GEDI

TRAINING TEACHING and

alamta tvet

LEARNING MATERIALS (TTLM)

Carry-Out Measurements and Simple Calculations

UNIT OF COMPETENCY
INSTALLATION CONSTRACTION WORK
 Log KOREM TECNIC
o COLLAGE

INSTALLATION
CONSTRACTION WORK
LEVEL 1
LEARNING GUIDE
5
Unit of Competence: Carry-Out Measurements and Simple Calculations

Module Title: Carry-Out Measurements and Simple Calculations

LG Code :CON ICW1 01 0910

TTLM Code : CON ICW1 TTLM 0213V1

LO1: Select measuring instruments

LO2: Carry out measurements and
calculations
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Content
Information Sheet #1 5
Self-Check #1 45
Model Answers #1 46
Operation Sheet #1 47
Information Sheet #2 48
Selfcheck #2 66
Model answers # 2 67
Operation Sheet #2 68
Information Sheet #3 69
Selfcheck #3 73
Model answers # 3 74
Operation Sheet #3 75
Lab Test 76
Other References 77
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
1
Introduction UNITS – MEASUREMENT AND METRIC
The solution to any practical mathematics problem entails a two-part answer. The first partrepresents the
SYSTEM
how many, or the amount, and is always a number. This amount or magnitude isphysically meaningless without
the second part, which is thewhat,or unit ofthe solution. Ingeneral, a unit is fixed by definition and is independent
of physical conditions. Some examples ofunits are the foot, pound, degree, ohm, meter, and so on. Each of these is
physical unit, whichmeans that it is a subject of observation and measurement.
Take, for example, the statement 115 volts; the number 115 is the amount or magnitude, and theterm volt is the
physical unit that gives the amount its meaning. Such numbers as 115volts arecalled the concrete numbers.
Unit of Electrical/Electronics
The Ampere
The ampere (amp or A) is the name given to the transfer of certain number of electrons through amaterial over a
certain elapse time as a result of an electrical pressure. A movement of 6.25 X 1018electrons (one coulomb) past a
point in 1 second is defined to be 1 ampere of current
The Electron Volt
The electron volt is used to state the energy of char ged particles, such as electrons, and must not beconfused with
the volt unit. An electron which is accelerated through a potential difference of onevolt gains one electron volt (ev)
of energy.
The Ohm
The ohm ( ) is the physical unit of resistance of a material. One ohm is the amount of electricalopposition that
forces an electron movement through a material. One volt across oneohm willresult in a current of one ampere.
The Siemen
The conductivity of a material is the ease with which it passes electrons. Conductivity andresistivity of a
material are inversely related by the formula (G=1/R). The unit of conductance isthe Siemen. The symbol used for
the Siemen is (S).
The Watt
The watt is the unit of power or the rate of doing work in an electrical circuit. The power convertedin an electrical
circuit is 1 watt when energy is converted at the rate of 1 joule-per-second.
The coulomb
The coulomb (Q) is the unit of electrical charge. One coulomb is a charge of 6.25 X 10electrons.18A flow of one
coulomb past a point in one second is one ampere.
The Hertz
Frequency; is the number of times an event occurs in a given period. In electrical circuits,Frequency is
usually given in cycle-per-second. By international agreement, the term Hertz (Hz)has been adopted to mean
cycle-per -second.
The Second
The standard unit of time is the second.
Ranges of Electrical Units
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

As we noted earlier, electronics is a science which uses very large and very small units, such as athousand-ohm
resistor, a millionth-farad capacitor, a thousand million-cycles-per-second, and soon. To save time in writing and
speaking these terms, symbols have been universally adopted toreplace those most commonly used terms.

Table of the mostCommon prefixes usedin Electronics

Prefix Symbol Value
Nano N10 -12
Micro µ 10 -9
Milli M10 -3
Kilo K 10 3
Mega M 10 6
Giga G 10 9
Tera T 10 12
Example I
2, 000 ohms = 2 × 103= 2 k
Or, as it is spoken, 2 kilo ohms or 2 "k" ohms.
Again,
0.000,000,01 farad = 0.01 × 10-6F = 0.01µF = 10nFor 10,000pF.
English System of measurements and their relationships
The English System of Measurement

1000 milli-inches = 1 inch

12 inches = 1 foot
36 inches = 1 yard
3 feet = 1 yard
5 yards = 1 rod, pole, or perch
40 rods = 1 furlong = 220 yards
5, 280 feet = 1 mile = 1, 760 yards
8 furlong = 1 mile = 1760
For measurement at sea, the nautical mile of 6, 080.21 is used;
A speed of 1 nautical mile per hour is 1 knot
The SI Metric System of Measurement 42

Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 A Summaryof the Most Commonly Used Metric Measurements
A summary of the most commonly used metric measurements of length follow in Table below

The Most Common Metric Measurement of Length

1000 microns (µ) = 1 millimeter (mm)
10 millimeters = 1 centimeter (cm)
10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dec)
10 decimeters = 1 meter (m)
10 hectometers = 1 kilometers (km)
A summary of the common metric measurements of weight ispresented in Table below
The Most Common Metric Weight Measurements
Weight (Mass)

English System of measurements and their relationships

The English System of Measurement
10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg)
10 centigram = 1 decigram (dg)
10 decigram = 1 gram (g)
10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg)

Relationships between the Metric and the English Systems

The most often used units of linear measurement in the metric system are the millimeter,centimeter, meter,
and kilometer. The relationship between these units and the units of theEnglish system are as follows:
25.4 millimeters = 1 inch (approximately)
2.54 centimeters = 1 inch (approximately)
1 meter = 39.37 inches (approximately)
1 kilometer = 0.62137 miles (approximately 5/8 mile)
The milligram, the gram, and the kilogram are the most often used units of mass (weight) inthe metric
system. The relationship between these measurements and those of the English systemare as follows:
1 milligram = 0.0003527 ounces (approximately)
1 gram = 0.03527 ounces (approximately)
1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds (approximately)
In electronics, measurements may be specified in either the English system or the metricsystem, and for
this reason we must convert from one system to the other system of [Link], the metric system
is preferred and should be used in all scientific [Link], since both systems are in current usage
we must learn to convert from one to the [Link] 2 Light travels at a velocity of approximately 300,000
km per second. What is theapproximate velocity of light in mi per sec?
1 km = 0.62137 miles
= 186,000 mi/sec
Example 3. How many kilograms does an 80 pound television set weigh? 1 kg = 2.205 lb.
Weight in kg = 2.205 kg/lb × 80 lb = 176.4kg (Answer)
Example 4 How many inches are there in an antenna that has a length of 30 cm?
2.54 cm = 1 in.
= 11.8 in.
Example 5 A football field measures 100 yards, what is the length in meters? (1 meter =one yard = 36
inches, therefore 1meter = 1.0936 yards.)
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

100 yards x 1.0936 meters/yard = 109.36 meters

Information sheet
2
If two numbers are added, it does not matter in which order they are added. (For example, 5 + 3 =8 and 3 + 5 = 8,
FUNDAMENTAL OPERATION OF ALGEBRA
or 5 + 3 = 3 + 5) This statement generalized and accepted as being correct for allpossible combinations of numbers
being added, is calledthe commutative lawfor addition. It statesthat the sum of two numbers is the
same,regardless of the order in which they are added. We makeno attempt to prove this law in general, but accept
that it is true.
In the same way, we havethe associative law for addition, which states that the sum of three ormore numbers is
the same, regardless of the way in which they are grouped for addition. Forexample, 3 + (5 + 6) = (3 + 5) + 6.
The laws juststated foraddition are also truefor multiplication. Therefore, the product of twonumbers is the same,
regardless of the order in which they are multiplied, and the product of threeor more numbers is the same,
regardless of the way in which they are grouped for multiplication.
For example, 2 * 5 = 5 * 2, and 5 * (4 * 2) = (5 * 4) * 2.
Another very important law is the distributive law. It states that the product of one number and thesum of two or
more other numbers is equal to the sum of the products of the first number and eachof the other numbers of the
sum. For example,5(4 + 2) = 5 * 4 + 5 * 2
In this case, it can be seen that the total is 30 on each side. In practice, these fundamental laws ofalgebra are used
naturally without thinking about them, except perhaps for the distributive [Link] literal numbers, the
fundamental laws of algebra are as follows:
Commutative law of addition:a + b = b + a
Associative law of addition:a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Commutative law of multiplication:a (bc) = (ab) c
Associativelaw of multiplication:a (bc) = (ab) c
Distributive law:a (b+c) = ab + ac

OPERATION ON POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE NUMBERS

When using the basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) on positive andnegative
numbers, we determine the result to be either positive or negative according to thefollowing rules.
Addition of two numbers of the same [Link] their absolute values and assign thesum their common sign.

The negative number -6 is placed in parentheses since it is also preceded by a plus sign showingaddition. It is not
necessary to place the -2 in parentheses.
Addition of two numbers of different [Link] the number of smaller absolutevalue from the number of
larger absolute value and assign to the result the sign ofthe number of larger absolute value.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

Subtraction of one number from [Link] the sign of the number beingsubtracted and change the
subtraction to addition. Perform the addition.

Multiplication and division of two [Link] product (or quotient) of twonumbers of the same sign is
positive. The product (or quotient) of two numbers ofdifferent signs is negative.

ORDER OF OPERATIONS
Often, how we are to combine numbers is clear by grouping the numbers using symbols such asparentheses ( ), the
bar, ____, between the numerator and denominator of a fraction, and verticallines for absolute value. Otherwise,
for an expression in which there are several operations, we usethe following order of operations.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

In illustration (b), wesee that the division and multiplication were done before the addition andsubtraction. In (c)
and (d), we see that the groupings were evaluated first. Then we did thedivisions, and finally the subtraction
and addition. ¦

The numerator and denominator must be evaluated before the division is performed. Themultiplication in
the numerator are performed first, followed by the addition in the denominator.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

OPERATION WITH ZERO

Note that there is no result defined for division by zero. To understand the reason for this, considerthe results for
6/2 and 6/0.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
3
This information sheet is designed to provide a basic understanding of how to read scales, dials,and gages. It will
not provide any information on the actual use of the tools. Measurement
Reference to thischapter will be made throughout the
Scales
remainder of the manual.
Reading the scale of a rule or tape

The more common type rules and tapes are divided into fractions, inches, and [Link] here are the
scales on a 12-inch steel machinist‘s rule. The rule is dividedinto twelve inches. The inches are further
divided into eighth, sixteenths, thirty-seconds, and
Sixty-fourths.

Look at the rule. There is a small numeral marked on theend of the rule nearest the l-inch mark. This numeral
Indicates the number of divisions per [Link] referring to fractions, always use the reducedname. This is the
smallest numerator (top number) anddenominator (bottom number). For example, 3/6 can bereduced to 1/2 by
dividing both the top and bottom by [Link], fractions may be reduced to their lowestforms by repeated
division by 2 or 3.
Look at the section between the “2” and the “3” on the edge marked with an “8” for eighths. There are eight
equally spaced lines. The lengths of these lines differ and indicate different fractions or parts of an inch. The
longest line is in the center and is equal to 4/8 or 1/2 inch.

Each half-inch is divided in half by a slightly shorter line indicating 2/8 or 1/4 on the left and 6/8 or 3/4 on the right.

Each 1/4 inch is divided in half by the shortest line which indicates 1/8 inch, and will indicate 1/8, 3/8, 5/8 and 7/8.

Now turn the rule and look at the edge with a 16 marked on it.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

There are now 16 equal divisions between each inch. Since 2/16 reduces to 1/8, divide each 1/8 into two equal
parts producing 1/16, 3/16, 5/16, 7/16, 9/16, 11/16, 13/16, and 15/16.
 Common tapes and rules usually are not graduated smaller than sixteenths. However, precision
measurements require smaller graduations.
Look at the back of the rule. Find the edge marked 32 and once again look between the numbers “2” and “3.”

To read this rule, remember:

 Sixteen divisions (16/32) are equal to 1/2 inch.
 Eight divisions (8/32) are equal to 1/4 inch.
 Four divisions (4/32) are equal to 1/8 inch.
 Two divisions (2/32) are equal to 1/16 inch.
To read 2-5/8 inches on the scale, first find the two inch mark, and then determine the number of 32nds in 5/8.

To determine the number of 32nds in 5/8, remember four divisions or 4/32 are equal to 1/8 inch. If 1/8 is equal to
4/32, then 5/8 is equal to 20/32 as shown:

If1/8=4/32,then5/8=20/32
(4x5=20)

1. Find the 20/32 reading on the scale as shown above.

2. Write the new fraction 2-20/32 inches.
Finally, look at the edge marked 64. Each inch is now divided into 64 equal parts.

To read this rule, remember:

 Thirty-two divisions (32/64) are equal to 1/2 inch.
 Sixteen divisions (16/64) are equal to 1/4 inch.
 Eight divisions (8/64) are equal to 1/8 inch.
 Four divisions (4/64) are equal to 1/16 inch.
 Two divisions (2/64) are equal to 1/32 inch.
To read 2-3/4 inches on this scale, first find the two inch mark. Next, determine the number of 64ths in 3/4.
Determine the number of 64ths in 3/4, remember every sixteen divisions or 16/64 are equal to 1/4 inch. If
1/4 is equal to 16/64, then 3/4 is equal to 48/64 as shown:

If1/4=16/64,then3/4=48/64
(16x3=48)
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 1. Locate the number 48 between the 2 and 3 inch marks on the scale.
2. Write the new fraction 2-48/64.
Reading a Metric Rule
The metric system is based upon multiples of ten. For example, there are 10 millimeters in a centimeter and 100
centimeters in a meter.
The example provided will deal only with millimeters (mm).

The meter will become the starting point and from-this, two additional scales can be developed for measuring. A
meter divided by 100 equals a centimeter (cm), 1/100 or 0.01 [Link] a centimeter (cm) by 10. This will
equal a millimeter (mm), 1/1000 or 0.001 meter

Now let‘s look at a section of the rule between 2 cm and 3 cm. here are 10 equal division whichare equal to 1/10
cm or 1 mm. Next count 6 additional lines to find 26 mm

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
HOW TO CHOOSE AND USE THEM 4
The type and uses section provides you with a list of the types of rules and tapes. These pagesshould help you
RULES AND STEEL TAPES
select the right rule or tape for the job

The using rules and tapes section tells you how to use the various types of measuringinstruments. The care
procedures tell you how to care for rules and tapes
TYPES AND USES
Steel rule is the most basic important measuring tool that is used for short measurements that do not require any great
accuracy. The common lengths are 150 mm and 300 mm. Metric steel rules are graduated in millimeters (mm) and
centimeters (cm).

Tape rule have blades made of flexible steel, which are spring-loaded into a case. They are longer than steel
rules and can therefore be used to measure much greater lengths (typically up to 3 m). They are portable, and can
be carried about in the pocket.

FOLDING RULES
These folding rules are usually from two to six feet long. The folding rules cannot be relied onfor extremely
accurate measurements because a certain amount of play develops at the jointsafter continued use.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

STEEL TAPES
Steel tapes are made from 6 to about 300 feet in length. The shorter tapes are made with a curved,but rigid, cross
section flexible enough to be rolled up. Long, flat tapes need support over theirfull length to avoid sagging. Lack of
support can cause reading errors. The most common typesof steel tapes have a hook at one end to let one person
take all the readings.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
5
Calipers are used to measure diameters. Outside calipers measure outside [Link]
CALIPERS measure
inside diameters. Simple calipers are used along with a scale to find themeasurement. Slide calipers and
Vernier calipers have their own scales
TYPES AND USES
SIMPLE CALIPER
The simple outside calipersare bowlegged. Those used for insidediameters have straight legswith feetturned
outward. Calipers are adjusted by pulling or pushing the legs to open or closethem.

Outside calipers Inside calipers

SPRING-JOINT CALIPER
The spring-joint calipers have the same type of legs, but are joined by a strong spring hinge,screw, and
adjustment nut.

TRANSFER CALIPERS
Transfer calipers are used for measuring chamfered grooves or flanges. A screw attaches a smallauxiliary leaf to
one of the legs. The measurementis made as with ordinary calipers. The leaf islocked to the leg. The legs may be
opened or closed as needed to clear the obstruction. The legsare then brought back and locked to the leaf,
restoring themto the original setting.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

HERMAPHRODITE CALIPERS
The hermaphrodite calipers have one straight leg ending in a sharp point. On some models thispoint is removable.
This leg is usually bowlegged. This caliper is used for finding shaft centers orlocating shoulders.

SLIDE CALIPERS
Slide calipers can be used for measuring outside and inside dimensions. Graduations are ininches, fractions,
or millimeters. As shown above, one side of the caliper is used to measureoutside (1) and the other side is
used to measure inside (2) dimensions. Stamped on the frame (3)are the words IN‘:and OUT (4). You use them
when taking inside and outside [Link] other side of the caliper is used as a straightmeasuring rule.

VERNIER CALIPERS
Vernier calipers work like slide calipers. As shown above, Vernier calipers can make veryaccurate outside or inside
measurements. A Vernier caliper is used by loosening the two lockingscrews (1) and (2). This allows the movable
jaw (3) to move along the rule until desired positionis obtained. The locking screw (1) is thenretightened securing
themovable jaw (3). Any fineadjustments to the Vernier scale (4) are then made using adjustment control (5).
Locking screw(2) is then secured and Vernier caliper is ready to read.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

TRAMMELS
The trammel measures distances beyond the range of calipers. The instrument consists of a rodor beam (1) to
which trams (2) are clamped. The trams (2) carry chucks (3). The trammel canalso be used as a divider by changing
the points.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
HOW TO CHOOSE AND USE THEM
6
SQUARE
The Types and Uses section provides you with a list of the types of squares. These pages shouldhelp you select the
right square for the job.

TYPES AND USES

The steel square is often called the carpenter’s square or framing square. The steel square is used in
measuring boards, testing corners, and setting the bevel of boards and tools to various angles.
It is made of steel, having two flat blades at right angles to each other an having measuring scales on every edge.
The long side of the steel square is known as the blade (or body) and the short side as the
[Link] intoeighths,tenths,twelfths,andsixteenths.
Thefacesidecontainsthemanufacturer’snameand theinchesaredividedintoeighthsandsixteenthsasshown.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

The rafter table is used for determining the length and cut of rafters

The octagon or eight square scale is used for cutting an octagon from a square piece of [Link] back side
contains the hundredths scale and is divided into tenths, twelfths, and sixteenths asshown. There are two tables
down the center.

The essex board measure is used to compute thenumber of board feet in a given piece of lumber.

The brace measure is used to find the exact lengths of common braces.
TRY SQUARE
ismadeofasteelorwoodstock(1)andablade(2).[Link]
etorchecklineswhichareatrightangles(90degrees)toeachother.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

Combination square set
The combination square set consist of a blade (graduated steel rule) and moving heads called a square head,
protractor and a center head.

1. Aslotted12-inchstainlesssteel rulewhichisgraduatedineighths,sixteenths,thirty-seconds,andsixty-
fourthsofaninch. By removing all the heads, the blade may be used alone as a rule or a straight edge.
2. The center head can be used to locate and lay out the exact center of round stock.

3. The protractorhasalevel(4)andarevolvingturret(5)and can be used to mark off or measure any angle

through 180. Angular graduations usually read from 0 to 180 degrees both ways, permitting the
supplement of the angle to be read.

4. The square head (6)hasalevel(7),ascribe(8),and

45degree(9)and90degreesides(10).[Link]
saheightordepthgage.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

BEVEL PROTRACTOR
The bevel protractor is made up of an adjustable blade (1) and a graduated dial (2) whichcontains a
Vernier scale. The bevel protractor is used to establish an angle and determine itsrelationship to other
surfaces. The acute angle attachment (3) is used for measuring acute anglesaccurately.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
7
The Types and Uses section provides you with a list of the types of gages. These pages shouldhelp you select the
SURFACE,
right gage for the job. The Using section tellsDEPTH,
you how to AND
use the HEIGHT
gages fortheirGAGES
intended purposes. The =Care
procedures tell you how to keep your gages in goodcondition.
TYPES AND USES
SURFACE GAGE
A surface gage is a measuring tool used to transferthemeasurements to work by scribing a line, and to
indicateaccuracy or parallelism of surfaces. The surfacegage consistswhich may be clampedof a base with an
adjustable spindle (1) toa scriber or an indicator (2).Surface gages are made in severalsizes and are classified by the
length of the spindle. The smallestis 4 inches long, the average9 to 12 inches, and thespindle
Largest 18 [Link] scriber is fastened to the spindlethewith a clamp. The bottom and the front end of the
base ofsurface gage have deep V-grooves. The groovesallow the gage to measure from a cylindrical [Link]
basehas two gage pins (3). They are used againstorthe edge of a surface plate or slot to prevent
movementslippage.

RULE DEPTH GAGE

A rule depth gage measures thedepth of holes, slots, counterbores, and recesses. Some rule depth gages, such as
the oneshown above, can also be used to measure angles. This isdone by using the angle marks (1) located on the
sliding head(2). The rule depth gageis a graduated rule (3) with a slidinghead (2) designed to bridge a hole or slot.
The gage holds therule at a right angle to the surface when takingmeasurements. This type has a measuring range
of 0 to 5inches. The sliding head has a clamping screw so that it maybe clamped in any position. The sliding head
is flat andperpendicular to the axis of the rule. It ranges in size from 2 to2-5/8 inches wide and from 1/8 to 1/4 inch
thick.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

MICROMETER DEPTD GAGE
The micrometer depth gage consists of a flat base (1) that isattached to the barrel of a micrometer head (2).These
gageshave a range from 0 to 9 inches, depending on the length ofextension rod used. The hollow micrometer
screwhas a½ or 1 inch range. Some are provided with a ratchet stop. Theflat base ranges in size from 2 to 6
inches. Severalextension rods are supplied with this type gage:

VERNIER DEPTH GAGE

The vernier depth gage consists of a graduated scale (1)either 6 or 12 inches long. It also has a sliding
head (2)similar to the one on the vernier caliper. (See chapter 6,Using Vernier Caliper). The sliding head is
designed tobridge holes and slots. The vernier depth gage has therange of the rule depth gage. It does not
have quite theaccuracy of a micrometer depth gage. It cannotenter holesless than 1/4 inch in diameter. However,
it will enter a 1/32-inch slot. The vernier scale is adjustable and may beadjusted to compensate for wear.

DIAL DEPTH GAGE

Dial depth gages are for rapidly checking depths of holes,recesses, slots, scratches, and paint thicknesses.
It shouldbe noted that measurements made with depth gages shouldbe on a longitudinal axis. The depth gage will
give directreadings on the dial in half-thousands of an inch (0.0005 in.);press the push button down until the
measuring rod contactsthe work and read the depth on the dial.

HEIGHT GAGE
A height gage is used in the layout of jigs and fixtures. On a bench, itis used to check the location of holes
and surfaces. It accuratelymeasures and marks off vertical distances from a plane surface. Thevernierheight
gage is a caliper with a special base (1) to adapt it foruse on a surface plate. Height gages are available in
several [Link] common are the 10, 18, and 24-inch gages in English [Link] most common metricgages
are the 25and 46-centimeter [Link] gages are classified by the dimension they will measure abovethe surface
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

plate. Like the vernier caliper (see chapter 6, Reading aVernier Caliper), height gages are graduated in divisions of
0.025 [Link] vernier scale isdivided into25 unitsfor reading thousandths of aninch.

SURFACE PLATE
A surface plate provides a true, smooth, plane surface. It is oftenused as a level base for surface and height gages
from which tomake accurate measurements. Surface plates are usually madeof close grained cast iron (1), are
rectangular in shape, andcome in a variety of sizes.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Information sheet
8
At the end of this Information Sheet you should be able to:
Define perimeter, area,PERIMETER,
and volume and associated units of measurement
AREA, AND VOLUME
Find the perimeter of various two-dimensional shapes
Find the area of various two-dimensional shapes
Find the area (lateral, total, and surface) of various three-dimensional shapes
Find the volume of certain three-dimensional solids
Solve problems involving perimeter, area, and volume
Visualize a rectangular parking space for a car. It is approximately 8 feet long and 6 feetwide. If you walk along the
outer edges of this space, you are walking around its perimeter. Theperimeter of a polygon is the sum of the
lengths of its sides. Since the two lengths (l) are equal toeach other and the two widths (w) are equal to each
other in a rectangle, the formula forperimeter, P, of a rectangle is:
P = 2(l + w) or P = 2l + 2w
The perimeter of the parking space is:
P = 2(8 feet + 6 feet)
P = 2(14 feet)
P = 28 feet
Distance measures length, a one-dimensional unit. Perimeters of figures are labeled inunits associated with length,
such as inches, centimeters, feet, miles, kilometers, etc.
The area of a polygon is the number of square units contained in its interior. The area of arectangle, A, is
found by multiplying its length times width: A = lw. Apply this formula to findthe area of the parking space:
A = lw Formula for area of a rectangle
A = (8 feet)(6 feet)
A = 48 square feet = 48 ft2
Area is measured in square units because two dimensions are multiplied to calculate area.
Algebraically, this makes sense because you are multiplying 8 feet by 6 feet and (feet) x (feet) =(feet) 2
, or squared feet. Also, area measures the interior of a plane figure, and planes have twodimensions—length and
width. This extra dimension accounts for the squared value of all unitsof measurement used in labeling areas.
If a rectangular box 5 feet high is put over the parking space, the interior of this box is thevolume of the
box. Volume is the measure of the interior space of a three-dimensional [Link] dimensions (length,
width, and height) are multiplied to calculate volume, and the unitsassociated with volume are cubic units. The
formula for volume, V, of a rectangular prism is V =lwh. To calculate the volume of the box over the parking space,
apply the formula:
V = lwh Formula for volume of a rectangular prism
V = (8 feet)(6 feet)(5 feet)
V = 240 cubic feet = 240 ft3
Volume
is the measure of the space inside of a three-dimensional solid. In the example,you multiplied a third dimension
(height) by the area of the parking space. Height affected theunit of measure—changing it from square feet (area
covering only length and width) to cubic feet(covering length, width, and height).
Consider the following question:
Kevin recently bought a poster for his room. Which unit of measure is MOSTappropriate to describe the size of the
poster?
A. cubic meters
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

B. square meters
C. square kilometers
D. kilometers
A poster has length and width and will cover a flat (plane) surface, so its size would bemeasured by finding the
area. Since area is measured in square units, choices A and D can beeliminated. Of the two remaining choices, B is
most appropriate for the size of a poster because akilometer is more than half a mile.

Perimeter Formulas for Common Geometric Shapes

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

These formulas should enable you to answer any perimeter problem you might encounter. Keepin mind, though,
that perimeter is just the distance around a figure. You can also find theperimeter of any polygon by adding
the lengths of its sides.

The previous standard related to perimeter. This one relates to area.

Here are the corresponding area formulas for all the shapes discussed in the last standard.
Area Formulas for Common Geometric Shapes

Sample Exercise
If ACD is an isosceles triangle, what is the area of the shaded region below?
If ACD is an isosceles triangle, what is the area of the shaded region below?
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 42

Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

Here are four basic three-dimensional shapes:

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Area Formulas f or Some Three-dimensional Shapes

Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE
Volume Formulas for Some Three-dimensional Solids

Identify the appropriate formula and apply it to this question:

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

Rosa is packing a set of wooden blocks into a rectangular box. Each wooden block isa 1 cm cube. If the dimensions
of the box (a rectangular right prism) are 12 cm by 6 cm by 8 cm,how many wooden blocks can the box hold?
A. 144
B. 576
C. 1152
D. 2304
To determine the number of wooden blocks that can fit into the box, you first need to find thevolume of the box.
The first step can be done using the volume formula for a right prism.
Volume = lwh
Volume = (12 cm)(6 cm)(8 cm)
Volume = 576 cm3
Each cube has a volume of 1 cm3, so 576 of them will fit into the box. This is choice B.
Class Exercise Please Answer.

Operation sheet 1
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

To read a vernier caliper, you must be able to understand both the steel rule and vernier [Link] steel rule (1) is
graduated in 0.025 of an inch. Every fourth division (2) (representing a tenthof an inch) is numbered.

The vernier scale (3) is divided into 25 parts and numbered 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25. These 25parts are equal to 24
parts on the steel rule (1). The difference between the width of one of the 25spaces on the vernier scale (3) and
one of the 24 spaces on the steel rule (1) is 1/1000 of an inch.
Read the measurement as shown above.
 Read the number of wholeinches on the top scale (1) tothe left of the vernier zeroindex (4) and
record. …. 1.000 inchRead the number of tenths (5)to the left of the vernierzero index (4) and
record. ……. .0.400 inch
 Read the number of twenty-fifths (6)between the tenths mark (5) andthe zero index (4)and
record. .3 X .025 = .075 inch
 Read the highest line on thevernier scale (3) which lines upwith the lines on the topscale (7) and
record. (Remember1/25 = .001 inch) . . . . 11/25 or 0.011 inch TOTAL 1.486 inches
Most vernier calipers read OUTSIDE on one side and INSIDE on the other side. If a scaleisn‘t marked, and you want
to take an inside measurement, read the scale as you would for anoutside diameter. Then add the measuring
point allowance by referring to manufacturer‘sinstructions or the following table.
Size of English Metric
Caliper Measure Measure
6 inch or 150 mm Add 0.250 inch Add 6.35 mm
12 inch or 300 mm .300 inch 7.62 mm
24 inch or 600 mm .300 inch 7.62 mm
36 inch or 600 mm .500 inch 12.70 mm
READING A METRIC CALIPER
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

The steel rule (1) is divided into centimeters (cm) (2) and the longest lines represent 10millimeters each.
Each millimeter is divided into quarters.
The vernier scale (3) is divided into 25 parts and isnumbered 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25.

 Read the total number ofmillimeters (4) to theleft of the vernierzero index (5) and record .32.00 mm
 Read the number of quarters (6)between the millimeter markand the zero index and record . . .25 mm =(1
quarter)
 Read the highest line onthe vernierscale (3) whichlines up with the line onthe scale (7) and
record ........................... .18 mmTOTAL 32.43 mm
CARE OF CALIPERS
1. Store calipers in separate containers provided.
2. Keep graduations and markings on all calipers clean and legible.
3. Do not drop any caliper. Small nicks or scratches can cause inaccurate measurements.
4. Protect caliper points from damage.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Operation sheet 2
USING A CARPENTER SQUARE

TO MARK A SQUARE LINE

1. To mark a square line, place the bladeor tongue
(1) Of the square against the side of the material with
the square tilted slightly so the blade or tongue of
the square extends across the work.
2. Mark a line across the work using a pencil or
marking crayon.

USING A CARPENTER‘S SQUARE TO LAY OUT STEPS

1. The following example shows Proper Square
Position when marking cut lines for a series of steps
9” x 12.”
2. Continue the process until desired number of
Steps have been layed out.

USING A TRY SQUARE

1. To check a square joint, place the stock (I’)
against a horizontal section and the blade (2)
against a vertical section. Light must not be seen
around blade edge. If light is seen, the work is not
square.

USING A SLIDING T-BEVEL SQUARE

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

1 .Loosen locking nut (1) and adjustblade (2) to measure a desired angleusing protractor (3). Tighten locking
nut(1).
2. The angle may now be laid out byextending the blade across the boardwith the stock (4) held firmly
against the edge
USING A COMBINATION SQUARE
1. Slide center head (1) on rule (2) and fasten bytightening setscrew (3).
2. Put the center head flush against the cylinder.
3. Mark the diameter on the cylinder using a pencilor marking crayon by drawing a straight line alongthe inside
edge (4). Make sure the square does notslip while marking.

Using as a protractor head to determine an angle

Using as a protractor head to determine an

Loosen the protractor adjustment screwsangle
(4) so the protractor may be pivoted about
the rule. Angle being measured is already
marked
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Place the rule on the angle being measuredand Remove and read measured angle on a
Pivot the protractor head against the edgeprotractor scale. Using as a combination
.Tighten adjustment screwssquare to determine depth.

1. Side square head (1) on rule (2) and fastenset the flat surface of the square head (1)
By tighten setscrew (3)above the hole and adjust the rule (2) until
2. Loosen setscrewit hits the bottom

Tighten setscrew (3)

Re the intersection of the rule and the
square head (4)move the combination
square and read the depth at

CARE OF SQUARES
1. Make sure squares are kept clean
2. apply a light of oil to all metal surfaces
after using.
3. A square with a loose stock is no good.
Replace the square.
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 Operation sheet 2
USING THE SURFACE, DEPTH, AND HEIGHT
GAGES
USING A SURFACE GAGE

Setting gage for transfer of 4-inch vertical measurement

USING A RULE DEPTH GAGE

Measuring the distance from a surface to a recessedpoint

USING A MICROMETER DEPTH GAGE

Measuring projection depth with micrometer precision

USING A VERNIER DEPTH GAGE

Measuring hole a depth of die from a given surface

USING A DIAL DEPTH GAGE

.

Measuring depths of holes, recesses, slots, scratchesand paint

thicknesses
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

USING A HEIGHT GAGE

Measuring vertical distance from a plane surface

CARE OF SURFACE, HEIGHT, AND DEPTH GAGES

1. Coat all metal p arts of gages with a light coat of oil toprevent rust.
2. Carefully store gages when not in use. Use separate containers if provided by manufacturer.
3. Keep graduations and markings clean and legible.
4. Do not drop a y g age? Small nicks and d scratches can cause inaccurate measurements.
5. Protect all pointed gage parts from damage.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

ALAMATA TECHNIC COLLEGE

Assessment for level one and level two year one information sheet one on carry out

measurements and simple calculation

Name_____________________level_______________

Choose the best answer

1. which one is the correct 0.003m when use prefixes

A. 3x10
-3
m b.3x10
-2
m c. 3x103m
2. 1mm=_______km
A. 0.000001km b.0.00001km c. 0.00000001km
3. the si unit of power is
A. Watt b. second c. ohm d. all
4. the oppose of electrical current is

a current b. resistance c. voltage

5. the prefix of Nano has
12
a. 10 b.10 -12
c.10-6 d.106
Short answer

1. The si unit of resistance is____________.

2. Define what is current.
3. Convert 0.34cm to km.
4. the solution to any practical mathematics problem entails a two-part answer
then write them.
5. What is the different b/n conductivity and resistivity?
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

ALAMATA TECHNIC COLLEGE

Assessment for level one and level two year one information sheet four on carry out measurements and simple

calculation

Name_____________________level_______________
Choose the best answer

2. the SI unit of perimeter is

A. cm B. mm2 C. m3

4. ___________Is the measure of the space inside of a three-dimensional solid.

A. volume B. area C. perimeter D. all

5. What is the formula of area in triangle?

A. 1/2 b.h B. LxW C. ½ (b1+b2)h

Short answer(2%)

1. What is perimeter of square when the side is 5cm?

2. _________is measured in square units because two dimensions are multiplied to calculate.
3. Calculate the volume of rectangular solid that have (2mm, 4mm, 7mm) length, width and height
respectively.
4. Define what is perimeter.
5. What is the area of rectangle length and width have 3cm and 10cm.

Prepared bys.g
42

Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

 ALAMATA TECHNIC COLLEGE
SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT FOR L2&3 Y1CARRY OUT MEASUREMENTS AND SIMPLE CALCULATION

Name ______________________________level _______________time allowed 40 min

SHORT ANSWER

1. Write the definition of current, voltage and resistance. (3%)

2. Write the value of un known fractions below the figure. (6%)

3. What is the use of calipers and write example of calipers. (5%)

4. Writ the order of mathematical operation of algebra when we can use multiplication,
bracket, subtraction, addition and division. (3%)
5. What is the area and perimeter of rectangle when length is 3cm and width is 8cm.(6%)
6. What is perimeter of square when the side is 5cm? (5%)
7. The area of rectangle is 18 square units and length is 2unit then what is the perimeter of
rectangle. (5%)
8. Define and explain the different between steel rule and tape rule.(7%)

Bonesconvert 0.34cm to h.m. (3%)

Good luck

Prepared by s.g
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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE

ALAMATA TECHNIC COLLEGE

Re exam for level 3 and level 2 year one

U.C:-carry out measurement and simple calculation

Name _________________________________________level______________

Choose the best answer

1. the SI unit of power is

A. Watt B. SecondC. ohm D. all

2. ___________is the measure of the space inside of a three-dimensional solid.

A. volume B. area C. perimeter D. all

3. the SI unit of perimeter is

A. cm B. mm2 C. m3

4. the oppose of electrical current is

A. current B. resistance C. voltage

5. What is the formula of area in rectangle?

A. 1/2 b.h B. LxW C. ½ (b1+b2)h

Short answer
1. Convert 1K.M to C.M.
2. Explain the use of steel rule.
3. What is the SI unit of current?
4. What is perimeter of square when the side is 5cm?
5. 20 divided by zero (20/0) is equal to_____________.

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Author: Alamata TVET department of BEI by GEDIWON TADESE