Lecture 1

Fall 2024/2025
Introduction

CVLE 453: Sanitary Engineering

Dr. Maher Kahil
Dr. Rouba Joumblat
 Course Objectives
• To design water collection and treatment
systems
• To design wastewater collection and treatment
systems
• To develop rational approaches towards
sustainable waste management via cleaner
production, appropriate treatment and re-use.
 COURSE OUTLINE
I. Introduction
• Sanitary Engineering
• Course objectives and outline
• Sources of Drinking Water & Environmental Regulations
II. Population Forecast
III. Water Treatment Plants VI. Wastewater Collection
• Water Intake • Sewerage systems
• Screens • Preliminary studies
• Coagulation, Flocculation • Sewer hydraulics
• Sedimentation • Pipe materials
• Filtration • Design of wastewater collection system
• Disinfection • Appurtenances
IV. Membrane Filtration VII. Wastewater Treatment Technologies
V. Water Distribution
• Types of water systems
• Hydraulics
• Pipe materials
 Overall aim of the course
After passing this course, you will be able to:
• Understand and explain the role of sanitation in the urban water
cycle and its relation to public health and environment;
• Develop rational approaches towards sustainable wastewater
management via pollution prevention, appropriate treatment, and
resource recovery;
• Understand the relevant physical, chemical, and biological
processes and their mutual relationships within various sanitation
components;
• Define and critically analyze, assess, and evaluate various
sewerage schemes and sludge treatment process technologies;
• Prepare research and engineering projects including master plans,
feasibility studies and preliminary designs;
• Apply modern tools for technology selection and to model
sanitation components.
 Assessment
1. Two 1 hour Mid-term exam (60%)
2. Final Exam (40%)
Assessment Tentative Dates
Exam 1: Week 7: Thursday, October. 17th , 2024
Exam 2: Week 12: Thursday, November 21th 2024

Projects: Last 2/3 weeks of classes

Final Exam: To be set later by BAU registrar.

 Course Policies
➢Students are required to be prepared for their exams whose dates are assigned
since the beginning of the semester as shown above. Missing an exam for not
being ready for it is not an excuse.
If the student misses an exam, he/she is allowed to make up the exam only in the
case of having a valid excuse that needs to be judged genuine/reasonable by the
courses’ instructor. Medical reasons have to be supported by a valid note from a
medical doctor. If the excuse is deemed invalid, the student will be given a
failing grade on the missed exam. Makeup exams does not need to have the
same format as the missed ones and it will be scheduled as soon as the student is
no longer excused.
 Course Communication/Correspondence
LET IT BE PROFESSIONAL

➢ Use a professional email address (ex: student@[Link])

➢ Use a formal salutation (ex: Dear Dr. Y, Dear Ms. X, Dear Mr. Z…)
➢ Use a clear subject line (ex: CVLE463 HW#1, CVLE263 Project 1)
➢ Be clear and succinct
➢ Make sure your email is complete, no spelling errors, coherent
sentences, no part is written in all caps, do not use the social
media chatting language…
➢ Write in the language of teaching of teaching the course: English
➢ Sign off your email with a proper closure (ex: Regards, Sincerely…)
➢ Review your email before sending it
➢ If your email has an attachment, make sure it is included before
sending
➢ Use formal vocabulary
 Course Communication/Correspondence

Source: [Link]
[Link]
Road Map

Choose your road

 INTRODUCTION
Safe and readily available water is important for public
health, whether it is used for:
- drinking,
- domestic use,
-food production or recreational purposes.

Improved water supply and sanitation, and better

management of water resources, can boost countries’
economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty
reduction
 International Organizations

• WHO: World Health Organization, 1948

works worldwide to promote health, keep the world safe, and
serve the vulnerable.

• EPA: Environmental Protection Agency, 1970

Their mission is to protect human health and the environment.

• AWWA: American Water Works Association, 1881

is the world’s largest educational and scientific organization
dedicated to a better world through better water
 World Health Organization (WHO): 2017 KEY FACTS
• 71% of the global population (5.3 billion people) used a safely
managed drinking-water service –free from contamination.

• 90% of the global population used at least a basic service. A basic

service is an improved drinking-water source within a round trip of 30
minutes to collect water.

• 785 million people lack even a basic drinking-water service,

including 144 million people who are dependent on surface water.

• 2 billion people use a drinking water contaminated with faeces.

• Contaminated water can transmit diseases such diarrhea, cholera,
dysentery, typhoid, and polio. 485,000 deaths each year.
• By 2025, half of the world’s population will be living in water-stressed
areas.
 Categories of Substances that
may be present in Water Sources
• Microbiological: Viruses, Bacteria, etc.. from sewage,
agriculture, etc…
• Inorganic: Salt & Metals
Inorganic Contaminants include both suspended and
dissolved materials.
• Pesticides & Herbicides: Agriculture, stormwater runoff
• Organic: synthetic and volatile, are by-products of
industrial processes and petroleum production and can
come from gas stations, urban storm-water runoff and
septic systems.
• Radioactive materials which can occur naturally or result
from nuclear power production and mining activities
Inorganic Contaminants– Physical / Chemical
Odor, taste, color. May be toxic or carcinogenic in some cases.

Arsenic: Well-Known poison

Barium: Very toxic
Fluoride: Making teeth more resistant to decay. EPA standards 1.4 to
2.4 mg/l. In higher concentration (3mg/l) can cause discoloration and
loss of teeth
Lead & Mercury: Chronic effects on the nervous system
Nitrates: are present in water source as a result of run-off from
fertilizer use, leaching from septic tanks
Turbidity: is a measure of the presence of suspended solid material.
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU). The EPA standard is 1 NTU
Radionuclides: are widely distributed in nature and some can be
biologically concentrated. Alpha and Beta radiations, Uranium,
Radium, etc…
Water Bacteria

Many bacteria are found in water and can cause typhoid fever,
dysentery, cholera, etc…

Normally, groundwater does not contain many bacteria since the

effect of filtration and time will eliminate most of them.

Untreated Surface water may contain many bacteria. The coliform

group is of great importance and includes a number of micro-
organisms.

The coliforms are indicators of pollution.

Escherichia [Link]
Organic Contaminants

Trihalomethanes: Formed during chlorination of water

containing naturally occurring organics such as humic acid.
Trihalomethanes are comprised of bromoform,
chloroform, bromodichloromethane and
chlorodibromomethane

Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOC) : are industrial chemicals

which have been found to be widely distributed in surface
and ground water