters, and
projection systems.
4. Consumer Electronics: Because of their robustness and energy efficiency, these devices are
frequently found in mobile phones, portable video games, and automobile navigation systems.
5. Industrial and Scientific Instruments: Used in spectrum analysers, oscilloscopes, and other control
panels that need a good visual readout.

Properties and applications of Light Emitting Diodes (LED):

Properties:
1. Semiconductor Device: LEDs are forward biassed p-n junction semiconductor diodes that produce
light.
2. Electroluminescence: LEDs transform electrical energy into light energy by means of electron-hole
recombination, which is the basis of their operation.
3. Energy Efficiency: Compared to traditional lights, they are incredibly energy efficient, using less
power and generating less heat.
4. Quick Response: When a forward current is applied, LEDs can turn on very quickly and light up
immediately.
5. Extended Lifespan: Compared to fluorescent or incandescent lights, LEDs have a far longer
operating lifespan.
6. Monochromatic Light: The wavelength (colour) of light emitted by each LED is dictated by the
semiconductor material and its band gap.
Applications:
1. Indication Lamps: These are frequently used as indication lights on panels and electronic gadgets.
2. Display Screens: Found in seven-segment displays, LED TVs, digital displays, and calculators.
3. Illumination: Because of their great longevity and effectiveness, they are frequently utilised for
street, business, and residential lighting.
4. Automotive Lighting: Used in dashboard indications, brake lights, and headlights for vehicles
because of its durability and fast response.
5. Traffic Signals: Because they are bright and reliable, traffic signals use LED.

Properties and applications of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED):

Properties:
Some of the key properties of Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) include:
1. Thinness and flexibility: OLEDs are very thin and flexible, which makes them suitable for use in
curved or flexible displays.
2. High contrast: OLEDs have a high contrast ratio, which means that they can produce deep blacks
and bright whites, resulting in images with vivid and rich colours.
3. Fast response time: OLEDs have a fast response time, which means that they can switch on and
off quickly, resulting in smooth and seamless motion in video content.
4. Wide viewing angle: OLEDs have a wide viewing angle, which means that the image quality
is maintained even when viewed from different angles.
5. Energy efficiency: OLEDs are energy efficient as they do not require a back light like traditional
LCD displays, resulting in lower power consumption.
 Applications
 Flat-panel TV screen
 Digital cameras
 Mobile phones

Properties and applications of Quantum Light Emitting Diodes (QLED):

Properties:
QLED is an electroluminescent device that uses quantum dots (QD’s) as a source of light Emission.
1. Accurate and vibrant colours: QLEDs can produce highly accurate and vibrant colours due
to their use of quantum dots, which emit light of a specific colour when they are excited by a
light source or an electrical current.
2. Energy-efficient: QLEDs are more energy-efficient than traditional LCD displays because they
do not require as much back lighting.
3. High contrast: QLED displays have high contrast ratios, which means that the difference
between the darkest and brightest areas of the display is greater, resulting in more detailed and
life like images.
4. Long life span: QLEDs have a longer life span than traditional LCD displays because they do
not suffer from the same issue soft back light burnout or colour fading over time.
5. Fast response times: QLED displays have fast response times, which mean that they can
display fast-moving images without motion blur or ghosting.
6. Flexibility: QLEDs can be made on flexible substrates, which allows for the creation
of flexible displays that can be bent or curved.
Applications
 Flat-panel TV screen
 Digital cameras
 Mobile phones