Chapter 2

Electrostatics-I

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb

Born June 14, 1736 Formatted: Hyperlink, Font: 9 pt, English (United
States)
Died August 23, 1806 Formatted: Font: No underline, Font color: Auto,
English (United States)
Nationality French Formatted: Font: No underline, Font color: Auto,
English (United States)

Field Physics Formatted: Font: No underline, Font color: Auto

Formatted: Hyperlink, Font: 9 pt
Formatted: Font: Not Bold
Charles Augustin de Coulomb (1736 – 1806) was a French physicist.
Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1.3 li
Coulomb is distinguished in the history of mechanics and of electricity and magnetism. In 1779 he
published an important investigation of the laws of friction.

He used the instrument called torsional balance with great success for the experimental investigation of the
distribution of charge on surfaces, of the laws of electrical and magnetic force, and of the mathematical
theory of which he may also be regarded as the founder.

Coulomb explained the laws of attraction and repulsion between electric charges and magnetic poles,
although he did not find any relationship between the two phenomena. He thought that the attraction and
repulsion were due to different kinds of fluids.

The SI unit of charge, the coulomb, and Coulomb's law are named after him.
2.1 Electric Charge Charge is the property of matter that causes it to produce and
experience electrical and magnetic effects. The study of the electrical charges at rest is called
electrostatics. When both electrical and magnetic effects are present, the interaction between charges
is referred to as electromagnetic.
There exist two types of charges in nature: positive and negative. Like charges repel, and unlike charges
attract, each other.
The SI Unit of charge is coulomb (C). In SI units, the current is a fundamental quantity, having a
unit of ampere (A). The unit of charge is defined in terms of the unit of current. Thus, one coulomb
is the charge transferred in one second across the section of a wire carrying a current of one ampere.
As q = It, we have
1C = (1 A) (1 s)
The dimensions of charge are [A T].
The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives the concept of charge. If there is an excess of
electrons in a body, it is negatively charged. And if there is deficiency of electrons, the body
becomes positively charged. Whenever addition or removal of electrons takes places, the body
acquires a charge.

Illustrations

Illustration 1
A matter has a charge of +32 C. How many electrons have been added or removed form it ?

Solution
Positive charge means electrons have been removed from the system and the number of removed
electrons is
q 32  106
n   2  1014
e 1.6  10 19

Properties of Charge
1. Charge is conserved, that is for an isolated system, the total charge remains constant. Charge is
neither created nor destroyed; it is transferred from one body to the other.
2. Charge is quantized. The smallest discrete value of charge that can exist in nature is the
charge on an electron, given as
e = 1.6  10 19 C
This is the charge attained by an electron and a proton.
A charge q must be an integer multiple of this basis unit. That is,
Q =  ne where n = 1, 2, …
Charge on a body can never be (½)e, (2/3)e, or 5.7e, etc.
3. Charge is invariant that is the numerical value of an elementary charge is independent of
velocity. It is based on the fact that an atom is neutral. The difference in masses of an electron
and a proton suggests that electrons move much faster in an atom than protons. If the charges
were dependent on velocity, the neutrality of atoms would be violated. The magnitude of
charge in all reference frame is same.

 Other Facts about Electric Charge

 Charge is always associated with mass i.e. every charge particle has mass but converse is
not true.
 Since charge is a scalar quantity, therefore, charges are added algebraically
 An accelerated charge radiates electromagnetic radiations.

2.2 Conductors and Insulators Formatted

In conductors charges are free to move throughout its volume whereas in insulators or dielectrics,
the charges remain fixed at the places where they were initially distributed.
A body can be charged in the following two ways:
 Charging by friction
When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, due to friction there is transfer of electrons from the rod
to silk and hence rod becomes positively charged and silk negatively charged.
 Charging by Induction
There are following steps to charge a metal sphere by induction:
+  + +
+  +
  + +
 +   +
 
 
 
 

(D)
(A) (B) (C)
(A) The metal sphere is supported on an insulated stand.
(B) A negatively charged rod is brought near to it, without touching, then the free electrons in the
metal sphere are repelled by the excess of electrons of the rod and the left surface accumulates
positive charges.
(C) The surface of the sphere is earthed using a wire and the negative charged flows to earth.
(D) The wire is disconnected and the rod is removed.

Important Points
 The rod (inducing body) neither gains nor loses charge.
 If the rod is negatively charged the sphere attains positive charge i. e. nature of induced
charge is always opposite to that of inducing charge.
 Remember that induced charge can never be greater than the inducing charge.
 Charging by Conduction
When a charged body touches a neutral body, some charge is transferred from charged body
to neutral body. Even on removing the charged body, the neutral body remains charged.
 Note that
 the neutral body will have the same type of charge as charged body after conduction.

2.3 Coulomb’s Law Formatted

The force of interaction of two stationary point charges in vacuum is directly proportional to the
product of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation,
kq 1 q 2
F
r2
where F is in newton, q1 and q2 in coulomb, r in metre, and k is a constant given in SI units by
1
k = 9  109 N m2 C2
4  0
where 0 = 8.85  1012 C2 N1 m2 and is called the permittivity of free space (vacuum or air).
For mediums other than air or vacuum, the electrostatic force between two charges becomes
1 q1 q2 1 q q
F .  . 1 2
4π  r 2 4 πε 0 r r 2
Here  = 0 r, is called the absolute permittivity or permittivity of the medium, and r (= /0) is
the relative permittivity of the medium which is a dimensionless constant. r is also sometimes
called dielectric constant, and is represented by letter K.

Coulomb’ Law in Vector Form


Suppose the position vectors of two charges q1 and q2 are r1 and Y
 q2 F2
r2 , then electric force on charge q1 due to charge q2 is, F1 q1
 1 qq  
F1   1 2 3 (r1  r2 ) 
r 
4 0 | r1  r2 | r2
Similarly, X
 1 qq  
Electric force on q2 due to charge q1 is F2   1 2 3 (r2  r1 )
40 | r2  r1 |
Here q1 and q2 are to be substituted with sign.
Important Points
 The coulomb force acts along the straight line connecting the points of location of the
charges.
 The coulomb force is central and spherically symmetric.
 The vector form of Coulomb’s Law is
 kq q
F  12 2 rˆ
r
where r̂ is the unit vector has its origin at the source of the force.
 For example, to find the force on the charge q 2 , the origin of r is
placed at q1 as shown in fig. q1 r̂ q2
 
The positive value of F means repulsion while the negative value of F r

means attraction.

 Comparison with Gravitation Law

Coulomb’s law is analogous to Newton’s law of gravitation :

m1m2
F  G
r2
However, following are the important differences :

(a) Electric force between charged particles is much stronger than gravitational force,

i.e., FE >> FG. This is why when both FE and FG are present, we neglect FG
(e.g. between two electrons FG = 1039 FE).

(b) Electric force can be attractive or repulsive. But the gravitational force is always attractive.

(c) Electric force depends on the nature of medium between the charges, but gravitational
force does not.

Superposition Principle
Consider N point charges 1, 2, ....., N with scalar magnitudes q1, q2,........qN having position
   
vectors r1 , r2 , r3 ........rN , respectively, from some fixed origin O. The force exerted on the charge q

located at r by these charges is obtained by summing vectorially the forces by individual
charges. So,
 
 N
q (r - ri )
Fq = q  i   3
i =1 4πε 0 | r - ri |

Illustrations

Illustration 2
Three point charges are placed at the following points on the x axis: q1 = + 2 µC at x = 0, q2 =– 3µC
at x = 40 cm, q3 =– 5 µC at x = 120 cm. Find the force on the –3 µC charge.

Solution
Figure is diagram of the setup with q1 = 2µC, q2 = –3µC, and
q1 q2 q3
q3 = –5C. The force on q2 is the vector sum of two x, cm
40 120
contributions, the attractive force due to q1 (toward q1), and
the repulsive force due to q3 (also toward q1). The sum of
these two forces, taken algebraically, since they are along the
same line, is
 k |q1q2 | k | q2 q3 |
F  F1  F2  
(0.40) 2 (0.80)2

 (2  10 6 C ) (3  10 6 C ) (5  10 6 C ) (3  10 6 C ) 
 9  10 9     0.55N
 (0.40m)2 (0.80m)2 
or 0.55 N to left.

Illustration 3
Two identical positive charges of magnitude Q are separated by a distance
d . Another charge q is placed midway on the line joining the two. +Q q +Q

Identify the magnitude and nature of the charge q so that the system is in d/2 d/2
equilibrium.

Solution
Since the charge q is placed symmetrically between the two Q charges, therefore, it is in equilibrium.
Let us check the equilibrium of any of the Q charges.
kQ 2 kQq
Thus,  0
d2 d / 2 2
Q
or q
4
The charge q is a negative charge.
 Note that
 The equilibrium of the system is unstable. If any of the three charges is slightly displaced along the line
joining them, then the system does not restore the equilibrium.

Illustration 4
Four point charges are located at the corners of a rectangle, as shown in figure. Find the net force
acting on the charge q1.
q3 = 8 nC – + q2 = 4 nC
y

3 cm
x

q4 = 12 nC – + q1 = 8 nC
4 cm
Solution
q3 – + q2

3 cm

F13

q4 –  + q1
F14 
4 cm
F12

  
(1) The force F12 (between q1 and q2) is repulsive, while the forces F13 (between q1 and q3) and F14
(between q1 and q4) are attractive.
  
(2) The magnitude of the forces F12 , F13 and F14 are

F12 
kq1q2

 9  10   8  10   4  10 
9 -9 -9

 32  10 -5 N
r122  3  10  -2 2

F13 
kq1q3

 9  10   8  10   8  10 
9 -9 -9

 23  10 -5 N
r132  5  10  -2 2

F14 
kq1q4

 9  10   8  10  12  10 
9 -9 -9

 54  10 -5 N
r142  4  10  -2 2


(3) F12 = (-32  105) ĵ

  4  3
F13 = (F13 cos ) î + (F13 sin ) ĵ =  (23)   ˆi  (23)   ˆj   10 -5
 5   5 
 

= [18.4 î + 13.8 ĵ ]  105


F14 = (-54  105) î
   
(4) The net force on q1 is F1  F12  F13  F14

= [72.4 î  18.2 ĵ ]  105 N

Practice Exercise
1. Three point charges lie on a straight line, as shown 5 C 2 C 3 C
in the figure. Find the resultant force vector exerted
2 cm 4 cm
on

(a) the 2 µC charge (b) the 5 µC charge.

2. Three point charges are held on the corners of an y -2Q

equilateral triangle as shown in the figure.

x

Take Q = 2 µC and L = 3 cm. What is the resultant L L

force vector exerted on the charge

L
(a) +3Q, and (b) 2Q ? Q 3Q

Answers
1. (a) 191 î N; (b) 188 î N 2. (a) 208 ˆj N ; (b) (80 î 277 ˆj ) N

2.4 Electric Field

An electric charge influences its surroundings by creating an electric field. The second charges does
not interact directly with the first, rather, it responds to whatever field it encounters.

It is the space around a charge in which its influence (electric forces) can be experienced. In
principle the electric field of a charge extends up to infinity.

 Electric Field Intensity

The electric field strength or intensity due to a point source charge q at any point P at a distance r
from it is given by the force acting on a unit positive test charge placed at that point.

  E
The electric field strength E at a point is defined as the force F per 
unit charge experienced by a vanishing small positive test charge q0. r P

 F
E  lim q
q0 0 q
0
 O
E is also called the electric field intensity or simply the electric field.

Note that E at a point is equal to the force experienced by a unit positive charge placed at that

point. Obviously, if E is the electric field at any point, then the force experienced by a charge q at
that point is
 
F = qE
SI unit of E is newton per coulomb (N/C), which is same as volt per metre (V/m):
N J 1 J 1 V
unit of E      
C m C C m m
The dimensions of E are [MLT3A1].
The electric field created by a point charges q is given by
kq
E= rˆ
r2
where the unit vector r has it origin at the source charge q.
 The electric field due to a charge points away from the charge if it is positive and toward it if
the charge is negative.

How to Find Electric Intensity at a Point ?

(1) First draw the field vectors at the given point. Their directions can be determined by assuming
that there is a positive test charge at that point.

(2) Find the magnitude of the field intensity due to each charge, using Coulomb’s law
kQ
E
r2

(3) Place the origin at the given point. The choice of co-ordinate axes determines the components
 
of the field intensity E . Calculate the resultant electric field intensity E .

Illustrations

Illustration 5
A 5.0µC point charge is placed at the point x = 0.2 cm, y = 0.3 cm. Find the magnitude of E due to
it (a) at the origin at (b) at point A with coordinates x = 1.0m, y = 1.0 m.

Solution

(a) The direction of E at the origin is shown in figure y
q
0.3
The distance of point O from the charge is

r  (0.2)2  (0.3) 2  0.36m r

0.3 
O
also tan    1.5   = tan–1 1.5 = 56.3°
0.2 0.2
E
The magnitude of electric intensity is
kq (9  109 ) (5  106 )
E   3.46  105 NC1
r2 (0.36) 2

(b) The distance between the charge q at the point A is E

r  (1.0  0.2) 2  (1.0  0.3) 2  1.06m 1 A

r
0.7 7 7 0.6
tan       tan 1  41.2 
q
0.8 8 8 0.2
The magnitude of E is x
0.2 0.6 1
6
kq (9  10 ) (5  10 )
9
E   4  104 N
r2 (1.06)2
 y P(2, 2)
Illustration 6 (m)
The figure shows a system of two charges. A
point charge q1 = 20nC is at (1,0) while
q2 = 10nC is at (+1,0). Find the resultant field
intensity at a point P with coordinates (2,2). + - x
q1 O q2 (m)
1m 1m
Solution
1. The field vector E1 points away from the charge q1 while the vector E2 points toward the
charge q2.
2. The distance r1 and r2 are

r1 = ( 2  1) 2  2 2  13  3.6 m

r2 = 1 2  2 2  5  2 .2 m
The magnitude of the fields are

E1 =
kq 1

9 10  20 10   13.8 NC
9 9
1

r12 (3.6) 2
kq2  9  10  10  10 
9 9

E2 = 2
 2
 18 NC 1
r2 (2.2)
3. The components of the resultant field are y E1
(m)
Ex = E1cos1  E2cos2 P 1

Ey = E1cos1  E2cos2 2

r1
3 1 2m
were cos1 = ; cos2 = r2 E2
3 .6 2 .2
2 2 -
and sin1 = ; sin2 = + x
3 .6 2 .2 q1 O q2 (m)
1m 1m 1m
3  1 
Thus, Ex = (13.8)  18    3 .3 N / C
3 .6  2 .2 

2  2 
Ey = (13.8)  18   = 8.7 NC1
3 .6  2 .2 

Finally, E  3.3iˆ  8.7 ˆj NC 1

Illustration 7
Three point changes are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as shown in figure. What
is the value of electric field at the centre.

Solution
Let us take origin at the centre and x and y-axis as shown in figure.
E1, E2 and E3 are the electric field due to +Q, +Q and – Q. –Q
 Q
E1  2
(cos30ˆi  sin 30ˆj) E3
 a 
40  
 3 a E2 E1 a
 Q
E2  2
(  cos 30ˆi  sin 30ˆj) o x
 a  a
4 0   +Q +Q
 3
 Q
E3  2
(  ˆj)
 a 
4 0  
 3
   
 E net  E1  E 2  E 3
6Q ˆ
 j
40 a 2

Practice Exercise
1. Two infinite lines of charge with equal linear charge
densities  C/m are placed along the x and y axes, as
shown in figure. What is the electric field strength at x y
an arbitrary point (x, y) ?

2. Two semi-infinite line charges with linear density + y

C/m and  C/m lie along the x-axis with their ends + + ++ + ++ x
O
located at x = a and x = +a, as shown in figure. What
2a
is the electric field strength at the origin?

Answers
 1 1  2k
1.  î  ˆj 2.
  x y  a

2.5 Electric Lines of Force Formatted

The lines of forces are purely geometrical construction which helps in visualising the nature of
electric field in a region. It has no physical existence. Lines of forces are drawn in such a way that
the tangent to a line of force gives the direction of resultant electric field. The density of field lines
in any region is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field in that region. Field lines
originate on positive charges and terminate on negative charges.
 
(1) There cannot be any closed line of force in an electrostatic field E . Electric lines of force
emerge from positive charges and terminate on negative charges (or extends to infinity).

+ –

Fig. (A) Fig. (B)

(2) Crowded lines represent strong field, while distant weak field.
(3) The number of lines originating or
terminating on a charge is proportional to
the magnitude of the charge. In SI units, the + +q
number of electric field lines associated
with a unit charge (i.e., 1 coulomb) is taken
as 1/0. Thus, if a body encloses a charge q, – –2q
total lines of force associated with it (also
called flux) will be q/0.

Note that the total lines of force may be Electric field lines of two unequal charges of opposite sign

fractional as lines of force are imaginary.

(4) Lines of force can never cross each other. It is obvious, because if they cross at a point the
intensity at that point will have two directions, which is absurd.

(5) Lines of force have tendency to contract longitudinally (like a stretched elastic string) and
repel each other laterally. This concept, like the lines of force, is also imaginary. It helps in
understanding how attraction is produced between opposite charges, and how repulsion is
produced between similar charges.
 +q

+ +q

– –q
–q

Electric field lines for two positive point-charges of equal Electric field lines for two point-charges of equal magnitude but
magnitude. opposite sign an electric dipole.

(6) If there is no electric field in a region of space, there will be no lines of force. This is why
inside a conductor or at a neutral point (where resultant intensity is zero) there cannot be any
line of force.

(7) If the lines of force are equidistant straight lines, the field is uniform [Fig. (A)]. If either lines of
force are not equidistant or straight lines or both, the field will be non-uniform [Fig. (B), (C)
and (D)].

(A) (B) (C)

Uniform Field Non-uniform fields

2.6 Electric-Flux

Electric flux represents the total lines of force passing through the given S
area. Mathematically electric flux through an elementary area dS is defined 

as the scalar product of area and electric field i.e., E
   
dE  E· dS  E dS cos  i.e. E   E· dS
Important Points
(i) For a closed body outward flux is taken to be positive [Fig. (A)] while inward negative
E

Body Body

Positive flux Negitive flux

(A) (B)
(ii) The electric flux is contributed by only that charge which is enclosed by the surface. If a
charge is lying outside the closed surface the net electric flux passing the closed surface is
zero whereas electric field is produced by all the charges whether inside on outside.

Illustrations

Illustration 11
A spherical shell of radius a is placed in a
uniform electric field E. Find the amount of flux
entering into the shell

Solution
It is the shaded circular area or projected area shell which is intersepting the flux hence flux
entering depends on this area
  = E . S = E . a2.

2.7 Gauss’ Theorem Formatted

The statement of the Gauss’s law may be written as follows :

The flux of the net electric field through a closed surface equals the net charge enclosed by the
surface divided by 0. In symbols
  qin
 E ·dS  0
where q is the net charge enclosed by the surface through which the flux is calculated.
It should be carefully noted that the electric field on the left-hand side of equation (i) is the resultant
electric field due to all the charges existing in the space, whereas, the charge appearing on the right-hand
side includes only those which are inside the closed surface.
 For example for the situation show in diagram the Guass’s law
can be written as q4
       q1  q2  q3 q1 q2 q5
 ( E1  E2  E3  E4  E5  E6 ) · dS  0
q3 q6

Illustrations

Illustration 12
Derive Gauss’ law from Coulomb’s law.

Solution
Let us consider a point charge q inside an e
dS
arbitrary closed surface S. 
The electric field due to q at the position of dS cos
 P
a differential element d S is given by
 q d
E eˆ r
4  0 r 2
where ê is the unit vector pointing q

radially outwards from the charge S


The flux through d S is given by
  q  q dS cos  q
d  [Link]  eˆ.dS   d
4  0 r 2 4 0 r2 4  0

q I q
Thus,    d  
4 0 
d  [4] 
4 0 0

Illustration 13
Determine the field at a point distant r from a uniformly charged plane with surface charge density .


Solution + +
 +
By symmetry, we conclude the E can only be normal  + +
+ 
E E
to the charged plane. Also, at points A and B, + +
+ S B
 A
+
symmetric with respect to the plane, E should have + +
+
+ +
same magnitude but opposite directions. Hence, a Gassian
+
+ + surface
right cylinder is chosen as Gaussian surface.
The flux through the lateral surface is zero. If S is the area of each end face,the total flux is
 = ES + ES = 2ES.
Then according to Gauss’s Law,
qin S
2ES = 
0 0


 E
20

Illustration 14
A uniform positive charge density  (charge per unit volume) exists throughout a spherical volume of
radius R. Find the electric field (a) outside the sphere and (b) inside the sphere. Also show how electric field
varies as the distance of the point from the centre increases from zero to infinite.

Solution

By symmetry, we conclude that the field E can only be radially outward, both inside and outside

the sphere. Moreover, for a given value of r, E has the same magnitude everywhere. To match
this symmetry, we choose a Gaussian surface in the form of a sphere of radius r, centred on the
spherical volume.
(a) For any point outside the sphere, r > R :
The total charge inside the spherical volume (surface A
A) is
+ +
4
Q  dV    R 3 
B
 3 
…(i) + +
+ + + + +
Applying Gauss’s Law, + + +
R
  q in + + + +
 [Link]   + +
0
Q
E(4 r 2 ) 
0
Q
or E  …(ii)
4  0 r 2
This is just the inverse-square-law field for a point charge Q. In fact, this result is valid for any
charged sphere, whether solid or hollow, conducting or non-conducting. The sphere behaves as if
whole charge is concentrated at its centre. We can express the result of Eqn.(ii) in terms of the
given parameters by using Eqn. (i),
 R 1
3
Q 1 4
E    R 3  
4  r 2
4   r  3
2
 3  r
2

1
i.e. E
r2
(b) For any point inside the sphere (r < R) :

We now choose a Gaussian surface B, so that r < R. The charge inside this sphere is
r
qin   ρ dV    4/3 πR 3 
0

Applying Gauss’s law,

  qin
 E . dS   

4   r3
or E (4  r 2 )  + ++
3 
+ + +R +
P
or E=  r + + + ++
30 + ++
i.e. Er Ein r 1 Q
Einax=
E 4   r 2
Thus, inside the sphere of uniform charge,
the field is directly proportional to the distance
r from the centre. The variation of E with  r
Eout 1 2

distance r is shown in the figure. O r=R r


Electric field E due to Various Charge Distributions
1. Isolated Point Charge  1 q
E r̂
r  4   r 2
+q P E
2. A Ring of Charge
q E = 0
E = 0
R 1 qx
E =
x

4   R  x 2
2

3 /2

P E||  0

3. A Disc of Charge E = 0
E = 0  x 
R E||  1  
2 
 x 2  R 2 

x P E||  0 where  is the surface charge density

4. Infinite Sheet of Charge

E|| = 0 
E 
2 

x P E  0
where  is the surface charge density
 5. Infinitely Long Line of Charge
E|| = 0
E|| = 0

E 
 2   r
x P E  0 where  is the linear charge density

6. Finite Line of Charge 

E  [sin α  sin β]
P 4   x
  
x  E E||  [cos   cos  ]
4   x
E| where  is the surface charge density
7. A Sphere of Charge Inside (0  r  R):
 1 Qr r
R E in  rˆ  rˆ
4   R 3 3 
 Outside (r  R):
 1 Q R  R 
2
E out  2
rˆ    rˆ
4   r 3   r 
where  is the volume charge
density and Q is the total charge.

Practice Exercise
1. The electric field in a certain region of space is given by E = 200i. How much flux passes
through an area A if it is a portion of (a) the xy plane, (b) the xz plane, (c) the yz plane?
y

k
i

z j

2. A cylinder of length L and radius b has its axis coincident with the x axis. The electric field
in this region is E = 200i. Find the flux through (a) the left end of the cylinder, (b) the right
end, (c) the cylindrical wall, (d) the closed surface area of the cylinder.

Answers
1. (a) 0, (b) 0, (c) 200A 2. (a) – 200 b2 (b) 200b2 (c) zero (d) zero.
2.1110 Electric Dipole Formatted
Formatted: Tab stops: 1.59 cm, Left
The arrangement of a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by some distnace is called an
electric dipole. Any molecule in which the centres of the positive and negative charges do not coincide
may, to a first approximation, be treated as a dipole. Molecules such as HCl, CO and H2O have
permanent dipoles and are called polar molecules. An electric field may also induce a charge
separation in an atom or a nonpolar molecule. Figure (a) shows an atom as a positive point charge
surrounded by a sphere of equal negative charge. When an external electric field is applied, these
charges are displaced in opposite directions, as shown in Figure (b), thereby creating an induced
dipole. Such an induced dipole vanishes when the external field is removed.

+  +

(a) (b)
(a) In an atom the posit ive nucleus is located at the cent re of the negat ive
charge distribution of t he electrons.
(b) When an external field is applied, an induced dipole appears.

The characteristic of a dipole is its dipole moment (p). p

It is defined as the product of one of the charges and their
-q +q
separation.
d
p = qd An electric dipole

It is a vector quantity that points from the negative to the positive charges. The SI unit for the
electric dipole moment is C m.

When three charges are involved as in a water molecule the net dipole moment is the vector
sum of the two dipole moments.
H+ P1
+

O2-  P

+ H+ P2

When more t han one dipole is present, the net dipole

moment is t he vector sum of t he individual moment s.
1. Electric field intensity due to Dipole

(i) Along the axis E|| p E||

2kp x x
E|| = 3
x
The E| | is parallel to p.

The direction of electric field along the axis is in the same direction as that of the dipole
moment.
(ii) Along the bisector
kp
E= 
y3
The direction of electric field along the bisector is opposite to that of the dipole moment
2. Electric Potential Due to a Dipole Moment E 
y
(i) Along the axis
p
2kP
V|| = 2
x y

(ii) Along the bisector E

The E is ant i-parallel to p

V = 0

3. Dipole In An External Uniform Field

(i) Torque
If a dipole is oriented at an angle  to an uniform
+ qE
electric field as shown in the figure. The charges d
experience equal and opposite forces. So there is not 
qE -
net force on the dipole. However, there is a net torque on
the dipole. p
=pE 
E
The magnitude of the torque is An electric dipole experiences a t orque in
an elect ric f ield.
 = pE sin

(ii) Potential Energy

We know that an external electric field tends to align the dipole along itself. Therefore, it takes
work to rotate the dipole.
The work done by an external agent in rotating the dipole without change in kinetic energy is
stored a potential energy.
The potential energy of a dipole in an external field is given by
 U = p.E v

The potential energy as a function of the angle  is shown in

Figure the minimum potential energy occurs at  = 0, and the
O /2 

maximum at  = . The dipole is in stable equilibrium at  = 0.
If it is allowed to rotate, it oscillates about the direction of the
The potential energy of a dipole as a
field.
funct ion of its orient at ion.

4. Force acting on a dipole in an External

Nonuniform field.
The charges of a dipole experience unequal forces,
therefore, the net force on the dipole is not equal to zero. y

The magnitude of the force is given by the negative F

x p
derivative of the potential energy with respect to
distance along the axis of the dipole

dU dE
F=  =  p.
dx dx The f orce experienced by a dipole in
non-uniform field.

*****
 Miscellaneous Problems
Objective Type
Example 1
Two points charges + 8q and –2q are located at x = 0 and x = L respectively. The location of a point on the
x-axis at which the net electric field due to these two point charges is zero
L
(a) 2L (b) (c) 8L (d) 4
4
Solution
2q 8q
   0 or x = 2L Ans. (a)
4  0 ( x  L)2 4 0 x 2

Example 2
As per diagram, a charge q is placed at the origin O. Work done by a charge – Q in y
taking it from A (0, a) to B (a, 0) along the path AB A
 qQ 
(a) Zero (b) 2a  2 
 4  0 a 
O x
B
 qQ   qQ  a
(c)  2 
2a (d)  2 
 4 0 a   4  0 a  2
Solution
A and B are at same potential
 W = 0 Ans. (a)

Example 3
Two thin wire rings each having a radius R placed at distance d apart with their axes coinciding. The
charges on the two rings are +q and –q. The potential difference between the rings are

QR QR 1 1 
(a) (b)   
4 0 d 2 2 0  R 2 2
R d 

QR 1 1 
(c)    (d) zero
4 0  R R 2
 d 2

Solution

Q 1 1  Q 1 1 
V1     and V2    
4 0  R 2 2
R d  4 0  R 2 2
R d 
V = V1 – V2 Ans. (b)
Example 4
When two charges are equal q each, force they exert on each other is F. When one of the charge is doubled,
the 2q charge exerts a force 2F on charge q. The force exerted by q on 2q is
F F
(a) F (b) (c) (d) 2F
2 4
Solution
Force is mutual. Ans. (d)

Example 5

E  20iˆ  30 ˆj exists in space. If the potential at the origin is taken to be zero, find the potential at P (3, 2).
(a) – 150V (b) – 100 V (c) + 150 V (d) – 120 V

Solution
V  Vx  vY
3 2

 
  Ex dx   Ey dy
0 0

3 2

 
 20 dx  30dx  60  60  120V . Ans. (d)
0 0

Example 6
Three charges are arranged as shown in figure. Find the net dipole moment.
–q

l l

l
2q –q

3ql ql
(1) 2ql (2) 3ql (3) (d)
2 2
Solution
–q

p sin 30
30°
30°
p
pnet = 2p cos 30 p
p sin 30
p

pnet  2 p cos 30ql 3 Ans. (

Example 7
Three infinitely charged sheets are kept parallel x – y plane having charge Z
densities as shown in figure. The electric field at P is Z = 3a

4  4
(a) k̂ (b) k̂ Z = 2a P
0 0 –2

2  2
(c) k̂ (d) k̂ –
0 0 Z = 0

Solution Z
   
E  E1  E2  E3 1

  2  ˆ    ˆ 2kˆ E1  E2  E2 
 (  kˆ )    (  k)   k  2
–2
20  2 0   2 0  0
3
–
Z = 0

Example 8
A charged ball B hangs from a silk thread S which +
+ P
makes an angle  with a large charged conducting
+
sheet P as shown in figure. The surface charge +
density  of the sheet is proportional to +  S
+
(a) cos  (b) cot 
+
(c) sin  (d) tan  +

Solution +
+ P
Resolve T; T cos  = mg +
 + T
T sin   qE  q + 
20 T cos 
+
Divide equation (2) by (1) +
qE
+
q T sin 
tan   i.e.,   tan 
20 g mg

Example 9
A hemisphere of radius r is placed in a uniform electric field of strength E. The electric flux through the
hemisphere is
(a) 2Er2 (b) – E r2 (c) – 2E r2 (d) Zero

Solution X

 E . ds  
B X A

A
E . ds  
B
E . ds  
X
E . ds

 Er 2  Er 2  Er 2   Er 2 lk

Short cut: AXB is symmetri1cal surface A ds B

 Electric flux due to this part is zero. However, electric flux due E
to AB part is –ER2
Example 10
A dipole is placed in a shell as shown. Find the electric flux
emerging out of the shell and in a hypothetical sphere of radius r as
shown in figure. q –q

2q q q r
(a) ,0 (b) ,
0 0 0
q q
(c) , (d) 0, 0
0 0

Solution
Ans. (d)

Subjective Type
Example 1
A point charge, q1 = +2µC, is placed t the origin of coordinates. A
second, q2 = –3µC, s placed on the x axis at x = 100cm. At what point (or
100 cm
points) on the x axis will the absolute potential be zero. x
q1 q2

Solution
The two charges are as shown in figure. At a point x along the x axis the potential is

q q2 
V ( x)   1  
| x| | x  1|
Setting V = 0 yields
2 3
 0 or 2 |x – 1| = 3 |x|
| x | | x  1|
We consider three cases x > 1, 0 < x < 1, and x < 0.
For x > 1 : 2(x – 1) = 3x  x = –2 (contradiction and no solution)
For 0 < x < 1 : 2 (1 – x) = 3x  x = 0.4 or x = 40 cm
For x < 0 : 2(1 – x) = –3x  x = – 2 or x = – 200 cm
Example 3
The two balls shown in figure have identical
masses of 0.20g each. When suspended from 50
37° 37°
cm long strings, they make an angle of 37° to the 50 cm
vertical if the charges on each are the same, how
large is each charge?
30 cm 30 cm
F
Solution
mg
Since the system is at rest, we can apply the
T cos 37° 0.8T
conditions for equilibrium to the ball on the left.
Note that three forces act on the ball: its weight
F T sin 37° F 0.6T
mg; the tension T in the string; and F, the
repulsive force due to the charge on the other mg mg
ball. Applying the condition for equilibrium Fx =
0, we get
F – 0.6T = … (1)
obtain F = 1.47 × 10–3N. This is the force obeying Coulomb’s law.
0.8 T – mg = 0 … (2)
From equation (1) and (2), we get
3 3
F  mg  (0.2 × 10–3 (10) = 1.5 × 10–3N
4 4
From coulomb’s law. We have

kq 2 (9  109 )
F 
d2 (0.60)2
Substituting the value of F in the above equation, we get

q2
1.5  10 3 (9  10 9 )
(0.60)2

Solving for q, we find that q  2.4  10 7 C  0.24C .

Example 4
The electric field of two point charges separated by 4.14 cm is as shown in figure (a) What is the nature of charges? (b)
What is the ratio of magnitude of charges? (c) Is the field uniform ? (d) Apart from infinity where is the neutral point?

Solution:
(a) As lines of force are starting from A and terminating on B, A is positive charge while B negative charge
(b) As number of lines of force emerging or terminating on a charge is proportional to its magnitude.
q A 12 2
  i.e. q A  2 | qB |
qB 6 1
(c) As the lines of force are not equidistant straight
lines, the field is not uniform.
(d) As charge qA is positive while qB negative
neutral point cannot be between them. So if
neutral point is at a distance x from B on the
line AB.
qA q 2 qB q
 B2  0 or  B –
(d  x )2 x (4.14  x ) 2 x 2 +
qB qA
or 2 (x)  (4.14  x) or x = 10 cm
i.e., neutral point is at C such that BC = 10 cm

Exercise - I
Formatted: Border: Bottom: (No border)

General Type (Fill in the blanks/ True or False/ Assertion & Reason )
True or False Type
1. The gravitational and electrical interactions are exactly similar in all aspects.

2. Two identical metallic spheres of exactly equal masses are taken. One is given a positive charge Q
coulomb and other an equal negative charge. Their masses after charging are different.

3. Two charges of + 100µC and + 400µC are situated a distance of 30cm apart. The point where the field
is zero must lie between the two charges.

4. If more than one individual electric fields overlap at the same point in space, the resultant electrical
intensity at the point is the vector sum of the electric intensities of the individual field at that point.

5. A small metal ball is suspended in a uniform electric field with the help of an insulated thread. If high
energy X-ray beam is incident on the ball, the ball will be deflected in the direction of the field.

6. An electric dipole is placed free inside a non-uniform electric field. Then it will accelerate linearly as
well as it will accelerate angularly.

7. Potential is equal to potential energy per unit test charge.

8. Two point charges 10µC and 40µC are kept 30cm apart. There exists one point of zero potential
between them on the line joining the charges.

9. Electric field at a point is defined as gradient of potential.

10. A negatively charged particle will always move along the line of force from a region of lower potential
to that of higher potential.

11. The work done to transport 20nC of charge from a point A to another point B over a distance of 0.2 m
is 2 × 10–6 joule. The p.d. across AB is 100 V.

12. Two point charges 5C and –20C are kept 15 cm apart. There are no points of zero potential in the
neighborhood of the charges.
 
13. The electric flux through a hemispherical surface of radius R, placed in a uniform electric field E such
that its parallel to symmetry axis is parallel to filed line. The flux through the surface is R2E.

14. By assuming that the earth’s potential is zero, we are assuming that the earth has no net charge.

15. Electrons in a conductor have no motion in the absence of a potential difference across it.

16. The work done in carrying a point charge from one point to another in an electrostatic field depends
on the path along which the point charge is carried.

Fill in the Blanks Type Formatted: Line spacing: Multiple 1.1 li

1. A gold leaf electroscope is used to detect _____.

2. A sphere of radius 100 cm has a charge of (2/3) µC. Its surface density of charge is _____.

3. The force of repulsion between two electrons spaced 3Å is _____.

4. An alpha particle is situated in an electric field of 15 × 104N/C. The force exerted on it is _____. Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt, Line spacing: Multiple
1.1 li
5. Two spheres of equal radii have charge q and 3q. The ratio of their surface density of charge is _____.
6. The dielectric constant of conducting material is _____

7. An electric dipole is placed randomly in an uniform electric field E , the electric dipole will _____.
8. In a uniform electric field, an electric dipole rotates about an axis _____ to an electric field and passing
through its _____.
9. The electric potential at a point 9m away from a charge of 1C in air is _____.
10. The potential energy of a charge at a given position is the product _____ and _____ at that point.
11. An electron at a positive potential has _____ potential energy.
12. The work done to carry an electron from the positive terminal of a 12V battery to the negative terminal
is _____.
13. A proton and an alpha particle enters into a region of uniform electric field. The ratio of the force on
the proton to that on the alpha particle is ______.
14. Eight drops of mercury, each charged to a potential of 3V form a big drop, the potential of the big
drop compared to the small drop is _____.
15. A tin nucleus has a charge of +50e. If the radius of nucleus is 10–12 m then its potential at the surface is
_____.
16 Two capacitors have a capacity of 25 µF when connected in parallel and 6 µF when connected in
series. The values of the capacities of the capacitors are _____ and _____.

Assertion & Reason Type

In the following question, a statement of Assertion (A) is given which is followed by a corresponding Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct answer out of the following options/codes.
(a) If both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(b) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not correct explanation of (A).
(c) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
(d) If both (A) and (R) are false. (e) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
1. A : No two electric lines of force can intersect each other. Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt

R: Two tangents at the point of intersection indicate two directions of field. Formatted: Space Before: 1 pt

2. A : Electric force acting on a proton and an electron, moving in a uniform electric field is same,
whereas acceleration of electron more than that of proton.
R: Electron is lighter than proton but both have equal magnitude of charge. Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.81 cm,
Space Before: 1 pt
3. A : Three equal charges are situated on a circle of radius r such that they form equilateral triangle, Formatted: Space Before: 4 pt
then the electric field intensity at the centre is zero.
R: The force on unit positive charge at the centre, due to the three equal charges are represented by Formatted: Space Before: 1 pt

the three sides of a triangle takes in the same order. Therefore, electric field intensity at the centre
is zero.

4. A : On going away from a point charge or an electric dipole, electric field decreases at the same rate
in the both cases.

R: Electric field is inversely proportional to square of distance from the charge.

5. A : A charged particle free to move in an electric field always moves along an electric line of force.

R: The electric lines of force diverge from a positive charge and converge at a negative charge.

6. A : A charge is lying at the centre of the line joining two similar charges each. The system will be in
equilibrium if that charge is one fourth of the similar charges.

R: For charge to be in equilibrium, sum of the force on each charge due to rest of the charges must
be zero.

7. A : The value of electric potential and electric intensity at the middle point of the line joining an
electron and a proton is zero.

R: Electric potential is scalar and electric intensity is a vector quantity.

8. A : A point charge is lying at the centre of a cube. The electric flux emanating from each surface of
the cube is 1/6th of total flux.

R: According to Gauss theorem, total electric flux through a closed surface enclosing a charge is
equal to 1/0 times the magnitude of the charge enclosed.

9. A : A bird perches on a high power line and nothing happens to the bird.

R: The level of bird is very high from the ground.

*****
Exercise - II
Formatted

Objective Type (Only One Choice Correct)

1. A sphere of radius R has a uniform distribution of electric charge in its volume. At a distance x from
its centre for x  R , the electric field is directly proportional to

(a) 1/ x 2 (b) 1/ x (c) x (d) x2

2. A charge  q is fixed at each of the points x = x0, x = 3x0, x = 5x0…… ad inf. on the x  axis, and a
charge q is fixed at each of the points x = 2x0, x = 4x0, x = 6x0…….. ad inf. Here x 0 is a positive
constant. Take the electric potential at a point due to a charge Q at a distance r from it to be
Q /(4  0 r ) . Then, the potential at the origin due to the above system of charges is
q q log e 2
(a) zero (b) (c)  (d)
8  0 x 0 log e 2 4  0 x 0

2. A Gaussian surface in the figure is shown by dotted line. The electric

q1 q2
field on the surface will be
q 1
(a) due to q1 and q2 only

(b) due to q2 only

(c) zero (d) due to all

3. The magnitude of electric field strength E such that an electron placed in it would experience an
electrical force equal to its weight is given by
mg e e2 g Formatted: Font: (Default) Palatino Linotype, 10 pt,
(a) mge (b) mg/e (c) e/mg (d) e2g/2m Not Bold, Italic, Lowered by 11 pt
e mg 2m
Formatted: Font: (Default) Palatino Linotype, 10 pt,
Not Bold, Italic, Lowered by 13 pt
4. A cylinder of radius R and length L is placed in a uniform electric field E parallel to the cylinder
Formatted: Font: (Default) Palatino Linotype, 10 pt,
axis. The total flux for the surface of the cylinder is given by Not Bold, Italic, Lowered by 11 pt

(a) 2R2E (b) 2R2/E (c) (R2 + R2)/E (d) zero

5. A charge Q is situated at the centre of a cube. The electric flux through one of the faces of the cube is
(a) Q / ε0 (b) Q / 2ε 0 (c) Q / 4ε 0 (d) Q / 6ε 0

6. The electric potential at the surface of an atomic nucleus ( Z  50 ) of radius 9.0  10-15 m is
(a) 80 volt (b) 8  106 volt (c) 9 volt (d) 9  105 volt
7. Two identical thin rings each of radius R are placed coaxially a distance R apart. If Q1 and Q 2 are
respectively the charges uniformly spread on the two rings, the work done in moving a charge q
from the centre of one ring to that of the other is
q(Q1  Q2 )( 2  1)
(a) zero (b)
4 πε 0 2 R

q(Q1  Q2 ) 2 q(Q1  Q2 )( 2  1)
(c)  (d)
4 πε 0 R 4 πε 0 2 R

8. 1000 small water drops each of radius r and charge q coalesce together to form one spherical drop.
The potential of the bigger drop is larger than that of the smaller ones by a factor:
(a) 1000 (b) 100 (c) 10 (d) 1

9. An electron having charge  e located at A , in the presence of a point charge  q located at O , is

moved to the point B such that OAB form an equilateral triangle. The work done in the process is
equal to
(a) q/(AB) (b) eq/(AB) (c) -eq/(AB) (d) zero

10. A solid sphere of radius R is charged uniformly. At what distance from its surface is the electrostatic
potential half of the potential at the centre?
(a) R (b) R/2 (c) R/3 (d) 2R

 
11. The electric field in a region of space is given by E = 5 î  2 ĵ N/C. The flux of E due to this field
through an area 1 m2 lying in the y  z plane, in SI units, is

(a) 5 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 5 29

12. A pendulum oscillates in an uniform electric field as shown in figure. If the

pendulum gets positively charged then its time period E

(a) will increase (b) will decrease +

(c) will remain constant (d) will first increase then decrease

13. A charge Q is placed at each of the two opposite corners of a square. A charge q is placed at each of
the other two corners. If the resultant force on Q is zero, then

(a) Q  2q (b) Q   2q (c) Q  2 2q (d) Q  2 2q

14. An electron of mass m e , initially at rest, moves through a certain distance in a uniform electric field in
time t1 . A proton of mass m p , also, initially at rest, takes time t 2 to move through an equal distance
in this uniform electric field. Neglecting the effect of gravity, the ratio t 2 / t1 in nearly equal to
 (a) 1 (b) m p / m e 1 / 2 (c) m e / m p 1 / 2 (d) 1836

15. A non—conducting ring of radius 0.5 m carries a total charge of 1 . 1.111010 C distributed non—
uniformly on its circumference producing an electric field E everywhere in space. The value of the
l 0
integral  [Link] (l = 0 being center of the ring) in volts is
l

(a) 2 + 2 (b) 1 – 1 (c) 2 – 2 (d) zero

16. Three charges Q ,  q and q are placed at the vertices of a Q

right—angled isosceles triangle as shown. The net electrostatic
energy of the configuration is zero if Q is equal to

+q +q
a
q 2 q
(a) (b) (c) 2q (d) q
1 2 2 2

17. Three positive charges of equal value q are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle. The
resulting lines of force should be sketched as in

(a) (b) (c) (d)

18. A uniform electric field pointing in positive x  direction exists in a region. Let A be the origin, B be
the point on the x  axis at x  1 cm and C be the point on the y  axis at y  1 cm. Then the
potentials at the points A, B and C satisfy
(a) V A  VB (b) V A  VB (c) V A  VC (d) V A  VC

19. Two equal point charges are fixed at x   a and x   a on the x  axis. Another point charge Q is
placed at the origin. the change in the electrical potential energy of Q , when it is displaced by a small
distance x along the x  axis, is approximately proportional to
1
(a) x (b) x2 (c) x3 (d)
x
P Q
20. Six charges of equal magnitude, 3 positive and 3 negative are to be
placed on PQRSTU corners of a regular hexagon, such that field at U R
the centre is double that of what it would have been if only one  ve
T S
charge is placed at R .
(a) +, +, +, —, —, — (b) —, +, +, +, —, —
 (c) —, +, +, —, +, — (d) +, —,+,—,+, —

21. A Gaussian surface in the figure is shown by dotted line. The electric
q1 q2
field on the surface will be
q 1
(a) due to q1 and q2 only
(b) due to q2 only
(c) zero Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, First line: 0 cm

(d) due to all

Z
22. Three infinitely long charge sheets are placed as shown in figure. The  Z =3a
electric field at point P is P
2 Z =a
2 4
(a) k̂ (b) k̂
0 0 x
2 4 
Z =a
(c)  k̂ (d)  k̂
0 0

*****
Answers Formatted

Exercise - I Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No

underline
Fill in the Blanks
Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
1. electric charge 2. 1.67 × 10–7C/m2 3. 2.56 × 10–9N Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic
Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging:
4. 4.8 × 10–14N 5. 1:3 6. infinite. 0.81 cm, Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single

7. rotate 8. perpendicular, midpoint 9. 109V

10. charge, potential 11. negative 12. 1.92 × 10–18J

13. 1 : 2 14. 12V 15. 72 kV

16 10 µF, 15 µF

True/False Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic

1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging:
0.81 cm, Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
6. True 7. True 8. True 9. False
11. False 12. True 13. True 14. False
15. True 16. False 17. False 18. False

Assertion Reason Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (e) Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging:
0.81 cm, Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single

6. (a) 7. (e) 8. (b) 9. (c)

Exercise - II Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No

underline
Only One Option is correct
Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt

1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (d) Formatted: Justified, Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging:
0.81 cm, Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single, Tab
stops: 0.8 cm, Left + 1.6 cm, Left + 4.44 cm, Left +
6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c) 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68 cm, Left + 13.33
cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at 1.03 cm + 3.49
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. ( (b) 15. ( (a) cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm + 10.71 cm +
11.75 cm + 15.24 cm
16. ( (b) 17. ( (c) 18. ( (a) 19. ( (b) 20. (c )

21. () 22. ()
 Exercise - III Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No
underline
More Than One Choice CorrectMore than one option may be correct
Formatted: Font: 10 pt, Not Bold
31. (1, 3) 32. (1,2,3,4) 33. (1,3) 34. (1,2,3,4) 35. (1,2,3,4) Formatted: Justified, Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing:
single, Tab stops: 0.8 cm, Left + 1.6 cm, Left + 4.44
1. (a, b) 2. (a,b,c,d) 3. (b,d) 4. (a,b,c,d) 5. (a, b) cm, Left + 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68 cm,
Left + 13.33 cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at 1.03
cm + 3.49 cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm +
6. (a,b,c) 7. (a, c) 8. (d) 9. (a,d) 10. (b,c,d) 10.71 cm + 11.75 cm + 15.24 cm

11. ( (d) 12. ( (b) 13. ( (b) 14. ( (a,c)

Exercise - IV Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No

underline
Passage Type Questions
Passage 1 Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.81 cm,
Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single, Tab stops:
6. (b) 7. (a) 4.44 cm, Left + 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68
Passage 2 cm, Left + 13.33 cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at
3.49 cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm + 10.71 cm
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) + 11.75 cm + 15.24 cm
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic
6. (b) Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.81 cm,
Passage 3 Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single, Tab stops:
4.44 cm, Left + 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c) cm, Left + 13.33 cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at
3.49 cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm + 10.71 cm
+ 11.75 cm + 15.24 cm
6. (a)
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic
Match Type Questions
Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.81 cm,
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single, Tab stops:
4.44 cm, Left + 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68
cm, Left + 13.33 cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at
3.49 cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm + 10.71 cm
+ 11.75 cm + 15.24 cm
Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 10 pt, Not Italic
Exercise – V Formatted: Indent: Left: 0 cm, Hanging: 0.81 cm,
Subjective Type Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single, Tab stops:
4.44 cm, Left + 5.24 cm, Left + 8.89 cm, Left + 9.68
cm, Left + 13.33 cm, Left + 14.13 cm, Left + Not at
3.49 cm + 4.52 cm + 7.06 cm + 8.17 cm + 10.71 cm
1. (a) 9.6 V; (b) 7.2 V 2. (a) 8  1011 Cm; (b) 8  106 J + 11.75 cm + 15.24 cm
4kq 2 4
3. 2.55 J 4. (a) 2kq; (b) kq ; kq Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No
3 3 5 underline
Cp
5. +6V 6.  2 iˆ Formatted: Space Before: 0 pt, Line spacing: single
x
qQ
7.
2  L
 Exercise – VI Formatted: Font: (Default) Arial, 15 pt, Not Italic, No
underline

IIT-JEE Level Problem

Section - A

1  Q 2  Formatted: Font color: Auto

1. 20B 2. R / 2 180 ,   3. qEa 0 4.
4 π 0  4 L2  Formatted: Font color: Auto
Formatted: Font: Palatino Linotype, 11 pt, Not Bold,
(– 8) Lowered by 14 pt
Formatted: Font color: Auto
1 q2
5. Formatted: Font: Palatino Linotype, 11 pt, Not Bold,
4 π 0 L2 Lowered by 5 pt
Formatted: Font: Palatino Linotype, 11 pt, Lowered by
13 pt
Section - B Formatted: Font color: Auto

46. False 57. True 8. False Formatted: Font color: Auto

Formatted: Font color: Auto
Formatted: Font: Bold
Section - C
Formatted: Font color: Auto
6. b 7. c 8. d 9. b
10. dc 11. ad 12. a,c Formatted: Font color: Auto
Formatted: Font color: Auto
13. b
Formatted: Font color: Auto
14. c 15. a 16. d 17. a Formatted: Font color: Auto

18. a 19. a 20. b 21. c

22. b 23. a 24. a 25. a
26. b

Section - D
27. b, d 28. c 29. d 30. a, b, c

***** Formatted: Font: Palatino Linotype, 15 pt

Formatted: Centered