Suez Canal University

Electrical Engineering Department

Image Processing

LEC. 2-6: IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

Ahmed.m.1986@[Link]
+201227059094
OUTLINES

 Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

 Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain
 Candidate Textbooks/References.

A. PROF. AHMED MAGDY 3/7/2026 2

3/7/2026 3

IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT
IN THE SPATIAL
DOMAIN
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain
Convolution Example – Step 1
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2
h 1 3 2 2
1 1 1
-1 4
2 2 2 3 5
-1 -2
2 1 3 3
2 2 1 2
f*h
1 3 2 2

f 6
Convolution Example – Step 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2
h
1 3 2 2
1 1 1
-2
2 4
2 2 3 5 4
-2
2 -1
1 3 3
2 2 1 2
f*h
1 3 2 2

f 7
Convolution Example – Step 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2
h
1 3 2 2
1 1 1
2 -2
2 4
2 3
5 4 4
2 -1
1 -3
3 3
2 2 1 2
1 3 2 2

f
f*h 6
Convolution Example – Step 4
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2
h
1 3 2 2
1 1 1
2 2 -2
2 6
3 1 5 4 4 -2
2 1 -3
3 -3
3 1
2 2 1 2
1 3 2 2

f f*h 9
Convolution Example – Step 5
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2
1 3 2 2
h

1 2 2 2 3 5 4 4 -2
-1 4
2 1 3 3 9
-1 -2
2 2 1 2
1 3 2 2

f f*h 10
Convolution Example – Step6
1 1 1 2 2 2 3
-1 2 1 2 1 3 3
-1 -1 1 2 2 1 2

h 1 3 2 2

2 2 2 3
5 4 4 -2
-2
2 2
1 3 3
9 6
-2
2 -2
2 1 2
1 3 2 2

f
f*h 9
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

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Problem 3.21
The three images shown were blurred using square averaging
masks of sizes n = 23,25, and 45, respectively. The vertical bars
on the left lower part of (a) and (c) are blurred, but a clear
separation exists between them. However, the bars have
merged in image (b), in spite of the fact that the mask that
produced this image is significantly smaller than the mask that
produced image (c). Explain this.

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Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

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Problem 3.22

Consider an application such as the one shown in Fig. 3.34,

in which it is desired to eliminate objects smaller than those
enclosed in a square of size q X q pixels.
Suppose that we want to reduce the average gray level of
those objects to one-tenth of their original average gray level.
In this way, those objects will be closer to the gray level of the
background and they can then be eliminated by thresholding.
Give the (odd) size of the smallest averaging mask that will
accomplish the desired reduction in average gray level in only
one pass of the mask over the image.

16
Problem 3.20
(a)In a character recognition application, text pages are reduced to binary
form using a thresholding transformation function of the form shown in
Fig. 3.2(b). This is followed by a procedure that thins the characters until
they become strings of binary 1's on a background of 0's. Due to noise, the
binarization and thinning processes result in broken strings of characters
with gaps ranging from 1 to 3 pixels. One way to "repair" the gaps is to run
an averaging mask over the binary image to blur it, and thus create bridges
of nonzero pixels between gaps. Give the (odd) size of the smallest
averaging mask capable of performing this task.

(b) After bridging the gaps, it is desired to threshold the image in order to
convert it back to binary form. For your answer in (a), what is the
minimum value of the threshold required to accomplish this, without
causing the segments to break up again?
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Order‐Statistics Filters
◼ Median Filter

◼ Maximum Filter

◼ Minimum Filter

18
Order‐Statistics Filters

19
Sharpening Spatial Filters

20
Sharpening Spatial Filters – Laplacian Filter
◼ First derivative

◼ Second derivative

21
Sharpening Spatial Filters

22
Sharpening Spatial Filters

23
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

24
Problem 3.23

In a given application an averaging mask is

applied to input images to reduce noise, and then
a Laplacian mask is applied to enhance small
details. Would the result be the same if the order
of these operations were reversed?

25
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

26
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

27
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

28
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

29
Gamma Correction

30
Gamma Correction

31
Gamma Correction

32
Contrast Stretching

33
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

34
Histogram Equalization

35
Image Enhancement in the Spatial Domain

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3/7/2026 37

IMAGE
ENHANCEMENT
IN THE
FREQUENCY
DOMAIN
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

38
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

39
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

40
The 1D Continuous Fourier Transform
The continuous Fourier transform

The inverse continuous Fourier transform

41
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
The 1D discrete Fourier transform

The inverse 1D discrete Fourier transform

42
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

43
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

44
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

45
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

46
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

47
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

48
The 1D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

49
The 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
The 2D discrete Fourier transform

The 2D inverse discrete Fourier transform

50
The 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

51
The 2D Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

52
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

53
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

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Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

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Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

56
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

57
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

58
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

59
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

60
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

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Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

62
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

63
Fourier Transform ‐ Examples

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

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The Fourier Image

Fourier spectrum |F(u,v)| Fourier spectrum log(1 + |F(u,v)|)

Image f

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Frequency Bands

Image Fourier Spectrum

Percentage of image power enclosed in circles (small to large) :

90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

68
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

69
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

70
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

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Laplacian Filter in the Frequency Domain

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Problem 4.27

Suppose that you form a lowpass spatial filter

that averages the four immediate neighbors of
a point (x, y) but excludes the point itself.
(a)Find the equivalent filter H(u, v) in the
frequency domain.
74

(b)Show that your result is a lowpass filter.

Ideal Lowpass Filters

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Ideal Lowpass Filters

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Ideal Lowpass Filters

77
Ideal Lowpass Filters

78
Butterworth Lowpass Filters

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Butterworth Lowpass Filters

80
Butterworth Lowpass Filters

81
Gaussian Lowpass Filters

82
Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency
Domain

84
Highpass Filters

85
Highpass Filters

86
Ideal Highpass Filters

87
Butterworth Highpass Filters

88
Gaussian Highpass Filters

89
Noise Removal

Noisy image

Fourier Spectrum Noise-cleaned image 90

Noise Removal

Noisy image Fourier Spectrum Noise-cleaned image

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain

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Image Enhancement in the Frequency Domain

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3/7/2026 96

ATTENDANCE
GO COURSE FILE

A. PROF. AHMED MAGDY

3/7/2026 97

THANKS
ANY QUESTION

A. PROF. AHMED MAGDY